Building national eco-cultural protection areas and the Xiangxi practice in Hunan Province

Since 2007,the Chinese government has initiated the building of national eco-cultural protection areas(NECPAs),thereby embarking on a significant transformation of the model of intangible cultural heritage(IC H)protection in China.To understand the origin and outputs of this policy,this paper demonstrates the context of China's NECPAs.It proposes a conceptual NECPA framework that mainly features regional overall ICH protection.This is followed by an examination of the case of Xiangxi in Western Hunan as a pilot zone for China’s eco-cultural protection.Xiangxi has performed much related work to promote NECPAs and made great progress in regional overall ICH protection.This insight suggests that there are benefits and costs associated with promotion of China's NECPAs and regional overall ICH protection.Despite the advantages of institutional innovation,the unexpected side effects actually undermine the success of plan implementation.

Investigation on Sinipercine Fishes in the National Aquatic Germplasm Resources Protection Area in Jinjiang River of China

[Objective]The paper was to provide a scientific basis for protection and utilization of sinipercine fish resources in Jinjiang River,the national resources protection area. [Method]A total of 171 specimens of sinipercine were collected from Jinjiang River and its branches,identified and statistically counted.[Result]There were three species of wild sinipercine,including Siniperca scherzeri,Coreoperca whiteheadi and Siniperca kneri,with occurrence frequencies of100%,66. 7% and 50%,respectively. They were common species in the river,and S. scherzeri was dominant. The total allowable catch(TAC) of the three species was not big,and the individuals captured were generally small,and with rare mature individuals. [Conclusion]The resources of sinipercine had a preliminary recovery in the region after the foundation of the national resources protection area for aquatic resources in Jinjiang River in 2009.

Assessing Human-Wildlife Conflict in the Periphery of Loango National Park in Gabon

Human-Wildlife Conflict in Gabon is a reality occurring in almost all protected areas in the country. These conflicts create real threats both for the survival of wildlife species and of human beings. This study was carried out at the periphery of Loango National Park in Gabon. This area is particular of seeing elephants wandering around villages. Respondents for the study were drawn from a wide range of stakeholders (State administrators, farmers and NGOs). Data was collected through administration of structured questionnaires and interview guide on the;socio-economic activities. Crops produced/destroyed. Animals are involved and economic loss is incurred due to conflicts. Data was analysed using SPSS version 16 and Kobo tool box. For qualitative data chi-square, descriptive statistic and linear regression model were also used. The results of the study showed that the elephants account for (60.1%) of crop destroyed followed by Ungulates (30.4%) and lastly by rodents (0.9%). The economic damage caused by the wildlife to crops valued at 72,084 USD in the zone in 2022. An urgent solution to this conflict is needed because the consequences are visible as well as the illegal repression by communities that have led to poisoning and killing of wildlife in the study area.

A tale of duality:Community perceptions towards the ecotourism impacts on Simien Mountains National Park,Ethiopia

This study aims to analyze how park households perceive the economic,sociocultural,and environmental impacts of ecotourism in Simien Mountain National Park(SMNP),Ethiopia.We combined qualitative and quantitative techniques for data collection.A sequentially embedded mixed design that gives priority to quantitative data was used.We also employed a multistage sampling technique to select respondents from three districts or woredas,namely Debark,Janamora,and Beyeda woredas.Finally,397 participants were involved in the study from a random selection of three villages from each district or woreda.Data were gathered using a survey questionnaire,interviews,and focus group discussions.Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods,including means,standard deviations,analysis of variance(ANOVA),and logistic regression models.The findings from a logistic regression analysis revealed that ecotourism participation had a significant relationship with gender(B=1.850,P=0.023),level of education(B=0.238,P=0.032),geographical location(B=0.420,P=0.041),and occupation(B=0.920,P=0.019).This investigation suggested that males and individuals with a higher educational background are more likely to possess optimistic perspectives concerning the impacts of ecotourism.Furthermore,individuals residing in districts relatively near ecotourism destinations,those engaged in tourism-related work,and younger participants were recognized as having optimistic viewpoints regarding the impacts of ecotourism.In conclusion,the study highlighted the need for collaborative efforts among stakeholders to maximize ecotourism’s benefits and minimize negative effects in SMNP.To achieve this,it is recommended that the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Agency,the Ministry of Tourism,and local government should work together to develop sustainable tourism plans that enhance local livelihoods and park conditions.Efforts should focus on increasing the participation of females and individuals with lower education levels through training and resource provision.

Offering the win-win solutions between ecological conservation and livelihood development:National parks in Qinghai, China

National parks as protected areas have been on the spotlight because they are essential in achieving ecological civilization in China.Despite the profound achievements of national parks to conserve nature,the benefits of national parks for local residents remain lacking.Under the theory of harmonious coexistence between human and nature,this study focused on the development of local people’s livelihood in Qinghai’s national parks.We systematically explored the establishment of the national parks in Qinghai Province,analyzed the current prob-lems,and provided the main measures for developing people’s livelihood in protected areas in Qinghai.This study put forward the viewpoint that national parks should set a long-term goal,and gradually advance based on the environmental conditions and appropriately prioritize the improvement of local people’s wellbeing in the future.

Acacia mearnsii management in a South African National Parks：SWOT analysis using hot topics in biological invasion as a guide

The assessment of the policy framework governing Invasive Alien Species(IAS) control is of critical importance in conservation. The undertaking of a SWOT analysis of such a framework is necessary because it enhances the efficacy of IAS control. The aim of this study is to carry out a SWOT analysis of the policy framework guiding the control of the spreading of Acacia mearnsii and other IAS in the Golden Gate Highlands National Park in South Africa,as well as the implementation of restorative measures in the park and adjacent communities in line with the recommendations of the Convention on Biodiversity. A comparative analysis of this framework and the hierarchical framework that was developed during the European Union Conference on Freshwater Invasives- Networking for Strategy in 2013 is undertaken. The results indicate the need to strengthen parkcommunity relations,upgrade existing legislation,and boost the technical capacity of South African national parks to identify,detect,monitor and predict IAS invasions,both within the parks and their surroundings. This knowledge is important for developing future policies on IAS control in South Africa.

Shifting paradigms for Nepal＇s protected areas： history, challenges and relationships

The modern history of protected area(PA) management in Nepal dates back to 1973 when the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act(1973) was promulgated and Chitwan National Park was established. In the years immediately following these key events, protected area acts and regulations were strictly applied and the role of local people in managing natural resources was neglected. However with the passage of time, and with changes in the socio-political and economic characteristics of Nepal, management regimes have shifted towards a more liberal model which recognizes more clearly the contributions of people living and working within protected areas. Recently, landscape level conservation models including the designation of multiple use areas have been utilized in the development of management plans for protected areas in Nepal. Conservation agencies have attempted to tackle challenges such as land use conflict, poaching and smuggling of wildlife parts and illegal harvesting of highly valued medicinal herbs through regulation, but these efforts are not always successful. We recommend a holistic conflict resolution approach which recognizes and resolves the different needs of all stakeholders.

Research Progress of Public Participation in National Park Affairs in Foreign Countries Based on CiteSpace

It is of great value and practical significance to study the theoretical system and practice mode of public participation in national park affairs.On the basis of foreign literatures on public participation in national parks collected in Web of Science database,CiteSpace is used to elaborate from four aspects:general situation,main contents and research comments of public participation in national parks (protected areas),and implications for China studies.The results showed that the studies on public participation in national parks in foreign countries started early,with wide range of fields and multi-disciplinary characteristics,but the studies also had limitations.The author considers that China should systematically improve the research in related fields.

Conservation Challenges of Gibe Sheleko National Park, Southwestern Ethiopia

An effective management practice of protected areas is one of the best methods to harmonize nature conservation in a given ecosystem. However, the implementation of conservation management plan of protected areas through community approaches is the major conservation challenge in Ethiopia. This paper described the major conservation challenge of Gibe Sheleko National Park, southwestern Ethiopia. Data were organized during training workshops and panel discussions with participants held at Wolkite University, Ethiopia. Stakeholders included park managers, scouts, community and local administrative representatives, farmers, district and zonal administrations, conservationists and researchers. The participants reported that livestock grazing, encroachment, logging, expansion of agricultural investors and settlements in and around were the major challenges of the park. Moreover, limited community awareness and little conservation attention by the government officials also affected the protected area. As means to overcome these conservation challenges, innovative and develop new interdisciplinary approaches to support the practices aiming to solve current conservation challenges. Therefore, to introduce community- based conservation approaches, enhance public awareness of the locals, pay better conservation attention by the government and develop conservation bylaws are the best mechanisms to preserve Gibe Sheleko National Park.

自然保护地立法维护国家生态安全的法理与机制

《关于建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系的指导意见》确立自然保护地在维护国家生态安全中居于首要地位,并要求加快推进自然保护地相关法律法规和制度建设作为保障措施,因此,维护国家生态安全应作为自然保护地立法的价值目标。自然保护地立法通过维护国家生态安全以贯彻总体国家安全观、落实“生态文明”宪法目标,这是国家生态安全作为自然保护地立法目的的法律逻辑。预期以维护国家生态安全为价值目标展开规范体系,前提是厘清“国家生态安全”的法理构造,总体国家安全观体系要求重视从主体、时间、空间3个维度阐释国家生态安全立法需求的层次结构。研究的基本结论为,国家生态安全目标诉求下自然保护地立法,应从主体、时间、空间这3个维度展开维护国家生态安全的法律制度设计:①国家生态安全主体维度下的自然保护地立法重点包括3个方面,在立法目的条款中彰显“生命共同体”的主体定位,在立法体例结构上以自然生态系统内在规律为逻辑主线,在立法逻辑上并重生态规律与行为控制二元标准并据此展开制度设计;②国家生态安全时间维度下的自然保护地法律机制选择包括构建自然保护地动态调整制度、创设自然保护地季节性差别管控制度;③国家生态安全空间维度下的自然保护地法律制度创新包括构建以自然生态空间为核心的分级管理制度、制定大尺度生态空间下的分区管控制度和创设自然保护地保护与管理跨行政区域协作制度。

自然保护地社区生计保护兼容性评价

自然保护地内及其周边社区生计活动关乎生态保护成效,推动保护兼容性生计成为协同保护与发展的可行路径。针对保护兼容性生计所强调的土地的多元价值及其在保护管理下生态、文化向经济价值的转换,探索开展自然保护地社区生计活动保护兼容性评价,衡量其在与保护目标的协同性和保障社区生计可持续的程度。研究在保护兼容性生计理论体系基础上,通过比较视角阐释社区生计保护兼容性的内涵,进一步整合文化生态学、社会-生态系统理论与可持续生计框架构建生计活动保护兼容性快速评价指标体系,形成生态文化、资源管理、生态影响和生计结果4个准则层、12个评价指标,利用层次分析法和专家打分法相结合的方法对武夷山和祁连山国家公园传统产业进行评价。研究表明,该体系能够在初步判断生计活动的典型特征后,相对精准地识别生计活动在实现保护目标时的协同性和可持续性的优势与不足;案例研究表明国家公园社区的传统生计活动存在相对持久的文化传承、较强的生态系统韧性和较为稳定的经济惠益,但在资源管理体系中实现现代与传统融合、经营主体合作共赢、生态产品价值转化等方面还需内力激发和外力引导。研究建议在运用快速评价体系的基础上,对标保护兼容性生计总体模式开展更为精细的生态、经济和社会效应评价,寻求生计发展。

云南省自然保护地现状特征及其体系重构规划策略

自然保护地高质量发展需要科学有序开展省域和全国2个层级的自然保护地归并整合及体系规划,以云南省域自然保护地数量、面积及空间分布特征为客观基础,提出体系规划策略“完备制度、科学规划”。对云南省各类各级自然保护地及16个州市自然保护地资源进行数量和空间分布的梳理、归纳分析,从现象到本质凝练特征,提出体系重构规划策略。结果发现:全省11种类型的自然保护地由7个主管部门管理,分布于全省16个州市约377处,面积约55277 km^(2),占全省土地面积约14%。各种类型的自然保护地数量、面积差异极大,以林业和住建行政主管部门为管理主体,分级和分级标准不确定。空间分布特征以“哀牢山—无量山”为界限,以西有创建国家公园等大型自然保护地的基础,以东则适合构建自然公园体系。一是以体系思维、系统完整性为重构逻辑。二是“哀牢山—无量山”以西的滇西、滇西南、滇西北是国家公园建设的关键区域。三是“哀牢山—无量山”以东的滇中、滇东、滇东南、滇东北等地则亟待完善自然公园体系。展望由地表覆盖类型、距道路遥远度、人口分布密度、距聚居点遥远度、生物物理自然度等维度识别云南省域最不被打扰的地理空间及客观存在的相对较荒的区域作为省域自然保护地扩容的备选资源。

BBNJ协定下划区管理工具机制对中国的法律影响及应对

BBNJ协定规定了作为其重要内容之一的划区管理工具的建立和实施机制。该机制主要从划区管理工具与其他机制下相关措施的关系、体制安排以及实施机制这三个方面做出了安排。这些安排中有一部分(如“不损害”的要求)符合中国的立场和主张,但也有一部分安排(如决策机制)对中国有一定的潜在不利影响。如果中国选择缔结该协定,则需要在充分利用协定中符合中国立场的有关安排的基础上,采取策略去规避BBNJ协定下划区管理工具机制对中国的潜在不利影响。如果中国选择暂不缔结BBNJ协定,则应警惕该协定划区管理工具机制对中国可能的间接影响。

我国国家公园建设研究进展

中国国家公园是指在具有显著自然生态价值、文化价值和科学研究价值的区域内,通过完善自然保护与利用体系,实现保护物种、维护生态系统完整性、保障基本生态需求、实现可持续利用等目的,逐步形成具有国际水平的大型自然保护地并发挥其积极作用的区域。中国国家公园建设是实践生态文明思想的有效途径,是中国自然保护地体系建设最重要的组成部分。自2015年发布《建立国家公园体制试点方案》以来,中国政府陆续开展了10个国家公园体制试点,最终在2021年正式建立了5个国家公园。收集了2015年以来国家公园相关政策资料,对中国国家公园建设现状进行深入分析。我们发现中国国家公园较好的实现了初始建设目标,但也有需要完善的地方。针对未来国家公园的建设,我们提出了以下建议:1)完善国家公园空间布局规划;2)以流域为单元进行规划整合;3)确定东部和西部国家公园最小面积;4)确定国家公园数量上限;5)建立跨境国家公园;6)将文化保护纳入国家公园;7)统一管理体制;8)统一国家公园内部管控区划;9)形成三类保护地差异化可持续发展模式。未来随着中国国家公园顶层设计的逐步完善,中国自然保护地体系体制建设将能提供更加全面、系统的生态保护和资源管理,推动生态文明建设的不断发展;实现生态保护、可持续利用和人与自然的和谐共生的目标。

典型国家保护区内矿产资源差别化管理经验借鉴及启示

如何管理保护区内矿业活动是大部分矿业国家面临的共同课题,典型国家制定保护区规划较早,目前已经做出了很多制度性探索,为我国进一步制定自然保护地内矿业权差别化管理政策提供了经验借鉴。本文以美国、澳大利亚、加拿大、芬兰等国家为例,总结梳理了各国的自然保护地区内矿业活动在准入、运营、处置等不同阶段的管理模式,从保护区规划、法律制度、机构建设和管理机制四方面提炼出共性特点。同时,结合我国生态保护红线与矿产资源开发活动间面临的矛盾,提出启示和建议。

国家公园规划体系构建初探

对国内自然保护地规划体系和美国等国家公园规划体系进行分析研究,借鉴国内自然保护地既有规划基础与国外国家公园先进规划模式,构建中国国家公园规划体系。中国国家公园规划体系层次划分为系统规划、总体规划、专项规划、详细规划、年度工作计划。分析认为,国家公园规划对象是复杂多变的,因此规划过程应采用适应性管理;规划应重视对原住民历史文化的保护,实现人与自然和谐统一;国家公园的综合科学考察是规划的基础,需要高度重视;规划过程积极引导公众参与,促进国家公园可持续发展。

系统优化生物多样性就地保护格局

建立自然保护地是国际公认的就地保护生物多样性最有效的手段。中国从1956年建立广东鼎湖山自然保护区以来,到目前已建立国家公园、自然保护区和各类自然公园等自然保护地近万处,总面积超过1.85×10^(6) km^(2),还启动了天然林保护、湿地保护等重大生态工程,实施了公益林补偿、草原保护奖补等政策措施,对中国乃至全球生物多样性保护起到了积极作用。但就地保护也面临自然保护地缺少系统布局,众多自然保护地未形成有机协同的保护体系,以及保护与发展矛盾尖锐等问题。为实现《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》确定的至少30%×30%重要区域得到有效保护目标,按照全球及国家生物多样性保护战略要求,系统优化生物多样性保护空间格局,国家公园约覆盖陆域的10%左右,其余自然保护地覆盖陆域的10%左右,除自然保护地外的生态保护红线再覆盖陆域的10%左右,其他有效的区域保护措施可以将就地保护区域再扩展10%~20%。我国将形成以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系为核心、其他有效的区域保护措施为补充、生态保护红线为基础,以及重要的森林、草原、湿地、荒漠、海洋等自然生态保护修复区域为支撑的生物多样性就地保护空间格局,确保重要自然生态系统、生物多样性保护关键区得到就地保护。

青海省自然保护地空间分布及体系重构探讨

【目的】青海保护着“中国水塔”,是我国西部重要的生态安全屏障和高寒生物种质资源库。研究青海以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系对于国家公园和自然保护地发展改革具有重要意义,也可为当下以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系建设提供借鉴。【方法】以青海省7类95处自然保护地为研究对象,采用最邻近指数、核密度指数、空间叠置等方法分析省域自然保护地空间集聚特征和重叠特征,利用数理统计与ArcGIS空间分析技术识别分析全省自然生态空间,并提出自然保护地体系重构路径。【结果】结果表明,研究区自然保护地面积以国家公园、自然保护区和国家级自然保护地为主,数量上风景名胜区、森林公园、湿地公园占据优势,空间分布上与省域自然地理特征相契合,整体呈聚集分布;不同类型的自然保护地存在交叉重叠,涉及重叠的自然保护地52个,占全省自然保护地总数量的54.74%;提出从新建、撤销、归并、拆分、调整范围等5个方面优化空间布局,优化后青海省自然保护地82个,占全省总面积的41.42%,其中国家公园占80.21%、自然保护区占15.38%、自然公园占4.42%。【结论】实现了以国家公园为主体、自然保护区为基础、各类自然公园为补充的新型自然保护地体系,全省重要的生态系统、生物物种、景观遗迹基本得到了有效保护。

贵州省自然保护地建设现状及发展策略

贵州省围绕“四山八水”生态格局正在努力构建种类丰富、类型多样、具有喀斯特山地特色的自然保护地体系,截至2021年底,全省林业部门管理的自然保护地共314个,总面积456.88 hm^(2),占全省土地面积的12.97%。分析自然保护地发展中存在的管理体制尚未理顺,面积占比相对偏低,空间布局不尽合理,整合优化未达预期,综合利用研究匮乏等问题。藉此,提出逐步理顺体制机制,积极创建国家公园,稳步推进整合优化,妥善处理保护与发展的关系,积极探索价值研究等自然保护地发展策略。

生态文明立法下保护地役权的现状及规范构造

保护地役权由国外经验引入,在国家公园试点中逐渐成为兼具本土化探索的新兴土地权属管理制度。但基于公私属性争论,保护地役权的规范路径存在众多争论,尚未在我国法律体系中正式确立。考虑到国家公园正式设立以及自然保护地体系的建立,保护地役权制度应尽快于法有据。基于此,通过分析保护地役权制度属性,对比民法与环境法两条入法路径,结合生态文明立法进程探讨保护地役权规范构造的更优选择。分析得出在环境法中另起炉灶路径较为适宜,建议在先行出台的《国家公园法》中设定具体规则,后考虑在《自然保护地法》与《生态环境法典》中予以原则性纳入,最后将细化规定空间留给专类保护地法。