On the Folk Song as the Symbol of Ethnic Identity

This paper investigates and explores how the folk song operates in the Bai society from the theoretical perspective of pragmatics.In order to explore the deep relationship between a kind of langue use and the symbol of ethnicity among ethnic group members,this empirical study is carried out in the Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan province where the majority of the Bai concentrate.According to this field survey,it is found that the content and performance of the Bai folk song can serve as a form of social behavior as well as a symbol of ethnic identity.

Support for obesity policy: The effect of perceptions of causes for obesity and national identity in Canada

Interventions in Canada to address obesity have largely been limited to individual-level change through education rather than a population-level public policy approach. Little is known about obesity policy support in Canada, and substantial national variation in obesity policy support prevents direct transferability of these policies among nations. Our study recruited 521 young adults for an online survey through leaflets and flyers. We investigated how respondents’ demographics, health characteristics, political attitudes, beliefs regarding causes of obesity, and national identity affected their support for obesity policy. Results showed that there is high support for many obesity policies among Canadian young adults. Including Canadian national identity in regression models was significant in explaining obesity policy support beyond the combined effect of other predictors. Further exploration of national identity, in Canada and elsewhere, has implications for understanding obesity policy support that might assist policy makers in making more informed decisions in addressing obesity.

National Identity as a Useful Tool for Setting Limits to European Integration

The European Union law,a new order of international law,permeates the legal orders of the Member States,binding not only states but also citizens.However,this permeation of the European Union law into the constitutional orders of the Member States is not unconditional.One of the limits is the national identity,understood as the constitutional identity.In legal terms,the concept of national identity is narrower than the one,characteristic for the national tradition.And it is the constitutional identity that shapes the relationship between the European Union and the Member States.The purpose of this study is to show the relationship between the European Union legal order and legal(constitutional)orders of the Member States.It will focus on such aspects as:national and constitutional identity,the concept of national identity shaped by the case law of the European Court of Justice and the significance of constitutional identity in the jurisprudence of constitutional courts.

National Identity Turns, in the Age of Globalization

Globalization has many dimensions that it is interpreted as ＂communicational revolution＂ having incredible effects upon thought, behavior, and identity of today＇s human being. Based on this, the world is a stage for globalization and identity interactions. In such space, there are always conflicts among identity strata （individual, national, and global） and for conflicts prevention purposes, respect for the ＂other＇s＂ identity is considerable. Although admitting various nations＇ identity is one of the globalization identity notions challenges, but it doesn＇t mean that a dead end in this field. This research is focused on globalization effects and the subject of becoming far from national identity with rising of cosmopolitanism. We want to figure out： ＂What kind of relation is between national identity and cosmopolitanism identity in the globalization era？＂ This work＇s assumption is based on the relation between national identity and globalization identity in the stage of globalization and identity interactions; by admitting and respecting ＂other＇s＂ identity, we are able to prevent conflicts among identity strata. Thus, humans in their vast communications in globalization era for responding purposes, in face to face dialogs, need to implement general values common to all human beings. Through ＂global citizen＂ practices, while there exists differences, we can reach a shared view and become attended to our global responsibility.

Role of Religion and Media Consumption in National Identity Formation of Youth in Pakistan

This research intends to study the relationship between faith, media exposure, and national identity construction of youth in Pakistan. The purpose is to ascertain the level of influence of foreign and local media consumption on national identity formation in terms of collective self-esteem and self-image of youth with high and low level of religiosity. A survey has been conducted from students （n = 321） between the age group of 16-19 living in Lahore. The results of this study revealed that respondents with high religiosity did not prefer to consume foreign media （r = -0.435＊＊ p 〈 0.01） whereas they did not show much preference to consume Pakistani media, either （r = 0.138＊, p 〈 0.05）. The level of religiosity and positive national identity had a strong and significant positive correlation （r = 0.619＊＊, p 〈 0.01）. This study also found that those respondents who preferred to consume foreign media texts demonstrated lower self-esteem and negative self-image as Pakistanis as compared to those who did not prefer foreign media consumption （r = -0.427＊＊, p 〈 0.01）. The researcher assumed that being Pakistani, a respondent would prefer to consume more national media texts over foreign and would have more positive national identity. However, results did not support this premise （r = 0.159＊＊, p 〈 0.01） due to the fact that the respondents did not show preference to consume Pakistani media at first hand. The study also connects theoretical understanding of faith and identity in Pakistani perspective along with an additional factor of media consumption. Thus, it strengthens the argument that strong faith positively contributes towards consolidating an individual＇s identity construction process. However, the results demonstrate that media tend to play a limited role in the process of identity construction compared to family and peers among Pakistani youth.

Case Study of Three Arab American Language Identity： Bilingual, Binational, or Both

Growing applied linguistics research has discussed the upsurge of the usage of Arabic language among Arabic speakers in the United States （Bale, 2010; Sehlaoui, 2008）; language contact and conflict among Arab Americans （AAs） （Rouchdy, 2002）; and how mobility--both virtual and physical--influences their identities （Duff, 2015） This study researches how AAs define their affiliation to the Arabic language in the United States to understand their attitudes on language variety and ethnic diversity, religion and identity, and stereotypes of Arabs. After analyzing interviews, all three AA participants self-selected their identity based on linguistic and physical contexts Thus, the findings suggest further research on AAs should consider cyber identity as a factor for bilingual speakers and compare it with Arabic speakers in their home country

From Learning for CET to ＂Study for Motherland＂： High-Stake of CET Accelerates the Forming of New National Identity of College Students

Since CET-4 （College English Test Band 4） is a high-stake test in China, the majority of students take passing CET-4 as their motivation of learning English. In this paper, the author would like to argue that CET, as a motivation of learning English and an assessment tool, is only a practical and realistic choice for Chinese government to satisfy the national and personal requirements of international development. Students are not learning English for passing CET, but gaining the benefits brought by English. However, the influence from English or western cultures accompanying with the high-stake of CET will form a new national identity of college students-study for motherland.

National Identity in Conflict： The Reconstruction of King Ly Thai To on Vietnamese Screen

Born as Ly Cong Uan, Ly Thai To is the first king of the Ly Dynasty. The most important contribution of Ly Thai To in Vietnamese history is to move the capital from Hoa Lu to Dai La, and rename it as Thang Long （Ascending Dragon） in 1010. Nowadays, it is known as Hanoi. Ly Thai To promoted Buddhism, and reduced the centuries-old influence of Confucianism in the kingdom. The growth and prevalence of Buddhism brought about a long period of peace, where Buddhist literature consequently flourished with seminal achievements. Due to King Ly Thai To＇s enormous contributions, the Vietnamese have created several legends and anecdotes to mystify his life. Thus, although a historical figure, his life remains a mystery and controversy. In 2010, Hanoi celebrated the 1000th anniversary of Thang Long. On this occasion, Vietnamese historical films about Ly Cong Uan were produced. This created intriguing variations within historical facts, legends, and on-screen stories. This paper will explore the reconstruction of Ly Cong Uan＇s life from an adaptation studies perspective through four historical films： Legend of the Capital Relocation （Huyen su thien do）, Thang Long Aspiration （Khat vong Thang Long）, Ly Cong Uan The Road to Thang Long Citadel （Ly Cong Uan： Dtrong toi thanh Thang Long）, Child of the Dragon （Ngtroi con cua Rong）. This research also wants to clarify the issues of national identity, nationalism, and cultural interaction reflected through the representations of Ly Thai To in those cinematic products

Soft Power and National Identity in Chinese International Promotion

Rather that cultural hegemony,soft power,as a part and parcel of comprehensive national power,has been paid more and more attention by China so as to get more discourse right and power in international diplomatic relationships to foster a peaceful external environment.This paper focuses on why China highlights soft power,how China strengthens it soft power through Chinese international promotion,and what is role Chinese international promotion has paid.

Comparative Textual Study of Political and Territorial Aspects of the Ancient Iranian National Identity

In a multidisciplinary compensatory way this paper aims at comparing Darius Inscription in Behistun with Karnameh of Ardeshir Babakan in order to find the territorial political aspects of ancient Iranian identity. With regard to the existence of the idea of national identity but not the term in these mentioned sources through content analysis, it shows that ancient Iranian national identity has basic interrelations with territorial political aspects although the other aspects will not be denied.

Survey and Educational Research on the National Music Identity of University Students——Taking Three Universities in the Western Part of Guangdong Province as an Example

The integration and penetration of disciplines is the driving force for innovation.This paper investigates the national music identity of students in three universities in the Western Part of GuangDong Province by questionnaires and interviews,and obtains a series of data related to contemporary university and college students’music literacy.Data and phenomena indicate:University and students have“high degree of identity”and“low participation consciousness”for national music.They are willing to be onlookers,and they are reluctant to join the inheritance and in-depth study,lacking opinions on music appreciation and performance learning;the contact with music only stays at the level of recreation.The artistic and functional nature of music has not played a role in the development of college students’own disciplines;from the choice of music,they can be seen that they have a negative and confused mentality in their academic and social activities,but they can still be released in music,so they adhere to the undisturbed appreciation environment.The campus music popularization education should be strengthened and guided,and appropriate music quality courses should be added to the above phenomena,and experts should be organized to integrate the national music representing the“hometown music”to lay the foundation for the future outstanding talent training.

Research on National Identity Based on National Audio-Visual Works: Taking Inner Mongolia as an Example

Mongolian audio-visual works are an important carrier of exploring the true significance to this national culture.This paper believes that the Mongolian people in Inner Mongolia constantly enhance the individual sense of identity to the overall ethnic group through the influence of film and television and music,and on this basis constantly evolve a new culture in line with modern and contemporary life to further enhance their sense of belonging to the ethnic nation.

Scottish Literary Heritage and National Identity:A Case Study of Boswell’s The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides

For a long time,the history of“Scottish Literature”has been overshadowed by the concept of“British literature”,and thus Scottish literary heritage has been seen as“regional characteristics”.The Act of Union 1707 led to a growing concern for Scottish national identity.In The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides,the famous Scottish-born biographer James Boswell chose to take advantage of Scottish literary heritage as a point of penetration to express his own Scottish national identity with Scotland in literature and Scottish literature.

A Study on the Mechanism of Cohort Effect on the Formation of National Identity among College Students

The lack of subjective awareness of national identity among young people is a common phenomenon in all countries.In this paper,we investigate the role of cohort effect in the formation of national identity among college students based on the theory of cohort effect.The results of the empirical study show that at the current stage,the formation of national identity within the group of Chinese college students mainly relies on the herding mechanism,followed by the competition mechanism and then the learning mechanism.

A 3-D morphological approach on spatial form and cultural identity of ethnic mountain settlements:Case from Guizhou,China

Ethnic mountain settlements are living heritage of varied vernacular cultures.The preservation of both the built form and the intangible socio-cultural associations with them are global concern in process of urbanization,and in the notion of sustainable development.However,there is a lack of multi-dimensional and cross-cultural quantitative research in settlement morphology,making it difficult to guide practice effectively.Therefore,this study focuses on exploring an automatic or semi-automatic quantification and classification method for the morphological identity of ethnic mountain settlements.We introduce and combine 3-D morphological indicators with existing 2-D indicators to build and test three different sets of indication systems for semi-automatic classification for the settlements’ethnic attribute basing on spatial morphology.Taking the Miao,Dong,and Tunpu(Han)ethnic settlements in Guizhou province,southwest China as research samples,we applied factor analysis and hierarchical clustering methods to compare the classification accuracy under the three systems using data from topographic map,field investigation map,satellite imageries,and ethnography or local chronicle.The results showed that,the 3-D indication system has succeeded in semi-automatic quantification and classification of settlement morphology and ethnic identity by greatly increasing the classification accuracy to 96.30%,which is a huge improvement compared with the basic 2-D indication system(42.59%)and the advanced 2-D indication system(61.11%).The settlement samples are further divided into two sub-types with significant morphological differences in each major ethnic category under the 3-D indication system.We then discussed the potential improvement and future large-scale application of this method with the help of machine learning and other smart techniques.We hope to provide a comprehensive quantitative perspective and a more scientific reference for the future preservation and sustainable development of the massive and diverse vernacular heritages across the world.

Inarticulateness, Power and Ethnic identity On Jorge Luis Borges＇ The Gospel According to Mark

This paper attempts to focus on Jorge Luis Borges’ short story The Gospel according To Mark. Borges, an Argentina short storywriter and translator, whose motherland is under long-term western colonization, identifi es himself unconsciously with the western culture. Hisworks mostly touch upon the themes of religion and philosophy. Along with post-colonialism theory’s springing up, critics began to analyze hisworks from the post-colonial perspective. The author thinks that this short story with religious implication parallels to the cultural invasion in theperiod of colonization, from powerful culture to weaker one. The author, thus, aims to use Michael Foucault’s viewpoints concerning power andknowledge to probe into the western cultural hegemony and ideological invasion refl ected in this story. Besides, the loss and construction of theethnic identity of the colonized will be discussed in details.

Identity Strategies of Muslim Meskhetians （Meskhetian turks） in Cultural Context

This study examines how the process of relocating has influenced on the strategy of identity of Muslim Meskhetians, the unique group from Georgia whit experiences of multiple forced migrations and displacements in the 20th and 21st century. In the 40s of 20th century, as a result of Stalin＇s policy to clean the southern border of the Soviet Union from the ＂undesirable peoples＂, the Muslim population, primordially comprised of the Turkish-speaking Meskhetians, was deported from the Caucasus to the Central Asian republic of Soviet Union. The violent clashes in the Fergana Valley, Uzbekistan in 1989, Muslim Meskhetians have fled to Russia. After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, they lived in Russian Federation during 20 years without citizenship and any right. In 2005, the United States government granted refugee status to Muslim Meskhetians, and they moved to the USA. We combined the in-depth interviews with the immigrants, who live in the states of Pennsylvania and Illinois State of the USA, to illustrate the changes and effects of the relocation on the Muslim Meskhetian strategies of identity. Drawing upon theoretical conceptualizations of socialization and identity strategies of C. Camilleri, this study finds that Muslim Meskhetian immigrants are carefully negotiating strategy of identity in the face of displacement.

Returned Diasporas and Homeland： Identity Differences Between Kazakhstani Kazakhs and Oralmans

Ancestral return-return by the descendants of migrants to their ancestors＇ origin has been one of the most significant forms of population mobility since 1991 in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The state policy determines the scales of ethnic migration to and within the country. The government adopted a complex program on Kazakh Diaspora repatriation. Under the program, oralmans （ethnic repatriates to the country） are provided with considerable aid program for adaptation to the recipient society. Although the returnees may initially be welcomed back, their homecomings often prove to be ambivalent or negative experiences. Despite their ethnic affinity to the host populace, they are frequently excluded as cultural foreigners and relegated to low-status jobs shunned by the host society＇s populace. Ethnic return migrants and their hosts become frustrated with each other. They find jobs but not expected social welcome. Ethnic return migrant＇s orientations usually are shaped by the terms of the policies that give them the access to the destination country＇s labor markets and citizenship. The report studies the problem of similarity and differences among Ethnic Return Migrants and mother ethnic group. What underlies the misunderstanding between them？ Whether it is a competition for the working places, access to the social benefits or deep cultural differences？ To examine on-the-ground dynamics between natives and ethnic migrants, and in particular their mutual acceptance in a range of contexts, we turn to a qualitative account that draws on observations and interviews, less formal interviews carried out among Mongolian-Kazakh, Chinese-Kazakh and Karakalpak- Kazakh return Migrants in Almaty city and its suburbs during the fieldwork. Characteristics that differentiate returned Diaspora individuals from Kazakhstani Kazakhs are rooted not in ethnic sphere, but in the cultural context of the country they come from. This paper reveals how the socio-cultural characteristics and national origins of the migrants influence their levels of marginalization in their ethnic homelands, forcing many of them to redefine the meanings of home and homeland.