Three Types of Spatial Function Zoning in Key Ecological Function Areas Based on Ecological and Economic Coordinated Development: A Case Study of Tacheng Basin, China

Three types of spatial function zoning is an effective measure for regional environmental protection and orderly development.For ecological and economic coordinated development, spatial function zones should be divided scientifically to clear its direction of development and protection. Therefore, based on ecological constraints, a beneficial discussion would be about the key ecological function areas adopting the concept of ecological protection restriction and supporting socioeconomic development for spatial function zoning. In this paper, the researchers, taking Tacheng Basin, Xinjiang of China as an example, choose township as basic research unit and set up an evaluation index system from three aspects, namely, ecological protection suitability, agricultural production suitability, and urban development suitability, which are analyzed by using spatial analysis functions and exclusive matrix method. The results showed that: 1) This paper formed a set of multilevel evaluation index systems for three types of spatial function zoning of the key ecological function areas based on a novel perspective by scientifically dividing Tacheng Basin into ecological space, agricultural space, and urban space,which realized the integration and scientific orientation for spatial function at the township scale. 2) Under the guidance of three types of spatial pattern, the functional orientation and suggestions of development and protection was clearly defined for ecological protection zones,ecological economic zones, agricultural production zones, and urban development zones. 3) A new idea of space governance is provided to promote the coordinated and sustainable development between ecology and economy, which can break the traditional mode of thinking about regional economic development, and offers a scientific basis and reference for macro decision-making.

Industrial Policy Analysis of Restricted Development Zones in Western China——A Study of State-level Main Producing Areas of Agricultural Products and Key Ecological Functional Areas

As one of the important policies of promoting the formation of main functional areas, the industrial policy directly determines the sustainable growth of space control ability of main functional areas. A restricted development zone is a type of main functional area which provides agricultural products and ecological products, assures the supply of national agricultural products and the stability of ecosystems, as well as safeguards the ecological functions and agricultural functions of wider regions by restricting its own development. Therefore scientific, complete and operable industrial policy support is needed. Restricted development zones are distributed widely in western China. With the restriction of their main functions, differential industrial policies should be implemented in the development of the restricted development zones: Dealing well with the relationship between industrial development and ecological protection, developing special industries which are friendly to resources and environment and appropriate for local conditions, guiding and encouraging industries to learn from regions with favorable development conditions, orderly withdrawing industries and enterprises adverse to main functions, facilitating industrial structure upgrading, optimizing industrial organization, improving industrial technological level and rationalizing industrial layout.

Soil Conservation of National Key Ecological Function Areas

Soil erosion is a significant factor in the deterioration of the ecological environment and soil conservation is an important ecological service of National Key Ecological Function Areas in China. Here, climate, terrain, soil and vegetation cover, soil erosion and soil conservation spatial data in 25 National Key Ecological Function Areas in 2010 were analyzed using the Universal Soil Loss Equation by Arc GIS tool. We found that soil conservation effects due to vegetation cover and soil conservation measures are obvious and that micro and slight erosion areas in National Key Ecological Function Areas have increased by 26.2%. The area of intensive erosion decreased by 25.1%, and the soil conservation amount in southern National Key Ecological Function Areas is high. The conservation amount of soil nutrients within National Key Ecological Function Areas is related to amount of soil conservation and content of each nutrient element in soil. The sequence of nutrient conservation amounts from high to low is soil organic carbon, total K, total N and total P in soil. The conservation amount of various soil nutrient elements in the Alkin Grassland function area and Yunnan and Sichuan function area was highest. Based on our findings, we recommend the strengthening of vegetation protection and management in the areas with high per unit area soil erosion, enhancement of vegetation cover and improvement of soil conservation measures in order to improve soil conservation functions and reduce soil nutrient losses. Vegetation protection and soil conservation measures should be consolidated in the areas with high potential erosion to prevent further deterioration.

Major Problems and Countermeasures for the Establishment of Ecological Compensation Systems for National Key Ecological Function Areas

At the end of the 1990 s China started to construct an ecological compensation system for national key ecological function areas. An eco-compensation system focusing on the ＂Transfer Payment of National Key Ecological Function Areas＂ has been established. The current eco-compensation system has played a positive role in improving the ecological environment of national key ecological function areas; but the ecological effect is weakening due to existing problems in the eco-compensation system such as unreasonable calculation of compensation standards, poor expression of rights and interests of stakeholders, simple sources of capital and modes of compensation. For better development, the eco-compensation system should be improved by（i） adhering to the combination of vertical compensation（oriented） and horizontal compensation（auxiliary） on the whole and establishing a transfer payment system of eco-compensation at national scale;（ii） defining the compensation standard according to ecological protection costs, development opportunity costs and ecological service values and adding indicators that reflect economic green transformation to evaluate compensation effects;（iii） gradually building a utilization system of eco-compensation funds in which multi-stakeholders participate and establishing a green development-oriented system to evaluate the performance of local governments; and（iv） cultivating a new business pattern where ecological services are the product, to grow the ecological service industry.

Areas Benefiting from Water Conservation in Key Ecological Function Areas in China

Ecosystem services are transferred from the service-providing area to the service-benefiting area to satisfy human needs through some substance, energy or information. Most studies focus on the provision of ecosystem services and few focus on the demands on ecosystem services and their spatial distribution. Here, on the basis of the flow of water conservation services from the providing area to the benefiting area, the benefits produced by water conservation service are investigated and the benefiting areas are identified. The results indicate that in 2010 the water conservation service of key ecological function areas provided irrigation water for 1.67×105 km2 of paddy fields and 1.01×105 km2 irrigated fields, domestic water to urban residents and industrial water to factories, mines and enterprises of 2.64×104 km2 urban construction land and domestic water to rural residents across 3.73×104 km2 of rural settlements and formed 6.64×104 km2 of inland water which can be used for freshwater aquaculture, downstream regions comprise 1.31×104 km of navigable river, which can be used for inland shipping. The benefit areas of the key function areas located in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River are greater and more influential benefit areas. To protect these key function areas, more attention should be paid to the maintenance and improvement of water conservation. Some benefit areas have access to the benefits produced by water conservation of nine key ecological function areas and cover 17% of the overall benefit area and the length of their channels benefited accounts for 7%. Multiple key ecological function areas should be taken into account equally in the formulation of ecological compensation policies. These research findings can serve as a scientific basis for the compensated use of and ecological compensation for ecosystem services provided by key ecological function areas.

汉中市生态调节服务产品价值变化及驱动因素分析

生态调节服务产品是生态产品总值(GEP)核算的重要组成部分。探究生态调节服务产品价值变化趋势及驱动因素有助于指导GEP提升。文章分析了2011—2021年汉中市调节服务价值变化的驱动机制。结果表明:2021年汉中市调节服务价值为1794.66亿元,其中水源涵养、土壤保持、洪水调蓄、固碳和气候调节合计占比99.9%;2011—2021年,汉中市调节服务价值增加了92.69亿元;自然生态系统面积变化、海拔、植被净初级生产力(NPP)变化是驱动调节服务价值变化的主要因素,能够解释87.9%的价值变化,森林面积和NPP的提升促进了调节服务价值的提高。建议未来积极开展生态保护和修复,提升自然生态系统面积和质量,确保调节服务价值的提升,同时探索生态产品价值实现机制,促进绿水青山向金山银山的转化。

论海洋自然保护地分类分区管控的中国方案

海洋自然保护地分类分区管控既有空间规划的自然科学依据,又有区域治理的社会科学依据,且与精细化建设之间具有手段与目的的关系。分类施策、分区治理,精细化建设,是我国海洋自然保护地分类分区管控的改革方向。海洋自然保护地分类分区管控以新型海洋自然保护区制度、海洋公园制度接替海洋特别保护区制度,与国土空间规划制度、生态保护红线制度等衔接,并将生态功能保护区作为我国新时代自然保护地体系中的类型之一。分类分区管控基于陆海统筹战略提出分区差异化管控、精细化建设的中国方案,并通过完善立法保障其实现。

国家重点生态功能区转移支付与基本公共服务供给——来自中国县域的证据

国家重点生态功能区转移支付对提高基本公共服务供给至关重要。文章基于2000—2021年中国县域面板数据,采用双重差分法评估国家重点生态功能区转移支付对基本公共服务供给的影响及作用机制。结果表明:国家重点生态功能区转移支付能有效提升县域基本公共服务供给水平,且政策实施时间越久,促进效应越强;机制分析发现,产业结构升级和技术创新能显著提升县域基本公共服务供给水平,而财政自给率和经济集聚水平起负向调节作用;异质性分析表明,国家重点生态功能区转移支付对县域基本公共服务供给的影响在中国西部和高人口规模的样本中更为显著,且该政策具有促进邻近县域基本公共服务供给的空间溢出效应。

国家重点生态功能区旅游资源开发的碳汇减损效应--国家级风景名胜区和5A级景区建设的准自然实验

国家重点生态功能区是保障生态文明战略有效推进的关键区域,“双碳”目标下考察旅游资源开发对国家重点生态功能区碳汇影响效应,有利于拓展旅游资源开发的环境外部性研究视野,并促进资源富集型欠发达地区旅游资源可持续利用。文章依托多源遥感影像构建733个国家重点生态功能区县域单元研究数据集,利用空间多期双重差分模型,以国家级风景名胜区和5A级景区建设为准自然实验,在县区精细尺度揭示旅游资源开发对碳汇影响及空间溢出效应。结果表明:1)国家重点生态功能区碳汇呈现微弱上升态势,但空间分异明显;2)旅游资源开发造成国家重点生态功能区碳汇减损,具有显著环境负外部性;3)旅游资源开发碳汇减损效应主要出现于中部、西部国家重点生态功能区,但在生态文明战略和国家重点生态功能区转移支付制度实施后得到缓解;4)旅游资源开发对碳汇的不利影响存在空间溢出性,“以邻为壑”特征明显。基于前述分析,文章进一步提出,理论上应探索将碳汇影响纳入旅游可持续发展评估研究框架;政策上推动旅游资源可持续开发利用,完善国家重点生态功能区旅游资源开发碳汇补偿制度,促进配套设施和关联产业科学布局和生态建设。

乌兰察布市国家重点生态功能区生态质量及其降水响应

生态评价对国家重点生态功能区县域生态保护与恢复和可持续发展具有重要意义。基于乌兰察布市4个县域国家重点生态功能区2020-2022年数据,从生态格局、生态功能、生物多样性和生态胁迫4个一级指标,从时间和空间2个角度对乌兰察布市4个县域国家重点生态功能区的生态质量变化趋势及对降水的响应机制进行了研究。结果表明:①乌兰察布市4个国家重点生态功能区县域生态质量整体良好,充分发挥了重点生态功能区的防风固沙作用;②以2020年为基准年,2021年和2022年4个县域国家生态功能区生态质量不同程度变差,急需进一步加强生态保护和修复;③生态质量与5-9月份降水量和全年降水量均显著相关(P<0.05),降水量和全年降水量主要影响的是生态功能,呈显著相关(P<0.05),而与生态格局、生物多样性、生态胁迫的相关性不显著,说明降水量减少是导致生态质量整体降低的重要原因。

国家重点生态功能区生态环境质量变化动态分析

国家重点生态功能区是保障国家生态安全、提升生态环境质量的重要区域。基于国家重点/非重点生态功能区生态环境质量变化的对比分析,结合土地覆被变化,对国家重点生态功能区转移支付政策执行之前的生态环境质量状况形成全面的认识。结果表明:国家重点/非重点生态功能区土地覆被类型均以生态用地为主,2000—2010年生态用地占比下降。国家重点生态功能区各年生态用地占比均高于非重点生态功能区,且土地覆被类型转换程度相对于非重点生态功能区要小。重点/非重点生态功能区的植被覆盖度、生物量密度、NPP均由东南向西北逐渐降低。水土保持型重点生态功能区的植被覆盖度最高,生物多样性维护型重点生态功能区的平均生物量密度、平均NPP最高,水源涵养型重点生态功能区的生物量总量、NPP总量最高,防风固沙型重点生态功能区由于多位于西北内陆,整体上植被覆盖度最低,生物量密度和生物量总量、平均NPP和NPP总量也最低。总的来说,2000—2010年间国家重点生态功能区的生态系统质量有所改善,但是改善的幅度不及非重点生态功能区。表明实施生态保护工程与转移支付,进一步改善重点生态功能区的生态环境质量,对提升全国整体生态安全水平具有重要的作用。

国家重点生态功能区转移支付的生态补偿效果分析

国家重点生态功能区的环境保护和生态建设关系我国宏观区域和微观区域的生态安全。国家对这类区域的开发和建设制定了一系列禁限政策,同时对这类区域因开发和建设受限而制定了国家重点生态功能区转移支付政策。通过对政府规制下和基于最小安全标准约束下的国家重点生态功能区的益本分析,得到国家重点生态功能区生态补偿的理论标准。运用这一理论标准考察了国家重点生态功能区转移支付政策的分配依据、计算公式、资金使用、考核与激励约束的规定,发现国家重点生态功能区的生态补偿效果不显著与国家重点生态功能区转移支付政策密切相关。

生态补偿区域的空间选择研究——以青海省国家重点生态功能区转移支付为例

生态补偿区域的空间选择研究是生态补偿机制建立的基础,目前国内缺少这方面的研究。合理的生态补偿区域空间选择方法可以为生态补偿优先地区的选择提供较为可靠的定量化依据。综合考虑青海省各市县的生态系统服务价值和经济发展水平,在使用Arc GIS工具的基础上,运用"生态效益比瞄准"方法和"生态补偿优先级(Eco-compensation Priority Sequence,ECPS)"方法,分别对青海省各市县生态补偿优先等级进行了研究。研究结果表明:"生态效益比瞄准"方法适用于森林、草原等基于要素的生态补偿机制的空间选择,而"生态补偿优先级"方法更适合区域性的生态补偿的空间选择。根据"生态补偿优先级"方法可以得出青海省国家重点生态功能区转移支付优先补偿区主要集中在青海省南部,次级补偿区主要位于青海省中部,潜在补偿区主要在青海省东北部。与青海省重点生态功能区转移支付资金分配比较,海西州内的很多市县没有得到相应的补偿,原有的资金分配方式更多的考虑民生因素而忽略了环境因素。在生态补偿区域的空间选择中,要结合生态综合补偿,提出合理的生态补偿绩效考核体系,在保护环境的基础上改善民生。

国家重点生态功能区转移支付的双重目标与绩效评价

提高当地政府的基本公共服务能力和引导当地政府加强生态环境保护是中国实施国家重点生态功能区转移支付制度的双重目标。但在国家重点生态功能区转移支付政策实施中普遍存在基本公共服务对生态环境保护的挤出效应。通过分析中央和地方国家重点生态功能区转移支付办法,发现都存在保护生态环境和提高民生的双重目标与绩效考核指标体系不匹配的问题,认为这也是造成国家重点生态功能区转移支付的保护生态环境目标不能充分实现的重要原因。

国家重点生态功能区转移支付与县域生态环境质量——基于陕西省县级数据的实证研究

国家重点生态功能区转移支付办法的政策目标是改善民生和保护生态环境。以陕西省享受该项转移支付的37个县2009-2011年的样本数据为例,对中国县域生态环境质量与国家重点生态功能区转移支付资金之间的关系进行实证检验。结果表明:增加转移支付能够促进国家重点生态功能区生态环境质量的改善,但是这种影响较为微弱。后期还需要通过调整办法、改变理念等举措来提高国家重点生态功能区转移支付的生态环境保护效率。

生态补偿对国家重点生态功能区居民可持续生计的影响——基于“精准扶贫”视角

以陕西省调研数据为研究样本,将生态补偿政策引入英国国际发展部的可持续生计能力分析框架,采用结构方程模型研究了国家重点生态功能区的生态补偿政策对居民可持续生计能力的直接影响效应和间接影响效应。结果表明:生态补偿对可持续生计能力的直接影响效应为0.182;通过物质资本、人力资本、金融资本和自然资本对可持续生计能力的间接影响效应分别为0.059、0.104、0.066、0.053,总的间接效应为0.282;生态补偿对可持续生计能力总的影响效应为0.464。因此,精准的生态补偿政策能够实现以可持续生计能力提升为主要内容的"造血式"扶贫。

国家重点生态功能区转移支付的生态保护效应研究——基于陕西省数据的实证研究

我国生态环境保护和生态补偿以《国家主体功能区规划》为指导,空间上划分出国家重点生态功能区作为生态环境保护的重点范围并对其进行旨在生态补偿的中央财政转移支付。现阶段对转移支付的生态保护效应研究大多集中于政策解读和理论分析,实证研究相对不足,该制度2009年实施以来已有七八年时间,具备了开展实证研究的基础。文章以陕西省33个国家重点生态功能区为研究样本,在按各县级政府财政收入高低进行分组之后,实证分析了整体样本、高财政收入样本和低财政收入样本的生态补偿转移支付对生态环境质量指数的促进效应。整体回归结果显示,转移支付对生态环境质量的改善起到了重要的促进作用,影响系数显著为正,陕西省国家重点生态功能区所在县级政府的生态环境质量自2009年以来,呈现"基本稳定,逐渐好转"的趋势,与国家重点生态功能区转移支付的激励作用密不可分,同时,财政收入水平对生态环境质量具有显著的影响,且财政收入水平越高,转移支付对生态效益产出的促进作用越大。分组回归结果显示,高财政收入的国家重点生态功能区的转移支付影响系数要大于低财政收入的国家重点生态功能区转移支付的影响系数,这表明将转移支付拨付给高财政收入组更有效率。因此从效率角度看,现阶段国家重点生态功能区转移支付的标准即县级政府财政收支缺口符合公平原则,但相对缺乏效率,以财政收支缺口为补偿标准的方式不利于转移支付效率提升,对生态环境质量改善作用有待进一步挖掘。最后文章基于兼顾效率与公平视角提出了充分发挥转移支付生态保护激励效应,提高生态环境质量的政策建议。

中国自然保护地体系分类研究

建设自然保护地体系是为子孙后代保留生物多样性资源与自然遗产最有效的途径。自1956年我国建立第一个自然保护区以来,已建设形成覆盖森林、草地、湿地、海洋、荒漠各类生态系统,珍稀濒危动植物物种和种质资源,自然遗迹和自然景观,以及水源保护等各类自然保护地。但由于缺乏自然保护地体系的顶层设计,各类保护地面临功能区分不清晰、空间重叠、管理成效不高等问题。建设以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系的部署,为理顺我国保护地体系,明确各类保护地的功能定位提供了难得的机会。在分析我国现有自然保护地类型,并参考国际自然保护地体系分类经验的基础上,探讨了我国保护地体系分类,建议将我国自然保护地分为5大类,第I类为自然保护区,第Ⅱ类为国家公园,第Ⅲ类为自然公园,第Ⅳ类为物种与种质资源保护区,第Ⅴ类为生态功能保护区,并分析了各类自然保护地的功能定位和管理目标,以期为自然保护地体系规划建设提供参考。完善我国自然保护地体系分类,根据各类保护地的特点,创新保护地建设政策与机制,加大政府对自然保护地建设力度的同时,发挥全社会力量建设自然保护地,我国自然保护地建设将大有可为。

国家重点生态功能区的生态补偿标准、支付额度与调整目标

中国对国家重点生态功能区实施生态补偿财政转移支付制度已近十年。通过对国家重点生态功能区生态保护成本与效益的定量分析,结合国家重点生态功能区生态补偿财政转移支付额度的考察,以生态补偿标准的理论分析为基础,揭示了国家重点生态功能区生态补偿标准的合理区间,并提出其选择依据,为国家重点生态功能区生态补偿的财政转移支付制度改革和完善中国生态补偿机制提供理论支持。

国家重点生态功能区转移支付资金分配机制研究

国家重点生态功能区转移支付具有实施保护生态环境和改善民生的政策目标。由于财力较弱的国家重点生态功能区既缺乏改善民生的资金,又缺乏生态环境保护的资金;生态环境质量较差的国家重点生态功能区因保护生态环境成本较大需要更多的生态环境保护资金。因此,国家重点生态功能区转移支付资金的分配,须通过平衡不同区域之间的差异以提高所有国家重点生态功能区的生态环境质量与民生水平。为了验证国家重点生态功能区转移支付资金分配机制是否具有向财力较弱与生态环境质量较差地区倾斜的特性,本文对国家重点生态功能区转移支付资金分配公式进行了推导,并以陕西省为例对资金的分配进行了实证分析,研究结果显示:①国家重点生态功能区转移支付公式中的"标准财政收支缺口"项含有基本公共服务均等化属性,剩余各项含有生态环境保护属性,公式包含向财力较弱和生态环境质量较差的地区倾斜的政策目标;②与其政策目标相违背,实践中的国家重点生态功能区转移支付资金并没有向财力较弱和生态环境质量较差的国家重点生态功能区倾斜,反而与国家重点生态功能区的财力水平、生态环境质量呈正相关。究其原因,以"标准财政收支缺口"为核心的国家重点生态功能区转移支付资金分配公式是导致违背"两个倾斜"的症结所在。要扭转实际分配中的"两个倾斜"偏差,促使国家重点生态功能区转移支付政策目标的实现,必须改变公式计算要件"标准财政收支缺口",在保护生态环境的前提下改善民生。