Ethnic Issues of China's Neighboring Countries and Their Impact on National Security

In the international community,the internal ethnic issues of one country can easily spread out of its borders through the impact of internal and external factors to affect the national security of other countries,known as the spillover effect.Presently,the ethnic issues of China's neighboring countries that have real consequences on the country's national security break down mainly into four types:the internal ethnic conflict,the transnational ethnic issue,the issues related with immigrants and the collaboration of the Three Forces.The risk of spillover can be summed up according to the intensity of its effect in five categories:infiltration,springboard,spillover,immigration and harassment.As diverse ethnic issues of the neighboring countries have different effects on China's national security,the Chinese government must grasp the core element of each issue to formulate specific policies.

Strategic Direction of Russia Interpreted from Its New National Security Strategy

In July 2021,Russia unveiled its new National Security Strategy,which is a considerably updated version compared with the previous one and hence presents several new features.For instance,it further stresses that security should be prioritized over other aspects;it gives more attention to the chaotic aspects of order change in its assessment of the international situation;it highlights the threats from the West;and it places increased emphasis on domestic capacity building as a means for safeguarding national security.From the content of the new Strategy as well as Russia’s policies in recent years,the strategy of Russia for the foreseeable future can be generally characterized as inward-looking.Domestically,its policies will become more conservative;diplomatically,it will take up a defensive position;and economically,it will increasingly emphasize security and selfreliance.In other words,several issues that were previously overlooked will be given attention.However,strategic introversion does not mean that Russia will invest all its energy in defense.Instead,Russia will build up strength for changes that lie ahead.With the expected strategic introversion,Russia will fnd difculty in making breakthroughs in terms of its relations with the West;the China-Russia relations will continue on the path of steady development;and Russia will place greater importance to the balance of power among major countries.

Justifying a Study on Constructing a National Human Resource Development Model as Practiced in Malaysia

The globe has been confronting a new set of challenges. Such challenges are unique to each country context. The overarching challenge, all above other challenges is, to seek appropriate knowledge as a tool and mean to resolve such challenges. A critical such knowledge to be accumulated in all days is on how to develop people or human resources. However, with the existing knowledge claims in this regard, countries have been unable to resolve such challenges. Human Development, one such knowledge claim, is too broader, and therefore, no guided protocol is suggested in finding solutions. Human Resource Development, as another such knowledge claim is too limited in scope to address broader level challenges. National Human Resource Development （NHRD） has emerged to bridge this gap, emphasising people oriented solutions to resolve country level challenges. The NHRD literature encourages NHRD country case studies, and that, justifications for starting NHRD country case studies is needed. This study justifies such a research on NHRD practices in Malaysia＇s country context, using content analysis. As a result, this study has shown higher level country challenges, derived a need of people based approach in resolving such challenges, highlighted NHRD as capable as possible in guiding to establish people development knowledge claim, and finally justified an NHRD research to be done within Malaysia＇s context to see how Malaysia practices NHRD.

Principal Features of Building Social Accounts Matrix and Improving Statistical Database for Eco-countries

With common borders of the population, total area, and GDP （PPP-based） of Economic Cooperation Organization （ECO） member states are estimated as 416 million persons, 7.9 million m2, and US$2.7 trillion respectively （2010 data）. Although heterogeneous in the extent, there is economic development, overall, with serious energy and transport-transit relations among countries that is reflected in growing trade turnover year-by-year. However, there are still rather unused resources and capacity in such areas of cooperation among countries as exchange of energy, transport services, agricultural and industrial goods, use of opportunities for tourism, promoting investment and innovation processes and other areas. Certainly, maximum and optimal use of these resources calls for availability of analytical means capable of accounting for relations both within member states and among them. The implementation of computable general equilibrium （CGE） modeling in each member state would thus be of great significance in resolution of these problems both in terms of accounting for input-output linkages within the countries as well as enabling impact of main trading partners and goods and services among countries. The analysis carried out indicates that there are a number of problems in application of CGE model in most of the member states. As such, input-output tables are not compiled in some countries, while in others despite the fact that these tables are compiled, there are no attempts to build the model, yet in other countries, even if the CGE model is implemented, there are difficulties in taking into account the real results in the face of serious problems related to improving national accounts system database. Summarizing these problems, it is possible to conclude that to ensure the application of a CGE model,there is a great need to work out procedures of compilation of a social accounts matrix （SAM） that lies on the basis of this model, for which the relevant statistics of a member state must be improved. Considering the above-mentioned, the presented research, makes procedures and proposals on compilation of SAM, improves statistical data for researching the extent of application of CGE Model in ECO member states, and identifies the degree of availability and organization of relevant data to develop input-output tables and respective SAM.

The Treaty of San Francisco From the Perspective of International Peace Movements in Early Twentieth-Century America

The leaders of the Meiji Restoration believed in their master, Yoshida Shoin （吉田松陰）, who claimed that in order for the islands of Japan not to be a colony of the powerful Western states, Japan had to conquer nearby countries. This led to Japan’s invasion of the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Korea, and Manchuria, which ultimately led to the Manchurian Incident of 1931, the Sino-Japanese War, and the Pacific War. Surprisingly, the subject and the timing of each and every one of these acts of war were in the same order of Yoshida Shoin’s proposal on preoccupancy. The Sino-Japanese war of 1894 was romanticized as clearing the barbaric culture by civilization, and the Russo-Japanese war of 1904 was romanticized as the realization of Eastern Peace. However, Japanese policies of aggressions were first deemed illegal by international law during the 1931 Manchurian Incident by the investigations of the League of Nations. The Japanese Empire received the recommendation by the League of Nations to restore to original state, but declined and exited from the League of Nations. Following their exit, they started the Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific War and eventually lost in 1945. The goal of the San Francisco Peace Treaty of 1951 was to punish Japan’s aggressions. However, as the Cold War between the East and the West started to arise in 1948, the punishment was eased, and their punishment for the aggressions on the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, and Korea was nearly unasked for. This paper examines the issues of the San Francisco Peace Treaty in the views of the international law of the League of Nations, established by Manley O. Hudson of Harvard University and others in U.S. academia and judiciary.

National Identity Crisis in Developing Countries in the Global Age and Its Causes

After the 1990s, with the end of the Cold War, great changes have occurred in the world scenario, with ethnic clashes and national conflicts becoming all the more salient, making national identity a hot topic in reality and the academia. To address the issue of national identity in the age of globalization, a deep-going theoretical discussion of the logic behind it is necessary, a discussion that covers the nature of both ethno-cultural identity and national identity, the superiority of national identity to ethno-cultural identity and the logic behind national identity crisis. In terms of the need for social identity, globalization, while changing the power structure of the world, weakens the autonomy of developing countries, especially that of those which are still in the process of modernization and are confronted with risks inherent in social transformation and where a resultant structural imbalance undermines the state＇s integrity and control, making national identity less appealing to ethnic groups. As a result, regional ethnic identity comes to the fore, leading to national identity crises in developing countries.

The Economic and Trade Factors in China’s National Image in the Arab Countries

In the context of globalization,although governments maintain the leading role in shaping the image of states,the increasing bilateral economic and trade exchanges are gradually becoming an equally important,if not more important,element.The recent years have witnessed a continuous growth of trade between China and Arab countries—a newly established crucial trading partner and platform for practicing the“going-out”strategy.Thanks to both sides complimenting each other,a positive win-win situation has been achieved.However,as more and more Chinese merchandises and enterprises have entered the Arab world,certain problems have emerged,such as poor quality of merchandises,illegal operation of enterprises,and difficulties of certain Chinese employees integrating into local life.These economic and trade elements have become key factors in shaping China’s image in the Arab countries,and hence should not be left unattended.

数字服务贸易壁垒对贸易强国建设的影响——基于43个国家的面板数据

我国已进入新发展阶段,构建新发展格局是把握发展主动权的战略性布局,实现高质量发展是我国经济发展的鲜明主题,贸易强国建设是我国当前国际贸易发展中的重要决策,需要深入研究并解决各种贸易壁垒,包括数字服务贸易壁垒。研究数字服务贸易壁垒与贸易强国建设之间的关系对于推动我国外贸高质量发展、从贸易大国走向贸易强国至关重要。对43个国家2014—2021年的面板数据进行分析,实证检验数字服务贸易壁垒与贸易强国建设之间的关系。研究显示,数字服务贸易壁垒显著抑制贸易强国建设,国家创新这一中介变量在数字服务贸易壁垒显著抑制贸易强国建设的过程中同样起抑制作用。通过相关异质性检验,数字服务贸易壁垒对“一带一路”共建国家的贸易强国建设不产生显著影响,而对非“一带一路”共建国家的贸易强国建设产生显著的抑制影响。因此,减少数字服务贸易壁垒、促进创新,特别是在非“一带一路”共建国家中,将是我国贸易强国建设过程中需要着重关注和改善的方向。为更好地适应数字时代的贸易环境,实现外贸高质量发展,向贸易强国迈进,应加强国际合作;进行数字技术研发与创新,降低技术壁垒带来的负面影响;推动数字技术培训和人才交流,打破技术壁垒;积极参与国际数字服务规则制定。

民族传统体育高质量发展的战略机遇、现实挑战与推进策略

推动我国民族传统体育高质量发展是新时代体育发展的应有之义,我国民族传统体育高质量发展要紧紧抓住体育强国、教育强国、健康中国、文化强国等战略机遇,对新时代我国民族传统体育的战略机遇、现实挑战和推进策略展开深入研究。当前,我国民族传统体育面临话语权有待进一步增强、均衡的教育资源配置亟待优化、健康的发展需求亟需提升、固有的文化思维亟待消弭等制约其高质量发展的困局。面对中国式现代化提出的新要求,我国民族传统体育高质量发展应以多元发展的体育理念,彰显我国民族传统体育在体育强国中的作用;以普及提高的教育主线,优化我国民族传统体育资源配置;以跨界融合的健康导向,构建我国民族传统体育发展新格局;以“双循环”的发展格局,开启我国民族传统体育文化发展的新思路,希冀为促进我国民族传统体育高质量发展提供参考。

借鉴发达国家经验优化我国国际科技合作项目管理的思考

在科技创新发展新机遇与国际形势严峻复杂新挑战的双重背景下,探索建立更加符合国际合作规律的科技合作项目管理机制尤为重要。本文梳理了国家国际科技合作与交流专项及改革后的国家重点研发计划“政府间国际科技创新合作”和“战略性科技创新合作”2个国际合作类重点专项的实施情况、取得成效,分析存在的问题,借鉴美国、英国、日本、德国、欧盟等发达国家(组织)国际合作项目管理经验,提出破解当前突出问题、优化国际科技合作项目管理的政策建议。

老龄化对新兴国家出境旅游需求的影响——基于跨国样本的实证

人口老龄化是二战以来世界人口变化的最大特征之一,对经济和社会领域的影响深远,对旅游业的发展既是机遇又是挑战。文章以1995—2019年20个新兴国家的数据为样本,采用双向固定效应模型,实证研究老龄化对出境旅游需求的影响及其异质性特征,并探究了国家文化价值观的调节效应。研究发现:1)老龄化对出境旅游需求有正向影响;2)不同年龄阶段的老年人对出境旅游的影响存在异质性,不同老龄化程度的新兴国家对出境旅游需求的影响存在异质性;3)国家文化价值观对老年人出境旅游需求有显著的调节作用。其中,不确定性规避程度、个人主义削弱了老龄化对出境旅游需求的正向作用;高权力距离、男性主义、长期主义加强了老龄化对出境旅游需求正向作用。该研究结果将为推进新兴国家银发旅游市场的开发、完善配套政策提供参考依据。

试论区域国别学服务国家战略的方向和途径

近年来,区域国别学在服务国家战略中的作用日益显著,因而需要在服务方向与主要途径方面进行深入探讨。本文以国家战略的内涵及其在国家安全与发展中的核心地位为基础,从国家、领域和学科三个维度,系统分析了区域国别学的建设目标与功能定位。从国家层面来看,区域国别学应充分发挥其特色,为中国式现代化建设提供战略咨询、经验总结和发展方案;从领域层面来看,区域国别学应利用专业优势,在教育强国、大国外交和国际传播等关键领域做出贡献;从学科层面来看,区域国别学应重视自主理论建设,明确指导思想,深化理论体系,强化战略思维,并积极开展国际学术交流。最后,本文强调,区域国别学必须坚持问题导向,提高发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的能力,以理论创新更好地应对复杂国际局势,助力国家战略目标的实现。

新时代十年中国粮食安全之路——历程回顾、成效评估与路径展望

保障国家粮食安全是确保经济发展、社会稳定、国家安全的重要基础。聚焦新时代十年这一具有里程碑意义的历史阶段,围绕中国粮食安全的实践历程与重大成就,完整展现新时代十年中国粮食安全之路的发展全貌;结合党的二十大提出的新任务新要求,系统展望提高国家粮食安全保障能力的可行路径。研究发现,新时代十年,中国严守18亿亩耕地保护红线,累计建成十亿亩高标准农田,农业科技进步贡献率提高了7.9%,农业生态环境显著改善,以刷新千亿斤粮食新纪录并连续八年稳定在1.3万亿斤以上的佳绩书写了新时代保障粮食安全的伟大实践。新征程上,中国应进一步加强高标准农田质量监管、全力推进大豆抢种扩面、推动种业科技自立自强、加快推进智慧农业发展,为农业强国及社会主义现代化强国建设夯实基础。

大一统视角下“一国两制”台湾方案的探索

在建立统一多民族国家的政治制度和社会文明的过程中,大一统思想塑造了中国人的家国情怀和民族记忆,并在思想意识、国家建构、治国理政等方面为实现国家完全统一和保持长期繁荣稳定提供了宝贵的理论资源和实践经验。中国共产党人在处理台湾问题、完成港澳回归的历史过程中不断发展和创新大一统思想,妥善处理内部问题与外部干涉,积累了和平谈判、稳固政权、实行地方自治的丰富经验,为“一国两制”台湾地区方案构想奠定了坚实基础。把握大一统思想的核心精神,有助于“两制”台湾地区方案在设计和推进过程中超越昔日束缚,为实现中华民族伟大复兴作出贡献。

全球人工智能安全治理的信任困境与破解路径

全球人工智能安全治理旨在确保人工智能技术的安全、可靠、可控和公平,同时促进其在全球范围内的健康发展。随着治理主体的多样化、治理对象的扩展化、治理机制的复杂化,人工智能安全治理已成为全球安全治理的重要议题,治理信任的建构成为破解人工智能安全治理难题的重要路径。全球人工智能安全治理的信任困境主要体现在理性信任、价值信任和环境信任三个方面。在理性信任困境方面,国家利益与政治权谋交织加深信任裂痕、权力竞争与阵营对抗叠加加大信任鸿沟、政策差异与技术理性嫁接动摇信任基础;在价值信任困境方面,理念认知偏差左右治理价值取向、伦理道德异化影响治理共识达成、技术规制矛盾引发治理信任危机;在环境信任困境方面,治理规则碎片化与治理机制缺失、法律体系不完善与监管执行困难、国际组织参与有限与治理模式分散等问题共存。中国可通过强化战略引领、推动多元共治,以确保国家利益与全球治理目标的一致性;秉持人本主义、促进向善合治,以促进多元主义和负责任创新的治理向善理念;推动制度监管、提升技术智治,以建立强大和适应性强的监管实践来增进全球人工智能安全治理信任。

习近平总书记教育强国建设重要论述的历史理路和重大意义

习近平总书记教育强国建设重要论述的提出,既源于新时代教育实践的历史性成就,也基于改革开放40多年的伟大教育变革、中华人民共和国75年的伟大教育实践、中国共产党百余年领导人民从教育弱国、教育大国到教育强国的辉煌历程,具有极为深厚的历史基础和鲜明的历史脉络。习近平总书记在全国教育大会上的重要讲话,系统阐释了教育强国的科学内涵和基本路径,深刻阐述了教育强国建设要正确处理好的重大关系,系统部署了全面推进教育强国建设的战略任务和重大举措,形成了关于教育强国建设的一系列新思想、新观点、新论断。习近平总书记教育强国建设重要论述作为马克思主义中国化时代化在教育方面的最新成果,是实现2035年建成教育强国的根本遵循,具有重大的政治意义、理论意义、实践意义、文化意义和世界意义。

“一国两制”台湾方案研究:现状、评价与深化方向

习近平总书记在《告台湾同胞书》发表40周年纪念会上发表重要讲话之后,学界围绕“‘一国两制’台湾方案”展开了深入研究。从既有成果看,学界研究主要聚焦在“‘一国两制’台湾方案”的政策脉络、价值意义、制度架构、实现路径、比较借鉴等议题,并取得了丰硕的理论成果。这些成果形成了“一国两制”台湾方案的基本框架、丰富了“一国两制”台湾方案的内容、拓宽了相关研究的视野,但同时也存在创新性不足、研究议题和内容分布不平衡、比较政治视野下的研究较为稀缺、研究议题不聚焦等问题。今后应加强对中央与中国台湾地区共治、支撑制度的落实机制、对台湾同胞意见和建议的吸纳、对台湾地区当局目前所控海域的未来管辖,以及对“一国两制”港澳实践经验的深度挖掘等问题的研究,进一步提高“一国两制”台湾方案的可行性。

论康有为域外游记对中华民族认同意识自觉之促进作用

康有为在撰于清末的域外游记中流露出明显的民族融合思想。他认为,民族融合是建立现代统一的多民族国家并维护国家领土完整的关键途径。而要实现民族融合,文化认同较之血缘同脉而言发挥着更为重要的作用。这种民族融合思想在很大程度上促进了中华民族认同意识的自觉。

马克思主义民族化的典范——纪念列宁逝世100周年

没有马克思主义民族化就没有社会主义国家。列宁根据俄国的国情和革命实际需要,摒弃西欧各国社会民主党的建党模式,创建以暴力夺取国家政权为最近目标的建党新模式;根据资本主义发展不平衡趋势突显的新形势,提出社会主义革命可以在一国首先胜利;根据俄国基本上是农民国家的实际国情,创造了间接过渡到社会主义的新经济政策。这样,列宁就把马克思主义发展到列宁主义阶段,建立了世界上第一个社会主义国家--苏联。然而列宁逝世后,苏联共产党不能随着世界形势的发展变化继续推进马克思主义民族化,以致苏联只存在了74年,社会主义建设刚开了个头就结束了。中国建设社会主义国家从根本上说是拓荒式的。社会主义中国之所以能不断创造新辉煌,朝着建设中国式现代化国家的目标奋进,正是在于中国共产党能根据国内外形势发展,永不止步地创造中国化时代化的马克思主义,在人类社会发展史上开辟了社会主义国家建设的新道路。

民族国家的历史演变及面临的挑战

梳理民族国家形成和演变的历史会发现,民族国家并非某个民族的国家,而是一个取代王朝国家的国家类型,其本质在于民族拥有国家的主权,并通过国家机构来行使。因此,民族国家是一种嵌入了民族因素的国家体制类型,被世界上众多国家采纳,成为世界范围内主导性的国家类型,进而成为“现代国家”概念指称的对象。中国辛亥革命推翻最后一个封建王朝,也以民族国家体制取而代之,并于中华人民共和国成立时完成了民族国家构建。民族国家出现后,一直面临着各种挑战。近年来,欧美国家出现的主观性身份对国民身份产生了侵蚀,对民族国家形成空前严峻的挑战,需要认真关注和深入研究。