Impact of US Financial Sanctions on the Dollar's International Status

In 2022,the United States stepped up its sanctions on Russia.Most notably,it restricted the flow of the Russian Central Bank's foreign exchange(forex)assets,using financial administrative power as a source of strategic leverage.This move should have reduced the appeal of US dollar assets but in reality has not accelerated as expected the decline of the greenback as a store of value.The US dollar's share of global forex reserves increased instead of decreased during 2022 and 2023.Despite the rise of economic costs caused by tightened US financial sanctions,countries that recognize the geopolitical role of the United States have further accepted the dollar's international status;their continued willingness to live with the dollar's“security premium”has given a fillip to the US dollar in the short term,boosting its appeal as a reserve currency.Meanwhile,de-dollarization of forex reserves has yet to reach a sufficient scale,thus falling short of significantly challenging the dollar's reign.From a longer-term perspective,as economic and security conditions shift,countries that accept the dollar's international role or seek de-dollarization may change their choices.As a result,four possible scenarios may arise:(i)the preeminence of the US dollar remains unthreatened;(ii)the international monetary system splits into blocs;(iii)the international monetary system fragments;and(iv)the dollar loses its throne.The author believes that the last scenario is the most likely outcome.

Thoroughly Study and Implement a Holistic Approach to National Security to Safeguard Chinese Modernization

2024 marks the tenth anniversary of a holistic approach to national security. As an important component of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, a holistic approach to national security provides fundamental guidance for China's national security work in the new era and is, therefore, of great theoretical and practical significance. This approach has several distinct features: it ref lects the trends of our times, is deeply rooted in China's national culture, and follows a people-centered, struggle-oriented, systematic, st rategic, in novative, and practice-based approach. By upholding and developing a holistic approach to national security, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China(CPC) has comprehensively strengthened the Party's absolute leadership over national security, reshaped the systems and mechanisms for national security across the board, and made brilliant achievements in national security work in the new era. Given the context of the momentous changes unseen in a century that shape today's world, the national security situation facing China is increasingly complex and grim, characterized by many challenges and new characteristics. On the new journey toward rejuvenating the nation and building China into a strong country, we should fully implement the spirit of the 20th CPC National Congress, firmly pursue a holistic approach to national security, and accelerate the modernization of China's national security system and capacity to ensure steady and sustained progress in Chinese modernization.

Evolving National Security: A Roadmap from Present to Future in Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Policies (A Technical Review)

This comprehensive exploration delves into the intricate dynamics of national security policies in the realm of renewable and nonrenewable energy sources.From the present landscape characterized by the diversification of energy portfolios to the long-term vision encompassing nuclear fusion,this article navigates through the nuanced interplay of technology,resilience,and environmental responsibility.The synthesis of established nuclear fission technologies and evolving renewable sources forms the cornerstone of a strategic approach,addressing challenges and opportunities to ensure a secure,sustainable energy future.

An Analysis of the Current State of Civil Society Participation in Ensuring the National Security of Mongolia

In this article, the researchers tried to evaluate the contribution of civil society to Mongolian democracy and the problems faced by civil society. In addition, the article aimed to determine the unique national criteria of Mongolian democracy and the need to create an organization to monitor the process of democracy. The process of identifying important documents and ideals for the development of Mongolian civil society today is still in its early stages. It can be said that the approval of the democratic constitution and the first free and fair parliamentary elections as a country that has newly and restored democracy became another impetus for the creation of a new type of citizen organization. It is characterized by trying to study the changes that have occurred since this historical period at the intersection of political science and security studies. One of the most important issues today is to find out how many non-governmental and civil society organizations exist in Mongolia today, which are Western-oriented, focused on specific issues, have their own position and opinion, are specialized, and are capable of influencing government policy. On the other hand, in this article, we emphasize whether non-governmental and civil society organizations, which aim to hold the government accountable, and carry out influence and control activities, are fully developed.

土耳其国家安全战略:演变、特征与实践

Over the past century since the Republic of Türkiye was founded,its national security mechanisms have undergone a process of transformation from military-dominated to civilian government-dominated,and the ideology guiding its national security strategy has gradually transitioned from Kemalism to Erdo?anism.At the present stage,Türkiye's national security strategy is prominently characterized by its geographical and cultural duality,the expansivity deep-rooted in its history and religion,and an enterprising response to its geopolitical realities.Such a strategy will comprehensively shape Türkiye's practice of preserving national security and guide the future of its security policies,prompting the country to seek a balance between its differentiated perceptions of identity and generalized national interests.

U. S. -Iraq War and China's National Security

Discussions about the U. S-Iraq war would last for years, but the war will surely produce long-term influences on international strategic structure and China’s security environment. The feature and influence of the war are determined by the America’ purposes in launching the war, which, in the common.

Impacts of Nontraditional Security Issues on National Security

New changes are taking place in nontraditional security fields,characterized by the increase in confrontation and conflict,the intensification of threats,and diversification.The interconnectivity,unpredictability,and transmissibility of nontraditional security threats are unprecedented.The emergence and even perpetuation of the above-mentioned new features are both attributed to objective factors,such as social development,ideological shifts,and scientific and technological advancement,and are closely related to the moves of certain major countries to instigate the so-called remarkable power competition recklessly and boost geopolitical contest.The rapid resurgence of securitization in global politics is hidden behind the rise of nontraditional security threats.Nontraditional security issues have generally entered a dynamic phase,which exerts an impact on the international security environment and the global landscape.A growing number of countries have emphasized on the realistic and urgent threat of nontraditional security challenges to their national security.These countries have tended to achieve traditional security goals via nontraditional means and tackle nontraditional security challenges with traditional mindsets.Thus,the boundary between traditional and nontraditional security issues is increasingly blurred.The methodology that dichotomizes traditional and nontraditional security issues may no longer be useful during assessments of major threats confronting national security.The connotations of peace and war have significantly changed in the new era.Distinguishing"hot"security issues from"cold"ones or traditional security issues from nontraditional ones is difficult.Such distinction requires consideration of all security issues when recognizing and addressing national security challenges.Thus,these increasingly complex security issues must be analyzed within a wide context of the oncein-a-century changes occurring worldwide and China should pursue a holistic approach to national security as a fundamental principle in response to various threats.

Impact of Africa Regional Food Security Program on Nigerian Farmers： The Case of National Special Program for Food Security

This paper examined the impact of National Special Program for Food Security （NSPFS） on the beneficiaries through a qualitative measurement of the food security status of the beneficiaries. A food insecurity index was estimated to measure the well-being of the beneficiaries as affected by the impact of the program. Beneficiaries were classified into four categories： food secure （41%）, food insecure without hunger （46%）, food insecure with moderate hunger （11%）, and food insecure with severe hunger （2%）. Perceptions of beneficiaries were measured. In conclusion, the program has had a positive impact and enhanced food security among the Nigerian beneficiaries. It is not without its short comings which include delayed and untimely disbursement of funds and lack of output markets, irrigation facilities, production inputs and adequate training on technology know-how. The default rate and number of debtors remain high among beneficiaries. Efforts should be made to correct the short comings to improve the effectiveness of the program and justify the huge financial resources that have been committed.

Ethnic Issues of China's Neighboring Countries and Their Impact on National Security

In the international community,the internal ethnic issues of one country can easily spread out of its borders through the impact of internal and external factors to affect the national security of other countries,known as the spillover effect.Presently,the ethnic issues of China's neighboring countries that have real consequences on the country's national security break down mainly into four types:the internal ethnic conflict,the transnational ethnic issue,the issues related with immigrants and the collaboration of the Three Forces.The risk of spillover can be summed up according to the intensity of its effect in five categories:infiltration,springboard,spillover,immigration and harassment.As diverse ethnic issues of the neighboring countries have different effects on China's national security,the Chinese government must grasp the core element of each issue to formulate specific policies.

Challenges Confronting China's Financial Security from the Perspective of a Holistic Approach to National Security

Finance is the lifeblood of a modern economy.The 2008 international financial crisis,which changed the course of history,has highlighted the decisive role of financial security in the sustainable development of the contemporary world—all sovereign states included.Implementing the national rejuvenation strategy within a wider context of the once-in-a-century changes taking place in the world,the Communist Party of China(CPC)has constantly deepened its understanding of financial security,making it an important component of a holistic approach to national security and Xi Jinping's economic thought.In the wake of the Russia-Ukraine crisis,the US and Europe launched a"financial nuclear strike"against Russia.The comprehensive war centered on financial sanctions they have waged in response to Russia's military operations not only represents a shift in the form of future warfare,but also offers a preview of the major-country strategic competition in the future,which will inevitably grow in scope and intensity.This thesis intends to discuss the current changes in and challenges to China's financial security from the perspective of a holistic approach to national security and provide opinions based on domestic and international changes.

Strategic Direction of Russia Interpreted from Its New National Security Strategy

In July 2021,Russia unveiled its new National Security Strategy,which is a considerably updated version compared with the previous one and hence presents several new features.For instance,it further stresses that security should be prioritized over other aspects;it gives more attention to the chaotic aspects of order change in its assessment of the international situation;it highlights the threats from the West;and it places increased emphasis on domestic capacity building as a means for safeguarding national security.From the content of the new Strategy as well as Russia’s policies in recent years,the strategy of Russia for the foreseeable future can be generally characterized as inward-looking.Domestically,its policies will become more conservative;diplomatically,it will take up a defensive position;and economically,it will increasingly emphasize security and selfreliance.In other words,several issues that were previously overlooked will be given attention.However,strategic introversion does not mean that Russia will invest all its energy in defense.Instead,Russia will build up strength for changes that lie ahead.With the expected strategic introversion,Russia will fnd difculty in making breakthroughs in terms of its relations with the West;the China-Russia relations will continue on the path of steady development;and Russia will place greater importance to the balance of power among major countries.

Strategic Thinking on the Path of National Security with Chinese Characteristics

General Secretary of the Communist Party of China(CPC)Central Committee Xi Jinping has creatively put forward a holistic approach to national security and the path of national security with Chinese characteristics,which are synergistic and inseparable.Compared with other major global powers,China is embarking on a path of national security that incorporates distinctive Chinese characteristics.Unlike the United States,which seeks international expansion and hegemony while pursuing national security,China is dedicated to maintaining global security and building a community with a shared future for humanity.Unlike Russia,which prioritizes national security over everything else,China places greater emphasis on balancing development and security.Unlike Europe and Japan,which entrust their national security to other countries,China has always adhered to the principle of independence and self-reliance.An essential feature of the path of national security with Chinese characteristics is that it upholds the unity of the people’s security,political security,and the supremacy of national interests.Moreover,China will remain committed to peaceful development while defending its interests.China will continue to balance development and security imperatives,maintaining an independent foreign policy while building a community with a shared future for humanity.To make solid strides on the path of national security with Chinese characteristics,the fundamental task will be pursuing a holistic approach to national security and implementing the Ten Upholds.

Centennial Evolution of the CPC’s National Security Thought

Born at a time of domestic turmoil and foreign aggression,the Communist Party of China(CPC)has an ingrained understanding of and has always attached great importance to national security.Undergoing different stages of national development from"standing up"to"growing rich"and to"becoming strong,"the CPC has been constantly adjusting its visions and strategies on national security in light of changes in the international situation.Such visions and strategies will surely continue to be enriched and improved in the great endeavors of building socialism with Chinese characteristics.With the proposal of the"ten upholds,"the theoretical system of national security with Chinese characteristics for the new era has taken shape,which will be underpinned by a holistic approach to national security.Thus,a historic leap in the century-old construction of the CPC’s national security theory system has been achieved.This paper aims to explore the ideological context of the formation and development of a holistic approach to national security from the centennial evolution of the CPC’s national security thought,comprehend the theoretical guiding role of the CPC’s national security thought from China’s historic achievements over the past century,and grasp the historic significance and values of upholding and developing a holistic approach to national security from the new historic juncture in China’s development and its historical responsibilities in the context of great changes unseen in a century.

Strategic Thinking on the Russia-Ukraine Crisis from the Perspective of a Holistic Approach to National Security

Xi Jinping,General Secretary of the Communist Party of China(CPC)Central Committee,has creatively put forward a holistic approach to national security,making a major breakthrough beyond the traditional national security concepts and providing the world with a new one characterized by universality and inclusivity.This thesis uses a holistic approach to national security to analyze the ongoing Russia-Ukraine crisis:its underlying causes,latest developments,tactics deployed,and potential implications.The outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine crisis highlights the antagonism between different national security paths of the US,Russia,and Ukraine.Moreover,the crisis has proven the correctness of the path of national security with Chinese characteristics and the importance of pursuing peaceful development.The process of the Russia-Ukraine crisis has foregrounded the necessity and scientificity of balancing development and security-that is,a higher level of national security provides a guarantee and support for high-quality development,which in turn improves its competence and efficiency.Typified by intertwined traditional and non-traditional security issues,the form of the RussiaUkraine crisis has indicated that,to safeguard national security,China must coordinate a full spectrum of security issues,be prepared for worst-case scenarios,and remain keenly alert to potential dangers.Efforts must be made to strengthen a well-coordinated,interconnected,and multi-pronged approach.The consequences of the Russia-Ukraine crisis shed light on the complexity of the international security environment wheredisorder prevails,and underscore the importance of paying equal attention to our security and that shared by the world.China must continue to encourage all other countries to pursue peaceful development,actively respond to the legitimate security concerns of the international community,and promote a new type of international security framework that features mutually beneficial cooperation under the vision of a community with a shared future for humanity.

India’s National Security Strategy:Pursuits,Origins,and Practice

India has upheld extremely rich practices of national security since its founding as a republic because of its unique geo-environmental features, historical legacies, and traditional cultures, which reflect a type of national security strategy that has distinct Indian characteristics. Generally, successive governments in India have followed the basic principles articulated in Kautilya’s Arthasastra and various security practices adopted during the British Raj. India’s national security strategies are based on an internal logic of geopolitical rivalry and changes in international scenarios, and they are strongly influenced by Hindu traditions and the “Sad-Dharma” purported by King Ashoka. The objective is to create an India-dominated security order in the South Asian subcontinent, which persistently builds its capacity and system as a “net security provider” in the Indian Ocean Rim. Moreover, India is vigorously expanding its network of influence in the Pacific region in an effort to become a world leading power that enjoys a high level of strategic autonomy.

National Security Theory with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era

The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated changes unseen in a century,ushering profound transitions in the development environment of China.The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China(CPC),with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core,maintains a firm hold on the strategic initiative in ensuring China’s security.It has developed new understandings and new ideas of the laws underlying national security,and emphasized the need to take a holistic approach to national security.This holistic approach is a powerful theoretical instrument that has become a fundamental guideline by incorporating China-specific characteristics to safeguarding and shaping national security.We must conscientiously study a holistic approach to national security to strengthen our consciousness of the need to keep in alignment with the Party Central Committee.We must closely follow the Party Central Committee in terms of our thinking,political orientation,and actions.We should put into practice Xi Jinping Thought on the Governance of China and implement the strategic decision to coordinate the needs of both development and security.We must remain committed to the principle of complying with China’s overall interests in ensuring both development and security as our nation marches toward rejuvenation.We must arm ourselves with Xi Jinping’s national security theory with Chinese characteristics for a new era and use it to guide our practices,thereby enhancing our professional abilities,quality,and methodologies to achieve levels commensurate with the requirements of a major and responsible country.We should adeptly align our efforts to the big picture of ensuring China’s national security in a holistic manner.

Global Climate Change and National Security： Institutional Culture and Leadership Within Three Federal Departments

National security implications （The White House, 2015; CNA, 2014） of global climate change currently radiate throughout the U.S. government. These implications are critically acute for three federal departments most responsible for U.S. national security： the Department of Defense （DoD）, the Department of State （DOS）, and the Department of Homeland Security （DHS）. However, the effect on these federal departments is understudied and poorly specified. This research intends to rectify the dearth of academic studies. Comparative analysis （Collier, 1993） of the institutional cultures and leadership of the DoD, DoS, and DHS was conducted determining how these agencies are responding to multiple vulnerabilities created by climate change （The White House, 2013a）. Research revealed significant differences in how the DoD, DoS, and DHS are responding. The analysis discovered the DoD has institutionalized, or ＂mainstreamed＂ （Leggett, 2015, p. 16） planning for climate change and planning is driven mainly through hierarchical cultural organizations. The DoD bureaucratic leadership is multi-faceted with some transactional, transformational, and charismatic leadership elements. The DoS has also mainstreamed adaptation planning to a lesser extent and planning is driven primarily by an ad-hoc culture with a top-down/bottom-up, charismatic/transformational leadership emphasis. In contrast, the DHS has been unable to mainstream planning into their organizational culture due to the presence of several internal clans. The DHS bureaucratic leadership is somewhat chaotic with little top-down, transformational, or entrepreneurial direction. Overall, the knowledge gained from this comparative analysis provides valuable insights into how governmental institutions adapt to a multi-faceted national security threat.

Followers of the Social Media Network and National Security

With the social media networks development quickly, the followers of the social media network＇ s behaviors have taken a lot of damagers and threats to national security, and made the nation into unstable situations, even subverted the national sovereignty .This paper analyzes the characters of the followers of the social media in the Ira, Tunisia, Egypt and Libya＇s turmoil, concludes constructive suggestions how to ensure national stability and harmonious development, has some positive effect to our national security.

National Security and Religious Tolerance in Nigeria:Islamic Perspectives

Nigeria,which is multi-ethnic and multi-religious in nature,is faced with religious violence.Religion that is supposed to be a unifying factor among several ethnic groups in Nigeria has turned out to be one of the catalysts that are causing destruction of lives and properties due to narrow-mindedness misunderstanding,fundamentalism and fanaticism and religious adherent.Islam as a religion of peace attaches premium attention to peace in all its ramifications to pave the way for peaceful co-existence among adherents of different faiths in any nation.This paper shall explore causes,consequences and provide remedies from Islamic perspectives.The method employed in this paper is historical and analytical.Historically,the paper tends to unravel the historical events that are pertinent to the topic while analytical methods are meant to analyze the findings from the historical events;it ends with conclusions and recommendations.In carrying out this paper,the author has relied on history books,journals,newspapers and recent research works on the major scholars of Arabic and Islamic studies.In the end,the reader would have been convinced that Islam is a religion of peace,calling for peace at any time,at any place.

Globalization and National Scientific and Technological Security

Now, the world has entered an era of accelerated globalization, which has brought the question of national scientific