Evaluation of the Literacy and Numeracy Screening Program in Three Types of National Primary Schools in Malaysia

Literacy and numeracy screening(LINUS)is a program implemented by the Malaysia Ministry of Education in primary schools nationwide to increase literacy skills of students in year 1–3.This study aimed at assessing the LINUS program implemented since 2010.Model of Critical Literacy by Freebody and Luke(1990)was applied in this study.Reading and writing tests for Malay language subject were developed from the module of LINUS program and conducted on 120 students from three different types of schools,namely national schools,national-type Chinese schools,and national-type Tamil schools.The results showed that the level of reading and writing of students was average.One-way analysis of variance tests showed significant differences between ethnic and type of schools with the reading and writing proficiency of the students;students of national schools scored the highest in reading test whereas the students of national-type Chinese school performed the best in writing test.In contrast,family socioeconomic status of the students did not influence their reading and writing proficiency.Therefore,teachers should take into account ethnic and type of schools in implementing the LINUS program as the main factors determining the level of literacy,achievement,and success of the LINUS program.

我国苗族人群1型糖尿病患者与HLA-DR基因频率的相关性研究

目的 研究我国苗族人群 1 型糖尿病(T1DM)患者与 HLA-DR基因频率的相关性。 方法 选择无血缘关系的纯苗族 T1DM患者 45 例,纯汉族 T1DM患者 43 例,纯苗族健康对照(NC)组52例,纯汉族NC组58例。运用序列特异性引物 聚合酶链反应(PCR/SSP)技术测定 HLA-DR1.10基因频率。 结果 (1)苗族及汉族T1DM组患者的 DR2 基因频率分别明显低于苗族及汉族NC组(P<0.05);DR3、DR9 基因频率分别高于 NC组(P<0.05)。(2)苗族 T1DM组及苗族 NC组的DR5 基因频率分别明显高于汉族T1DM组及汉族NC组(P<0.05)。(3)苗族 T1DM组的 DR2基因频率明显低于汉族NC组(P<0.05) ;DR3、DR5、DR9 基因频率分别高于汉族NC组(P<0.05)。(4)苗族及汉族人群中,T1DM组的 DR2 基因频率分别明显低于 NC组,其相对危险度 RR<1,P<0.05; DR3、DR9 基因频率分别高于NC组,其相对危险度RR>1,P<0.05。 结论 苗族T1DM组与汉族T1DM组患者 HLA DR1、DR2、DR3、DR4、DR6、DR7、DR8、DR9、DR10 基因频率差异无统计学意义,苗族T1DM组及苗族 NC组 DR5 基因频率高于汉族 T1DM 组及汉族 NC 组。DR3、DR9 与T1DM呈正相关;DR2 与T1DM呈负相关。