National parks are highly valuable natural areas and have the potential to attract a large number of visitors.The number of visitors at national parks is systematically increasing,often exceeding Tourism Carrying Capa...National parks are highly valuable natural areas and have the potential to attract a large number of visitors.The number of visitors at national parks is systematically increasing,often exceeding Tourism Carrying Capacity(TCC)of trails.This situation requires adjusting the number of park visitors to adapt to sustainable management systems of visitor flow,thus preventing or counteracting overtourism.The aim of the study is to propose a comprehensive method for tourists monitoring in mid-mountain national park presented on the example of the Sto?owe Mountains National Park(SMNP)in Poland,called as Monitoring System of tourist traffic(MSTT).The study describes six stages procedure of tourists Monitoring System creation and application as an optimal measurement technique.The MSTT enabled a multidimensional analysis of tourist traffic in SMNP.With the help of 39 pyroelectric sensors and surveys data spatio-temporal characteristic of visitor flow was obtained.The data generated in MSTT included hourly,daily,weekly,monthly,and annual reports,taking into account the direction of traffic measuring both directions:entries(IN),exits(OUT)and passages(IN+OUT).The results from pyroelectric sensors were supplemented with field surveys,where visitor’s motivations,preferences,and behaviours were determined.In 2017 a total of 871,344 visitors were recorded in SMNP what causes one of the most popular national parks in Poland.The SMNP is a suitable destination for short breaks leisure visits in wilderness.In order to sustain MSTT methodology in the long-run the set of guidelines together with the workload estimates were presented.In the future,the MSTT can be further developed,including monitoring of climbing,cycling,cross-country skiing,car traffic and illegal tourism assessment.The MSTT can be considered as a useful tool for tourism management in mid-mountain national parks throughout the entire calendar year.展开更多
The management of deer impacts on forested lands requires quantification of the negative factors(e.g.,bark stripping)on tree survival in relation to other ecological variables(e.g.,competition from neighboring trees)....The management of deer impacts on forested lands requires quantification of the negative factors(e.g.,bark stripping)on tree survival in relation to other ecological variables(e.g.,competition from neighboring trees).This study measured the effects of bark stripping by sika deer,Cervus nippon,and competition among trees on the survival of Abies veitchii in a subalpine coniferous forest in central Japan over 12 years.Most of the trees subjected to bark stripping by deer were small(<10 cm in diameter at breast height);however,some trees were stripped repeatedly.Although light bark stripping did not strongly influence tree survival after 12 years,heavily stripped stems(i.e.,>65%of the stem circumference stripped)were severely affected.The effect on longevity for each tree after bark stripping was explained by maximum bark stripping intensity during the study period,rather than initial bark stripping intensity.When>85%of the stem circumference had been stripped,survival rates decreased.Bark stripping influenced survival rates much more than competition from neighboring trees.Because bark stripping occurred repeatedly,frequent measurements are important to grasp the full effects caused by this action.Heavy bark stripping of a stem enhances tree mortality.Thus,management of bark stripping is an essential element of stand maintenance and species composition in subalpine coniferous forests in Japan.展开更多
The paper aims to present a comparison of visitor behaviors and visitor spatial and temporal distribution in a mountain national park between the pre-Covid-19 period(2017-2019)and Covid-19 pandemic year(2020).The rese...The paper aims to present a comparison of visitor behaviors and visitor spatial and temporal distribution in a mountain national park between the pre-Covid-19 period(2017-2019)and Covid-19 pandemic year(2020).The research is based on pyroelectric sensor data from 2017-2020 and a survey of visitors designed to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of visitors and their behaviors and changes therein.The research data were used to identify two visitor clusters:Impact of Covid-19(IC)and No-Impact of Covid-19(N-IC).The research was conducted in Stolowe Mountains National Park(SMNP)in Poland using data from Monitoring System of tourist traffic(MSTT).A total of 374 respondents participated in the survey in 2020 period,which demonstrated a significant impact of the ongoing pandemic on many aspects of their behavior.These results were compared with the results obtained from 2,642 surveys carried out in 2017-2019.The findings are compared to findings reported by other authors.Some visitors did claim that the pandemic has not affected their behavior in any way.展开更多
文摘National parks are highly valuable natural areas and have the potential to attract a large number of visitors.The number of visitors at national parks is systematically increasing,often exceeding Tourism Carrying Capacity(TCC)of trails.This situation requires adjusting the number of park visitors to adapt to sustainable management systems of visitor flow,thus preventing or counteracting overtourism.The aim of the study is to propose a comprehensive method for tourists monitoring in mid-mountain national park presented on the example of the Sto?owe Mountains National Park(SMNP)in Poland,called as Monitoring System of tourist traffic(MSTT).The study describes six stages procedure of tourists Monitoring System creation and application as an optimal measurement technique.The MSTT enabled a multidimensional analysis of tourist traffic in SMNP.With the help of 39 pyroelectric sensors and surveys data spatio-temporal characteristic of visitor flow was obtained.The data generated in MSTT included hourly,daily,weekly,monthly,and annual reports,taking into account the direction of traffic measuring both directions:entries(IN),exits(OUT)and passages(IN+OUT).The results from pyroelectric sensors were supplemented with field surveys,where visitor’s motivations,preferences,and behaviours were determined.In 2017 a total of 871,344 visitors were recorded in SMNP what causes one of the most popular national parks in Poland.The SMNP is a suitable destination for short breaks leisure visits in wilderness.In order to sustain MSTT methodology in the long-run the set of guidelines together with the workload estimates were presented.In the future,the MSTT can be further developed,including monitoring of climbing,cycling,cross-country skiing,car traffic and illegal tourism assessment.The MSTT can be considered as a useful tool for tourism management in mid-mountain national parks throughout the entire calendar year.
基金This work was funded by a JSPS KAKENHI Grant(16K07801).
文摘The management of deer impacts on forested lands requires quantification of the negative factors(e.g.,bark stripping)on tree survival in relation to other ecological variables(e.g.,competition from neighboring trees).This study measured the effects of bark stripping by sika deer,Cervus nippon,and competition among trees on the survival of Abies veitchii in a subalpine coniferous forest in central Japan over 12 years.Most of the trees subjected to bark stripping by deer were small(<10 cm in diameter at breast height);however,some trees were stripped repeatedly.Although light bark stripping did not strongly influence tree survival after 12 years,heavily stripped stems(i.e.,>65%of the stem circumference stripped)were severely affected.The effect on longevity for each tree after bark stripping was explained by maximum bark stripping intensity during the study period,rather than initial bark stripping intensity.When>85%of the stem circumference had been stripped,survival rates decreased.Bark stripping influenced survival rates much more than competition from neighboring trees.Because bark stripping occurred repeatedly,frequent measurements are important to grasp the full effects caused by this action.Heavy bark stripping of a stem enhances tree mortality.Thus,management of bark stripping is an essential element of stand maintenance and species composition in subalpine coniferous forests in Japan.
文摘The paper aims to present a comparison of visitor behaviors and visitor spatial and temporal distribution in a mountain national park between the pre-Covid-19 period(2017-2019)and Covid-19 pandemic year(2020).The research is based on pyroelectric sensor data from 2017-2020 and a survey of visitors designed to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of visitors and their behaviors and changes therein.The research data were used to identify two visitor clusters:Impact of Covid-19(IC)and No-Impact of Covid-19(N-IC).The research was conducted in Stolowe Mountains National Park(SMNP)in Poland using data from Monitoring System of tourist traffic(MSTT).A total of 374 respondents participated in the survey in 2020 period,which demonstrated a significant impact of the ongoing pandemic on many aspects of their behavior.These results were compared with the results obtained from 2,642 surveys carried out in 2017-2019.The findings are compared to findings reported by other authors.Some visitors did claim that the pandemic has not affected their behavior in any way.
