Lead isotopic composition and lead source of the Tongchanghe basalt-type native copper-chalcocite deposit in Ninglang , western Yunnan , China

The Tongchanghe native copper-chalcocite deposit at Ninglang occurs in low-Ti basalts of western Yunnan, and the mode of fault-filling & metasomatism metallogenesis indicates that this deposit is of late-stage hydrothermal origin. This makes it more complicated to define the source of ore-forming materials. This paper introduces the Pb isotope data of Himalayan alkali-rich porphyries, regional Early-Middle Proterozoic metamorphic rock basement and various types of rocks of the mining district in western Yunnan with an attempt to constrain the origin of the Tongchanghe native copper-chalcocite deposit at Ninglang. The results showed that the ores are relatively homogeneous in Pb isotopic composition, implying a simple ore-forming material source. The three sets of Pb isotopic ratios in the Himalayan alkali-rich porphyries are all higher than those of the ores; the regional basement metamorphic rocks show a wide range of variations in Pb isotopic ratio, quite different from the isotopic composition of ore lead; the Pb isotopic composition of the Triassic sedimentary rocks and mudstone and siltstone interbeds in the Late Permian Heinishao Formation (corresponding to the forth cycle of basaltic eruption) in the mining district has the characteristics of radiogenic lead and is significantly different from the isotopic composition of ore lead; like the ores, the Emeishan basalts in the mining district and those regionally distributed possess the same Pb isotopic composition, showing a complete overlap with respect to their distribution range. From the above, the possibilities can be ruled out that the ore-forming materials of the Tongchanghe deposit were derived from the basement, a variety of Himalayan magmatic activities, etc. It is thereby defined that the ore-forming materials were derived largely from the Emeishan basalts. From the data available it is deduced that the native cupper-chalcocite-type metallogenesis that occurred in the Emeishan basalt-distributed area has the same metal source as the Tongchanghe deposit.

Geochemistry, mineral paragenesis and geothermal conditions of oreforming fluids from the Ain El Bey Cu–Fe deposit: potential occurrence of native gold and precious metal traces (North African orogenic belt, Northern Tunisia)

The Ain El Bey abandoned mine, in North-West Tunisia, fits into the geodynamic context of the European and African plate boundary. Ore deposit corresponds to veins and breccia of multiphase Cu–Fe-rich mineralization related to various hydrothermal fluid circulations. Petromineralogical studies indicate a rich mineral paragenesis with a minimum of seven mineralization phases and, at least, six pyrite generations. As is also the case for galena and native silver, native gold is observed for the first time as inclusion in quartz which opens up, thus, new perspectives for prospecting and evaluating the potential for noble metals associated with the mineralization. Scanning Electron Microscope--Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy and Transmission electron microscopy analyses show, in addition, a large incorporation of trace elements, including Ag and Au, in mineral structures such as fahlores(tetrahedrite-tennantite) and chalcopyrite ones. The mineral/mineral associations, used as geothermometers, gave estimated temperatures for the mineralizing fluids varying from 254 to 330 ℃ for phase Ⅲ, from 254 to 350 ℃ for phase Ⅳ, and from 200 to 300 ℃ for phases Ⅴ and Ⅵ. The seventh and last identified mineralization phase, marked by a deposit of native gold, reflects a drop in the mineralizing fluid’s temperature(< 200 ℃) compatible with boiling conditions. Such results open up perspectives for the development of precious metal research and the revaluation of the Cu–Fe ore deposit at the Ain El Bey abandoned mine, as well as at the surrounding areas fitting in the geodynamic framework of the Africa-Europe plate boundary.

Newly Discovered Native Gold and Bismuth in the Cihai Iron-Cobalt Deposit, Eastern Tianshan, Northwest China

The Cihai iron-cobalt deposit is located in the southern part of the eastern Tianshan iron- polymetallic metallogenic belt. Anomalous native gold and bismuth have been newly identified in Cinan mining section of the Cihai deposit. Ore formation in the deposit can be divided into three stages based on geological and petrographical observations： （I） skarn, with the main mineral assemblage being garnet-pyroxene-magnetite; （II） retrograde alteration, forming the main iron ores and including massive magnetite, native gold, native bismuth, and cobalt-bearing minerals, with the main mineral assemblage being ilvaite-magnetite-native gold-native bismuth; and （III） quartz-calcite- sulfide assemblage that contains quartz, calcite, pyrrhotite, cobaltite, and safflorite. Native gold mainly coexists with native bismuth, and they are paragenetically related. The temperature of initial skarn formation was higher than 340~C, and then subsequently decreased to -312~C and ~266~C. The temperature of the hydrothermal fluid during the iron ore depositional event was higher than the melting point of native bismuth （271~C）, and native bismuth melt scavenged gold in the hydrothermal fluid, forming a Bi-Au melt. As the temperature decreased, the Bi-Au melt was decomposed into native gold and native bismuth. The native gold and native bismuth identified during this study can provide a scientific basis for prospecting and exploration for both gold- and bismuth-bearing deposits in the Cihai mining area. The gold mineralization in Cihai is a part of the Early Permian Cu-Ni-Au-Fe polymetallic ore-forming event, and its discovery has implications for the resource potential of other iron skarn deposits in the eastern Tianshan.

The Discovery of Native Ruthenium in Nuanquanzi and Tuling-Shihu Gold Deposits: Implications for Source of Gold

Native ruthenium and platinum-bearing hedleyite were recognised in two gold deposits contained inArchaean metamorphic rocks in northern China. They are coexistent with native gold, quartz andpyrite. The high W content of native ruthenium may reflect the precipitation of ores in a W-richhydrothermal system at moderate to high temperatures. The presence of plahnum-group ndner-als (PGM ) in the two deposits suggests that Au and PGE were both derived from mantlosourcerocks.

The Discovery of Natural Native Uranium and Its Significance

This study analyzed the composition and uranium valence of pitchblendes sampled from the hydrothermal Guidong and Zhuguang uranium deposits of the middle Nanling metallogenic belt, Southern China using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）.A revolutionary discovery is that the uranium not only exists in the forms of tetravalent and hexavalent uranium oxides, but also occurs in the form of native uranium.This is the first discovery of the existence of native uranium in nature.It greatly helps to reveal the origin of hydrothermal mineralization of uranium, and also has great significance for studying the thermal energy, formation and evolution of the earth.

Yixunite and Damiaoite—A Twin of New Native Alloys of Indium and Platinum from the Yanshan Mountains

Yixunite and damiaoite Were found in a cobalt- and copper-bearing platinum ore vein of a contact metasomatic deposit. The chief ore minerals are bornite, chalcopyrite, magnetite and carrollite. The platinum minerals include moncheite, sperrylite, daomanite, cobalt malanite and cooperite. Yixunite and damiaoite occur as immiscible globules, 1.0 to 2.0 mm in diameter. Yixunite is always in the central part of a globule. It is opaque with metallic lustre, bright white colour and black streak. HM = 5.8; VHN50 = 634 kg/mm2 (573-681 kg/ mm2); insoluble in HCl, HNO3, HF or H3PO4; no cleavage; no magnetism. Density is hard to measure because of small grain size. Calculated density = 18.21 g/cm3. Reflective colour is bright white with a yellowish tint. Isotropic. The mean analytical results (ranges) (%) are: Pt 82.8 (81.8-83.6), In 16.4(15.6-17.1) and total 99.2. The empirical formula (based on 4 atoms) is Pt2.993 In1.007 . The five strongest lines of X-ray diffraction (hkl, d,I) are 111, 2.30 (100); 200, 1.99 (60); 202, 1.411 (40);311, 1.203 (80); 222, 1.151(40). Space group: Pm3m with a =0.3988(3) nm and Z= 1. Damiaoite occurs as single globules or was exsolved from yixunite. Opaque with metallic lustre; bright white colour with black streak; HM = 5.3; VHN50 = 485 kg/mm2 (434-529 kg/mm2); insoluble in HC1, HNO3, HF or H3PO4; cleavage: no; magnetism: no. Density: hard to measure because of small grain size. Calculated density = 10.95 g/ cm3. Reflective colour is bright white with a yellowish tint. Isotropic. The mean analytical results (ranges) (%) are Pt 45.6 (45.4-46.0), In 53.5 (52.4-53.9), total 99.1. The empirical formula (based on 3 atoms) is Pt0.002 In1.998. The six strongest lines of X-ray diffraction (hkl.d,I) are 220,2.25 (100); 311,1.92 (60); 400,1.59 (60); 422,1.299 (80); 440,1.125 (60); 620,1.006 (70). Space group: Fm3m with a = 0.6364 (3) nm and Z = 4.

四川丹巴金矿床金矿物学特征及黑铋金矿的指示意义

丹巴金矿床是位于松潘—甘孜造山带东南缘典型的碲化物型金矿床。该矿床中发育大量明金与碲铋矿物。以叶碲铋矿和自然金为主要研究对象,通过显微岩相学观察、扫描电镜能谱分析,对自然金的矿物学特征进行了较为详细的研究。结果显示,丹巴金矿床载金矿物主要有磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿、叶碲铋矿、自然铋、黑铋金矿,大量自然金与叶碲铋矿、自然铋具有密切的时空关系,黑铋金矿的产出是铋熔体析出并清除金最直接的证据。

Zinccopperite-A New Variety of Zinc-CopperIntermetallic Compounds Discovered in aPorphyry-Copper Deposit

: Zinccopperite (tentatively named) is a rare native alloy mineral discovered in quartz monzonite—porphyry in the Xifanping area, Yanyuan County, Sichuan Province. It is a new variety of zinc—copper alloy mineral found for the first time in the porphyry-copper deposit in China. Its intergrown minerals are K—feldspar (mainly perthite), albite—oligoclase, quartz and biotite; and the associated minerals include pyrite and chalcopyrite. It is characterized by a golden reflection colour, being isotropic (isometric), with the grain size ranging from 10 to 50 μm, microhardness VHN10 = 190 kg/mm2, and reflectance RVM = 67.97%. Electron microprobe (Model JXA—733) analysis shows Cu = 59.15%–62.55% and Zn = 36.32%–39.85%. The crystallochemical formula is Cu6.27-7.0Zn4.0, simplified as Cu7Zn4.

Geochemistry of the Yutangba Se Deposit in Western Hubei, China

The Yutangba Se deposit is a rare high-Se deposit in the world and it is well known for its high contents of Se, which reach 8590×10+{-6} . The ore-hosted rocks are dominated by cherts that have been well developed. Enrichment of selenium in Se-rich ores is obviously controlled by stratigraphic position and lithological character. The closer the rocks are to the Maokou Formation cherts, the more they contain selenium, but in case the stratigraphic horizons are close to one another, the enrichment of selenium would be controlled by lithological character. In the Se ores and abandoned stone coal pile at the Yutangba Se deposit there have been found large amounts of independent Se minerals, for instance, achavalite and a variety of forms of native selenium. Native selenium minerals present in the abandoned stone coal pile are the outcome of a combination of natural factors and anthropologic activities. For example, lime making will create a closed environment favoring the growth of native selenium, and the reduction of selenium will lead to its secondary enrichment. Starting with the study of ore-forming fluids. Systematic studies have been conducted on fluid inclusions separated from the main ore veins in the mining district for their homogenization temperatures, salinities and density, and the results show that fluid inclusions contained in ores from the Yutangba Se deposit are large in number and diverse in form, dominated by primary ones. The homogenization temperatures of two types of fluid inclusions are within the range of {173.2}-{247.5℃}, individually up to 300℃ or even higher; the salinities of fluids in fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite are {5.9%}-{10.1%} and {3.9%}-{4.5%}, respectively; their densities vary from {0.79}-{0.93} g/cm+3. Extensive discovery of Se minerals due to secondary enrichment of selenium in the stone coal provides important clues to the improvements on the metallurgical and recovery technologies for selenium in the black shale series of China, and also is of great significance in expanding selenium reserves and relax the situation of lacking selenium resources on a global scale.

模拟氮沉降对鬼针草及其近缘本地植物的影响

【目的】理解氮素增加对入侵植物与近缘共存本地植物生长和竞争的影响,可为预测全球氮沉降背景下入侵植物的风险评价和本地植物的保护提供依据。【方法】为模拟氮沉降,设置对照(无氮添加)、低氮(1 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1))和高氮(5 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1))添加3种处理,将入侵植物鬼针草及其近缘共存的本地植物金盏银盘分别单种和混种,比较它们在各处理下的生长(株高、分枝数和生物量等)和竞争[相对优势度指数(RDI)与相对互作强度指数(RII)]情况。【结果】无论有无竞争,高氮添加均显著增加鬼针草的生物量,降低其根冠比;无竞争时,高氮添加还显著增加其株高和分枝数。但高氮添加仅显著增加金盏银盘无竞争时的生物量。在所有氮处理下,鬼针草的RDI和RII均显著大于金盏银盘。高氮添加显著增加鬼针草的RDI,但其RII在所有氮处理间无显著差异;高氮添加显著降低金盏银盘的RDI和RII。【结论】高氮更利于鬼针草的生长,其在所有氮素处理下均有较强的竞争力和竞争耐受性,且高氮处理下竞争力更强。因此,全球氮沉降增加会加剧鬼针草对近缘本地植物的竞争抑制和入侵风险。

Significance of native arsenic in the Baogutu gold deposit, western Junggar, Xinjiang, NW China

Native arsenic together with comb quartz and stibnite is found in the Baogutu gold deposit, western Junggar (Xinjiang), NW China. It is anhedral with various grain size (<0.001 to 2 mm), and contains 98 wt% to 98.7 wt% As. Micro-granular electrum, the main auriferous mineral in the Baogutu gold deposit, is commonly enclosed in or closely accompanied by native arsenic. Three ore-forming paragenetic stages could be identified. Native arsenic mainly formed at stage II which is also the major stage for gold deposition. Mineral assemblage formed at this stage is native arsenic-stibnite-electrum-arseno- pyrite-miargyrite-freibergite-pyrrhotite-pyrite. Based on native arsenic and its coexisting minerals, the temperature (230 to 170℃), oxygen fugacity (logfO2 = -42―-56.5) and sulfur fugacity (logf S2 = -13.3― -16.6) of stage II are estimated. From stage I to stage II, the temperature, sulfur fugacity and S2- concentration of hydrothermal fluid decrease obviously, whereas the As concentration increases. Coexistence with native arsenic of electrum and its contents of 0.5 wt%―1.3 wt% As suggest that As is important to transport Au when S2- concentration decrease in hydrothermal fluid. Crystallization of native arsenic induced the deposition of electrum and consequently the formation of the Baogutu gold deposit.

湖南沃溪金锑钨矿床的金矿化作用研究:基于元素地球化学特征和自然金的热力学模拟分析

湖南沃溪金锑钨矿床是江南造山带中金、锑、钨、均达到大型规模的典型矿床,其自然金的金成色值极高(>998)。本文聚焦湖南沃溪金锑钨矿床中金矿化作用,通过ICP-MS测试和包裹体显微测温实验查明不同矿物与围岩的元素地球化学特征和成矿流体特征,并通过热力学模拟分析自然金的成矿条件,探讨金成色值及金银比值对金矿化的指示作用和研究价值。ICP-MS测试结果显示,金银比值在白钨矿(103~520)和黄铁矿(69~673)中相对较高,在辉锑矿(6~65)和围岩(0.3~35)中相对较低,在石英(6~199)中则变化较大。基于包裹体显微测温结果(200~350℃),本文建立了自然金成矿流体的热力学模型,分析并查明在黄铁矿与绢云母共生的自然金成矿流体中,硫离子浓度比温度更容易影响金溶解度,且金成色值主要与温度呈正相关,与硫离子浓度呈负相关。通过对比研究和讨论,认为沃溪矿床大量金矿化可能形成于温度较高和硫离子浓度较低的白钨矿成矿流体中,而极高成色值的自然金可能与高金银比值的白钨矿和黄铁矿共生。上述方法和结论可为其他金矿床的研究提供新思路。

地幔柱成矿系统:以峨眉山地幔柱为例

地幔柱沟通了地核、地幔、地壳各个圈层之间的物质与能量交换,提供了板内构造岩浆活动及成矿作用的一种重要的动力学机制。峨眉山地幔柱是晚古生代全球最显著的地幔柱活动之一,形成了多种有重大资源经济价值的矿床类型。以峨眉山地幔柱为例,对几种典型矿床类型的产出特征及成因进行了系统分析,阐述了地幔柱成矿系统中各种成矿作用与地幔柱构造岩浆活动的关系及成矿机理。(1)通过对部分典型岩浆硫化物矿床的地质地球化学特征和矿化特征分析,揭示了峨眉山大火成岩省不同矿化特征的岩浆硫化物矿床形成于统一的地幔柱岩浆活动体系,并与峨眉山玄武岩为同源演化关系,岩浆演化过程及硫化物熔离富集过程存在的差异造成了矿化类型的变异。(2)对攀西地区4个超大型钒钛磁铁矿矿床进行了详尽的地质地球化学分析,论述了成矿岩浆的性质、与峨眉山玄武岩的关系及成岩演化过程和成矿模式,表明成矿母岩浆来自于地幔柱,但经历了较大程度的地壳混染作用,提出岩浆的多次补给混合及结晶锋面上发生的双扩散造成的液态分层导致了韵律条带矿石的形成。(3)阐述了滇黔相邻地区玄武岩型自然铜和黑铜矿铜矿化现象,指出玄武岩岩浆气液阶段的自变质作用和玄武岩构造变质热液蚀变改造作用两种方式造成铜矿化富集。

黑龙江三道湾子碲金矿床物质组成及成因意义

三道湾子碲金矿床位于黑龙江省北部大兴安岭中段成矿带的东部,为一典型的碲化物型金矿床。笔者采用显微镜观察和电子探针分析技术,确认该矿床的矿石中存在碲金银矿、针碲金银矿、碲金矿、碲银矿和碲铅矿等碲化物。矿石中也存在大量自然金颗粒,产在石英、碲金银矿的裂隙中,或与碲化物共生产出。电子探针分析结果显示,该矿床内自然金的w（Au）=85.64%~93.41%,w（Ag）=6.17%~13.48%,为含银自然金,成色为864~938。碲在中、低温条件下易置换硫而使Te以类质同象的形式分散在硫化物的晶格中,但在高碲逸度（fTe2）的条件下,Te易与Au、Ag结合形成大量碲化物。

阿尔泰萨热阔布金矿床的自然铋及其与金矿化关系

萨热阔布金矿是阿尔泰山南缘金-多金属矿带中与断裂变质作用有关的石英脉蚀变岩型金矿床。本文通过电子探针的研究,在该矿区发现较多的自然铋矿物,它与金矿化关系非常密切,产出于多金属硫化物阶段,与方铅矿、黄铜矿等共生。矿区蚀变岩和矿石的微量元素R型聚类分析表明,Bi与Au相关最密切,Au、Cu、Ag、Bi是主要的成矿元素组合。Bi异常可以作为金矿化的重要指示,自然铋矿物的出现可以作为含金石英脉富矿地段的重要标志。

快速与慢速肉鸡脂肪生长与肌苷酸含量比较

本试验旨在相同条件下,比不同品种和性别肉鸡的脂肪生长量和肌苷酸含量及其相互关系。比较发现:(1)快速与慢速肉鸡的各项脂肪指标均无显著差异(p>0.05),但慢速鸡的肌肉脂肪、皮下脂肪和腹脂率分别比快速鸡高7%、13%和37%;(2)慢速肉鸡肌苷酸含量比快速高50%,且差异显著(p<0.05);(3)母鸡皮下脂肪(p<0.01)和腹脂率(p<0.05)显著高于公鸡,母鸡肌间和肌肉脂肪也分别高于公鸡6%和12%(p>0.05);(4)肌苷酸与腹脂率存在显著正相关(r=0.61,p<0.05)。

施氮对空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)和莲子草(Alternanthera sessilis)种间关系的影响

自然界的氮素释放总是呈现出空间和时间上的异质性,但关于异质性氮释放对于入侵植物和本地植物种间关系影响的研究相对较少。将入侵植物空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)和同属本地植物莲子草(Alternanthera sessilis)分别进行单种种植(12株,无种间竞争)和混种种植(每种6株,有种间竞争),模拟大气氮湿沉降设置由两种不同施氮总量(15g N m^(-2)a^(-1)和30g N m^(-2)a^(-1))和两种不同施氮频率(每5天1次和每15天1次)交叉组成的4种施氮处理,并以不施氮为对照。施氮总量的增加显著促进了两种植物的生长,但对两种植物的种间竞争关系没有显著影响。施氮频率对两种植物的生长以及种间竞争关系都没有显著影响。两种植物在面对竞争时表现出不同的生物量分配策略,空心莲子草将更多的生物量分配到茎,而莲子草将更多的生物量分配到根。在全球变化的背景下,大气氮湿沉降可能会改变两种植物的种群结构和动态,但可能对这两种植物的种间关系影响较小。

卡林型金矿床中自然砷的特征与成矿物理化学条件示踪

在"滇黔桂"、"川甘陕"两个金三角密集区内的某些卡林型金矿床中,自然砷矿物的存在并非个别现象。自然砷呈致密块状、致密凝胶体状(肾状)、脉状或微细脉状产出。自然砷呈他形粒状,颗粒大小变化较大,一般为0.05～0.50mm,最大可达2mm。反光显微镜下为白色,显微硬度为114.21～150.60kg/mm2,相当于摩氏硬度3.27～3.59。矿物主要化学成分As的质量分数为92.74%～99.74%,并含有S0.18%～5.25%,Sb0.04%～3.65%。矿物为三方晶系,晶胞参数值a=0.3759nm,c=1.0527nm。利用矿床中含砷矿物的共生组合特点及热力学资料,探讨了卡林型金矿床形成的温度、成矿流体的f(O2)、f(S2)变化范围及金以金砷络合物形式迁移的可能性。

哈图金矿蚀变岩型矿体特征及金赋存状态研究

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在湖北渔塘坝硒矿床氧化矿石及地表松散堆积物中存在大量罕见的次生自然硒。自然硒呈柱状、板状和它形粒状。它的形成一方面与硒矿石的风化作用有关,另一方面系当地居民用石煤烧石灰过程中导致硒的蒸发而发生次生富集的结果。矿床中大量次生自然硒的发现,不仅对硒的矿物学、矿床地球化学、环境地球化学研究具有重要价值,而且对解决或改进含碳硒矿石或岩石中硒的冶炼回收工艺流程具有一定的启迪意义。