Passability test and simulation of sand control string with natural gas hydrates completion in large curvature hole

To meet the requirements of marine natural gas hydrate exploitation,it is necessary to improve the penetration of completion sand control string in the large curvature borehole.In this study,large curvature test wells were selected to carry out the running test of sand control string with pre-packed screen.Meanwhile,the running simulation was performed by using the Landmark software.The results show that the sand control packer and screen can be run smoothly in the wellbore with a dogleg angle of more than 20°/30 m and keep the structure stable.Additionally,the comprehensive friction coefficient is 0.4,under which and the simulation shows that the sand control string for hydrate exploitation can be run smoothly.These findings have important guiding significance for running the completion sand control string in natural gas hydrate exploitation.

Experimental study on solid particle migration and production behaviors during marine natural gas hydrate dissociation by depressurization

Sand production is one of the main obstacles restricting gas extraction efficiency and safety from marine natural gas hydrate(NGH)reservoirs.Particle migration within the NGH reservoir dominates sand production behaviors,while their relationships were rarely reported,severely constrains quantitative evaluation of sand production risks.This paper reports the optical observations of solid particle migration and production from micrometer to mesoscopic scales conditioned to gravel packing during depressurization-induced NGH dissociation for the first time.Theoretical evolutionary modes of sand migration are established based on experimental observations,and its implications on field NGH are comprehensively discussed.Five particle migration regimes of local borehole failure,continuous collapse,wormhole expansion,extensive slow deformation,and pore-wall fluidization are proved to occur during depressurization.The types of particle migration regimes and their transmission modes during depressurization are predominantly determined by initial hydrate saturation.In contrast,the depressurization mainly dominates the transmission rate of the particle migration regimes.Furthermore,both the cumulative mass and the medium grain size of the produced sand decrease linearly with increasing initial methane hydrate(MH)saturation.Discontinuous gas bubble emission,expansion,and explosion during MH dissociation delay sand migration into the wellbore.At the same time,continuous water flow is a requirement for sand production during hydrate dissociation by depressurization.The experiments enlighten us that a constitutive model that can illustrate visible particle migration regimes and their transmission modes is urgently needed to bridge numerical simulation and field applications.Optimizing wellbore layout positions or special reservoir treatment shall be important for mitigating sand production tendency during NGH exploitation.

Evaluation of Natural Radioactivity in Marine Sand Deposits from Offshore China

Natural radioactivity is very important for the assessment of the marine sand property and usability. By using gamma spectrometry, the concentration of the natural radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and 40K have been measured in marine sand deposits from Liaodong Bay (LDB), North Yellow Sea (NYS), Zhoushan area (ZS), Taiwan Shoal (TS) and Pearl River Mouth (PR), offshore China, which are potential marine sand mining areas. The radiation activity equivalent (Raeq), indoor gamma absorbed dose rate (DR), annual effective dose (HR), alpha index (Ia), gamma index (Ig), external radiation hazard index (Hex), internal radiation hazard index (Hin), representative level index (RLI), excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) and annual gonadal dose equivalent (AGDE) associated with the natural radionuclides are calculated to assess the radiation hazard of the natural radioactivity in the marine sands offshore China. From the analysis, it is found that these marine sands are safe for the constructions. The Pearson correlation coefficient reveals that the 226Ra distribution in the marine sands offshore China is controlled by the variation of the 40K concentration. Principal component analysis (PCA) yields a two-component representation of the entire data from the marine sands, wherein 98.22% of the total variance is explained. Our results provide good baseline data to expand the database of radioactivity of building materials in China and all over the world.

Regression Analysis of Ashaka Clay-Bonded Sand

Regression Analysis of Ashaka Clay-Bonded Sand has been successfully carried out. The study data were generated at the National Metallurgical Development Centre, Jos Sand Testing Laboratory. The result of the regression analysis showed that both dry compression strength and dry shear strength have a very strong relationship with clay content and moisture content. The correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination and the coefficient of multiple determination in each relationship was very high. The coefficient of multiple determination for the relationship between dry compression strength, clay content and moisture content was 0.91, while that of dry shear strength, clay and moisture content was 0.97. Two mathematical models have been developed for the estimation of dry compression strength and dry shear strength on the shop floor.

Measurement of Natural Radioactivity in Sand Samples Collected from Ad-Dahna Desert in Saudi Arabia

Natural radioactivity is a source of continuous exposure to human beings. The natural radioactivity due to the presence of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in sand samples collected from Ad-Dahna was measured by means of HPGe. The measured activity concentrations of radionuclides were compared with the worldwide reported data. Mean measured activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K varied between 16.2 - 30.6, 15.8 - 36.7 and 285.3 - 533.2 Bq·kg–1 respectively with a mean value of 23.4 ± 4.3 Bq·kg–1, 29.7 ± 5.9 Bq·kg–1 and 380 ± 65 Bq·kg–1 respectively. Mean values of radium equivalent activity, absorbed dose rate and external radiation hazard index were 106 ± 8 Bq·kg–1, 51.4 nGy·h–1 and 0.29 respectively. The annual effective radiation dose was calculated to be 0.32 mSv·y–1. The Raeq values of sand samples are lower than the limit of 370 Bq·kg–1, equivalent to a gamma dose of 1.5 mSv·yr–1.This study shows that the measured sand samples do not pose any significant source of radiation hazard and are safe for use in building materials.

Removal from Water and Adsorption onto Natural Quartz Sand of Hydroquinone

Hydroquinone (HQ) is the most important hydroxy aromatic compound which is produced on a large scale. Understanding its fate in the environment is therefore of primary importance to prevent its migration in the soil and/or the contamination of the aquatic ecosystems. Here we present a column based method to investigate the physicochemical processes controlling the removal from the aqueous phase and the adsorption onto natural quartz sand (NQS), of organic pollutant such as HQ molecules. We will focus on the interactions that occur between the organic pollutant and the NQS substrate. Thus, column reactors filled with NQS were used to investigate the influence of physicochemical parameters such as the ionic strength, the pH, the flow rate, and the nature of the electrolyte cation, on the HQ adsorption from water onto NQS substrate. The data indicate that, when divalent instead of monovalent cations, are present in the effluent water injection phase, and/or when the ionic strength of the effluent increases, the adsorbed HQ amount decreases. Similar decrease of the adsorbed HQ amount was also observed, at constant ionic strength, by increasing either, the pH from 3 to 9, the flow rate Q from 1 to 3 ml·mn-1, or by decreasing the HQ initial concentration, C0 from 30 to 6 mg·L-1. Further, large amount of the organic pollutant (up to 93 wt% of HQ molecules) was removed from the effluent water phase by using NQS column. The overall data seem to indicate that the adsorption of HQ molecules on the NQS surface is mainly controlled by electrostatic interaction forces occurring between the organic molecule polar groups and the inorganic matrix silanol groups.

Geotechnical and Geochemical Assessment of Natural Sands in Ahanta West Area, Southwestern Ghana

Geotechnical and geochemical assessment of natural sands being used as fine aggregates for construction purposes in Ahanta West and its Environs was carried out, as well as addressing the environmental problems associated with the exploitation of these sand through the sand winning activities. The results from geotechnical and geochemical tests were bench marked with British, American and Ottawa Standards for testing materials. Representative samples were taken from five different sand winning sites namely, Pompuni, Agona Banso, Fretsi, Tumentu stream and Fretsi river. The geotechnical tests carried out were specific gravity, grain size analysis, moisture content, silt content, permeability test using the constant head permeameter method. The photometer (Hydro Test HT 1000) was used to determine silica, sulphate and chloride concentrations in the sand samples. The oxides for the geochemical analysis were determined using the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method. The results from the study areas showed that except for Fretsi, the specific gravity, grain size analysis, moisture content, silt content and permeability tests were within the acceptable range for natural sands. Sand samples from Pumponi and Agona Banso had the required Cu and Cc values of being well graded. Sulphate and chloride concentrations were within standards for all the samples;however, silica was low for all the samples. Fe2O3, Al2O3, MnO and Na2O did not meet the Ottawa sand standard. Natural sand is not recommended to be used for construction purposes however, these sands may be treated or blended if it is to be used for construction purposes. There are serious environmental implications for the sand-winning activities in the study areas such as stripped overburden, creation of pits and ponds, increased total suspended solids in surface waters, and destruction of aquatic habitats which needs to be addressed.

Footprint on the Sand： An Analysis of the State of Nature in Robinson Crusoe

Thomas Hobbes(1588-1679)put forward"state of nature",a term of political theory which had completely changed the Western political philosophy. Deeply influenced by this concept, Daniel Defoe(1660-1731) showed us an island of the state of nature in his Robinson Crusoe. A print of man's foot on the sand, which evoked Robinson's fear, had become a symbol of the state of nature for Robinson's life on the island, and finally brought him a"state of war".

砂泥互层储层条件下水力裂缝扩展实验研究

鄂尔多斯盆地某区块发育丰富砂岩和泥岩多薄互层的页岩油资源,该区块层理、裂缝发育,非均质性特征显著,压裂改造中裂缝的扩展机理不明确,体积压裂改造难度较大。针对该区块开展了室内真三轴水力压裂物理模拟实验,探究了层理、地应力、排量等因素对裂缝穿层扩展的影响。研究结果表明:500 mm×500 mm×500 mm的天然露头砂泥夹层型岩样水力裂缝形态主要以复杂缝为主,层理发育程度越高,水力裂缝越偏向于水平方向;水平应力差的增大可以增加水力裂缝垂向穿层能力;高排量可以提高分支缝的开启概率,增大形成复杂缝网的概率。

准噶尔盆地高效勘探主要策略与方向

准噶尔盆地进入富烃凹陷勘探新阶段,面临勘探目标越来越深、越来越散、越来越隐蔽,储层孔渗条件越来越差,已发现储量升级率低、储量动用率低等新挑战,如何提高勘探成效、实现油田效益发展是迫切需要回答的问题。通过新一轮盆地整体研究和再认识,认为准噶尔盆地多层系烃源灶空间分布具有互补性,“既富油,也多气”,突破了盆地“油多气少”传统认识;富烃凹陷发育4类规模有效储集体,空间分布侧向有序、纵向叠置;存在源内常规—非常规有序聚集、源上退覆式扇三角洲砂砾岩大面积成藏、中浅层断—砂耦合立体成藏3种成藏体系。文章结合准噶尔盆地资源特点、地质新认识、勘探开发技术适应性及可持续效益发展目标等,提出“油气并举、常非并重、深浅兼顾、多域增储”高效勘探策略,指出三大勘探方向及九大勘探领域,有望助力油田实现效益可持续发展。

不同沿岸输沙率计算公式对比分析

经历近100 a的发展,沿岸输沙率计算公式研究领域已形成许多代表性成果,系统研判各计算公式的预测精度对于快速准确判断研究区域沿岸输沙能力具有重要意义。依据使用率高、公式结构简洁、考虑参数相对全面等标准,选择了国内外7个沿岸输沙率计算公式,采用现场原型沙、室内原型沙和室内轻质沙等多种实测资料,对各公式的计算准确程度和适用范围进行了定量检验。结果表明,CERC公式和Kamphuis公式适用于现场原型沙预测,但对室内轻质沙预测的偏离程度较大;MH-Kamphuis公式和van Rijn公式对各种实测资料的预测均总体偏小;赵今声公式和Bayram公式的预测精度最低,预测偏小程度较大。经比较,孙林云公式对各项实测资料的符合程度总体较高,预测精度提高了36%~73%,具有更广泛的适用范围,推荐用于推导沙质海岸沿岸输沙模型相似律比尺关系。

基于自然的解决方案在北方防沙带生态屏障建设中的应用

基于自然的解决方案(NbS)通过自然资源高效利用和适应性生态系统管理应对多样化挑战,是国际上普遍认可的生态恢复前沿理念,我国的国家生态屏障建设从本质上是中国特色的NbS,具有系统性、综合性和多尺度特征。NbS的对象、主体、目标以及方案等方面与生态屏障的建设思路上高度契合,相关准则能够为生态屏障建设提供全面的理论思路和实践框架。以北方防沙带生态屏障带为例,从北方防沙带的生态问题入手,深入剖析了NbS与探讨了北方防沙带生态屏障之间的耦合关系,从“格局⁃过程⁃尺度”机理、“服务⁃价值⁃福祉”路径和“保护⁃修复⁃管理”体系角度对NbS实施准则和北方防沙带生态屏障进行了阐述;并结合基于自然解决方案的北方防沙带案例分析,总结了NbS在北方防沙带生态屏障建设中的未来发展趋势和面临的挑战。

机制砂混凝土的力学性能及体积变形试验研究

对比研究了相同配合比条件下,机制砂和天然砂对C35混凝土的力学性能及体积变形的影响。结果表明:机制砂混凝土的力学性能明显优于天然砂混凝土;180 d时,机制砂混凝土的抗压强度较天然砂混凝土提高了15.3%,劈裂抗拉强度提高了4.3%;90 d时,机制砂混凝土的静弹性模量较天然砂混凝土提高了5.8%;机制砂混凝土的体积变形明显大于天然砂混凝土,180 d时,机制砂混凝土较天然砂混凝土的自收缩增大了约16.4%;机制砂中石粉掺量不宜过大,否则会显著增大混凝土的收缩开裂。

考虑颗粒形貌的干砂热传导特性研究

为揭示颗粒形貌对干砂热导率的影响规律,通过砂颗粒形貌测量和室内热探针试验,研究不同天然河砂的二维颗粒形貌统计分布特征以及颗粒形貌特征参数与热导率的相关关系,同时从细观尺度探讨砂颗粒接触传热的内在机制。结果表明:天然河砂颗粒圆度和球度值的统计分布具有正态分布特征,期望值可作为定量表征颗粒形貌的参数;干砂热导率随孔隙率增加而减小,在半对数坐标中两者具有良好的线性关系,直线斜率与“平均形貌因子”Am呈线性减小关系;相同孔隙率下,浑圆颗粒的干砂热导率值较大,不同干砂间热导率值的差异随孔隙率的增加而逐渐减小;提出的热导率计算新模型综合考虑了颗粒形貌和矿物组分的影响,相比于传统Côté和Konrad模型,具有更好的适用性和先进性;颗粒形貌对干燥状态下无黏性土热传导特性的作用受多因素综合影响,与应力环境、颗粒刚度等密切相关。

颗粒破碎对水合物沉积物基质宏-细观力学特性影响的离散元分析

基于“颗粒碎片替换法”建立反映颗粒破碎行为的含水合物沉积物基质离散元模型,与不破碎模型开展对比三轴剪切试验,证明颗粒破碎对强度和剪胀特征具有重要影响。进而应用“粒径膨胀法”提高模型对体应变和颗粒破碎程度的模拟效果,通过一系列低-高有效围压下的模拟三轴排水剪切试验,研究高应力范围及剪切过程中细观力学特征的演化。结果表明:随着有效围压逐渐增大,试样强度、刚度和平均法向接触力均增大,力链网络更加密集且由环状演变为以竖向为主,试样顶部与底部沿轴向运动的颗粒数量增加。颗粒破碎主要发生在剪切初期,力学配位数、平均法向接触力随剪切进行逐渐增大,剪切后期出现贯穿试样的强力链结构,颗粒运动逐渐从杂乱无章变为由顶、底两端向内,试样内部逐渐出现近似“X”形的剪切带。

宁夏沙坡头国家级自然保护区流动沙丘移动与固定沙地风蚀的研究

【目的】深入探究宁夏沙坡头国家级自然保护区流动沙丘营建植被后土壤风蚀抑制效率的定量关系,以期为我国干旱区制定合理的防风固沙方案提供理论依据。【方法】在宁夏沙坡头国家级自然保护区内3处流动沙丘各设置3个观测点,采取插钎法观测流动沙丘的移动;同时在保护区3处固定沙地采集栽植沙柳地段、栽植樟子松地段与栽植油蒿、花棒、柠条地段的原状土和各自对照的原状土开展室内风洞实验,风洞内观测在不同风速下的吹蚀变化。【结果】宁夏沙坡头国家级自然保护区流动沙丘一个风季平均前移3.23 m。风洞内不同风速吹蚀下,栽植沙柳地段样地土样的风蚀模数与对照相比,在风速为15 m/s时减少96.78%,在风速为20 m/s时减少97.07%;在10、15、20 m/s的风速吹蚀下,栽植樟子松地段样地土样的风蚀模数分别比对照减少53.13%、99.61%、99.84%,栽植油蒿、花棒、柠条地段样地土样的风蚀模数分别比对照减少50.00%、65.01%、3.65%。【结论】流动沙丘采用机械草方格固定后栽植人工植被能够促进地表生物结皮形成,进而土壤风蚀大为减弱。在干旱半干旱区进行植物固沙工作时要高度重视生物结皮的防治土壤风蚀的作用,以促进我国的生态恢复。

铁磁性颗粒辅助微波加热分解南海神狐海域天然气水合物实验研究

南海北部陆坡神狐海域是中国天然气水合物首次试采区,90%以上的水合物储存在泥质粉砂地层中。为实现天然气水合物的高效开发,必须提高泥质粉砂中天然气水合物的平均产气速率和能量效率比。笔者以泥质粉砂作为水合物合成基底,对合成的甲烷水合物开展了微波加热分解实验,研究了加入不同种类铁磁性颗粒对甲烷水合物分解的影响规律。试验结果表明,在平均产气速率和能量效率比方面,加入铁钴合金粉末的实验组表现最佳,相较空白组提高22.66%。加入纳米钡铁氧体颗粒对反应前期分解效率具有显著促进作用,纳米颗粒的小粒径和大比表面积有助于其均匀分布,优化了润湿性和表面张力,降低了“贾敏效应”。经Avrami模型分析表明,铁磁性颗粒对微波分解水合物具有良好的促进作用,其中纳米钡铁氧体效果最显著。

高速公路天然砂砾石路基填方压实施工技术研究

为规范路基施工,以某高速公路改建工程项目为例,开展天然砂砾石路基填方压实施工技术研究。施工前,应做好路基原地面的清表、回填;采用分层填筑的方式进行填方施工。施工中,应注意做好填筑层含水量的控制;计算冲击机械在施工中的冲击能、冲击速度,设计冲击压实施工。实例应用实验结果表明:设计的施工方法应用效果良好,可以有效提高复杂地质环境下的路基填方压实施工质量,使施工后路基各项指标符合质量要求。

合成石英砂工艺概况及几种石英砂的检测数据对比分析

高纯石英砂主要应用于单晶硅制造工艺中的石英坩埚,高端光学玻璃,半导体等领域。大致分为天然砂和合成砂两类,合成砂由于纯度更高,成分可控等优势,更适合于半导体以及更高要求的工艺制程。合成砂的生产不依赖于天然矿产,能缓解我国缺少高品质石英矿的现状,国内对于合成砂的研究还处于起步阶段。本文经过对比天然石英砂、进口合成砂、国产实验室合成砂的各项检测结果,可以指导不同应用条件下的砂选型。研究过程中,发现了可以通过X射线衍射法区分天然砂和合成砂的方法,并列举了粒径、杂质、粒型等检测数据对比。

轻骨料混凝土配合比设计与应用

为了配置密度等级和性能满足工程设计要求的轻骨料混凝土,试验分别选取相同粒径规格但不同堆积密度的天然浮石作为粗骨料,并选用陶砂作为部分细骨料,通过优化配合比设计方案,成功配置出符合设计密度等级1600 kg/m^(3)的LC25轻骨料混凝土,并对其性能做了对比试验。结果表明,当天然浮石(堆积密度800 kg/m^(3))用量为452 kg/m^(3)、陶砂用量为400 kg/m^(3)时,LC25轻骨料混凝土的干表观密度满足设计要求,28 d抗压强度最高可达到41.3 MPa,相应的吸水率为9.1%、软化系数为0.88,25次冻融循环强度损失率为7.6%。