This paper investigates the sources of goods being shipped through the Arctic passages, and trade generated in the Arc- tic, including oil and gas exploitation. Furthermore, it assesses the present situation for marit...This paper investigates the sources of goods being shipped through the Arctic passages, and trade generated in the Arc- tic, including oil and gas exploitation. Furthermore, it assesses the present situation for maritime cargo shipped from the Far East to Northwestern Europe and North America. Two main types of cargo are predicted to pass through the Arctic passages in the future. First, about 10 million t of liquefied natural gas will be delivered from Russia and the Nordic Arctic to the Far East by 2030. Second, there will be two-way trade flow of containerized cargo from the Far East to Europe and the United States through the North- east, Central and Northwest Passages. This will relieve pressure on present routes from the Far East to Northwestern Europe and North America. If Arctic navigation is technically possible in all seasons and shipping costs fall to those of ordinary ships, then assuming an equal share of shipping volume with the traditional canal routes, the maximum container freight passing through the Arctic passages by 2030 will be approximately 17.43 million TEUs （Twenty-foot Equivalent Units） per year, which is 85% of the volume transported on traditional canal routes in 2011. We conclude that there will be large-scale gas transportation through the Northeast Passage in the near future, and transit shipping across the Arctic will focus more on container transportation. The differences in shipping costs between Arctic routes and traditional canal routes are also compared.展开更多
This paper addresses the coordinated operation of natural gas and electricity networks considering the line pack flexibility in the natural gas pipelines.The problem is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming...This paper addresses the coordinated operation of natural gas and electricity networks considering the line pack flexibility in the natural gas pipelines.The problem is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming problem.The objective is to minimize the operation cost of natural gas and electricity networks considering the price of the natural gas supply.Benders decomposition is used to solve the formulated problem.The master problem minimizes the startup and shutdown costs as well as the operation cost of the thermal units other than the gasfired generation units in the electricity network.The first subproblem validates the feasibility of the decisions made in the master problem in the electricity network.And if there is any violation,feasibility Benders cut is generated and added to the master problem.The second subproblem ensures the feasibility of the decisions of the master problem in the natural gas transportation network considering the line pack constraints.The last sub-problem ensuresthe optimality of the natural gas network operation problem considering the demand of the gas-fired generation units and line pack.The nonlinear line pack and flow constraints in the feasibility and optimality subproblems of natural gas transportation network are linearized using Newton-Raphson technique.The presented case study shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach.It is shown that leveraging the stored gas in the natural gas pipelines would further reduce the total operation cost.展开更多
基金supported by the Ocean Public Welfare Scientific Research Project of China"Seaworthy Evaluation of the Arctic Sea Route,Research and Demonstration of Channel Forecast(Grant no.201205007-6)" the Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation & Assessment Programmes(Grant no.CHINARE2013-04-05-01)
文摘This paper investigates the sources of goods being shipped through the Arctic passages, and trade generated in the Arc- tic, including oil and gas exploitation. Furthermore, it assesses the present situation for maritime cargo shipped from the Far East to Northwestern Europe and North America. Two main types of cargo are predicted to pass through the Arctic passages in the future. First, about 10 million t of liquefied natural gas will be delivered from Russia and the Nordic Arctic to the Far East by 2030. Second, there will be two-way trade flow of containerized cargo from the Far East to Europe and the United States through the North- east, Central and Northwest Passages. This will relieve pressure on present routes from the Far East to Northwestern Europe and North America. If Arctic navigation is technically possible in all seasons and shipping costs fall to those of ordinary ships, then assuming an equal share of shipping volume with the traditional canal routes, the maximum container freight passing through the Arctic passages by 2030 will be approximately 17.43 million TEUs （Twenty-foot Equivalent Units） per year, which is 85% of the volume transported on traditional canal routes in 2011. We conclude that there will be large-scale gas transportation through the Northeast Passage in the near future, and transit shipping across the Arctic will focus more on container transportation. The differences in shipping costs between Arctic routes and traditional canal routes are also compared.
文摘This paper addresses the coordinated operation of natural gas and electricity networks considering the line pack flexibility in the natural gas pipelines.The problem is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming problem.The objective is to minimize the operation cost of natural gas and electricity networks considering the price of the natural gas supply.Benders decomposition is used to solve the formulated problem.The master problem minimizes the startup and shutdown costs as well as the operation cost of the thermal units other than the gasfired generation units in the electricity network.The first subproblem validates the feasibility of the decisions made in the master problem in the electricity network.And if there is any violation,feasibility Benders cut is generated and added to the master problem.The second subproblem ensures the feasibility of the decisions of the master problem in the natural gas transportation network considering the line pack constraints.The last sub-problem ensuresthe optimality of the natural gas network operation problem considering the demand of the gas-fired generation units and line pack.The nonlinear line pack and flow constraints in the feasibility and optimality subproblems of natural gas transportation network are linearized using Newton-Raphson technique.The presented case study shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach.It is shown that leveraging the stored gas in the natural gas pipelines would further reduce the total operation cost.
