Natural Gas Types,Distribution Controlling Factors,and Future Exploration in the Western Qaidam Basin

The Paleogene and Neogene oil and gas in the western Qaidam basin have a regular distribution in three concentric zones from the edge to the center of the basin. Natural gas mainly occurs in the inner zone, and the gas-oil ratio of the northern area of the basin is significantly higher than that of the southern area. Large amounts of carbon isotope data of natural gas, plotted in X- shaped and comprehensive identification diagrams for the southern area and northern area, respectively, were used to identify the types of natural gas. The large-scale distribution of natural gas is highly consistent with the Ro values of major source rocks, but is poorly correlated with the type of organic matter. This indicates that the main controlling factor of natural gas distribution is organic matter maturity, and the kerogen types act as the basis for the formation of different types of natural gas. Paleouplifts and squeezed anticlines near hydrocarbon generation depression centers, which are major natural gas-rich regions, control the migration directions of natural gas, while hydrocarbon migration pathways and fault systems connecting gas sources are the most important factors for natural gas reservoir formation in the inner basin. Therefore, favorable zones for natural gas distribution can be predicted on the basis of the distribution of thermal evolution and the gas generation intensity of major source rocks as well as the structural map. The Shizigou-Youshashan- Yingdong-Dawusi, Youquanzi -Kaitemilike - Youdunzi, and Xiaoliangshan - Nanyishan - Dafengshan structural belts are favorable zones for natural gas accumulation. This study has important theoretical and practical significance for future natural gas exploration.

Distribution and Chain Pattern of Liquefied Natural Gas Industry in China

The production and consumption of natural gas in China has been developing rapidly in recent years.It is expected that the annual growth rate of the demand for natural gas will reach 12% in the next 15 years,and the gas consumption in the primary energy will increase from 0.3% to 10% or more by 2020.However,since the supply of natural gas cannot satisfy the requirements,China has begun to build liquefied natural gas(LNG)terminals in the coastal regions such as Guangdong and Fujian,and solve this problem by importing LNG from foreign countries.LNG needs to be transported by LNG ships from abroad.With the rapid growth of global gas production,the volume of LNG trade also increases,and the interregional production increased from 0.3% in 1970 to 26.2% in 2004.So,we need LNG ships more than before.This article puts forward the distribution of LNG ships and the speculation of the future of LNG transportation based on the studies on foreign LNG production,the LNG trade,the building of LNG ships,the LNG transportation,the chain model of LNG distribution,etc.

Distribution Characteristics and Accumulation Model for the Coal-formed Gas Generated from Permo-Carboniferous Coal Measures in Bohai Bay Basin, China: A Review

Coal-formed gas generated from the Permo-Carboniferous coal measures has become one of the most important targets for deep hydrocarbon exploration in the Bohai Bay Basin,offshore eastern China.However,the proven gas reserves from this source rock remain low to date,and the distribution characteristics and accumulation model for the coal-formed gas are not clear.Here we review the coal-formed gas deposits formed from the Permo-Carboniferous coal measures in the Bohai Bay Basin.The accumulations are scattered,and dominated by middle-small sized gas fields,of which the proven reserves ranging from 0.002 to 149.4×108 m3 with an average of 44.30×108 m3 and a mid-point of 8.16×108 m3.The commercially valuable gas fields are mainly found in the central and southern parts of the basin.Vertically,the coal-formed gas is accumulated at multiple stratigraphic levels from Paleogene to Archaeozoic,among which the Paleogene and PermoCarboniferous are the main reservoir strata.According to the transporting pathway,filling mechanism and the relationship between source rocks and reservoir,the coal-formed gas accumulation model can be defined into three types:"Upward migrated,fault transported gas"accumulation model,"Laterally migrated,sandbody transported gas"accumulation model,and"Downward migrated,sub-source,fracture transported gas"accumulation model.Source rock distribution,thermal evolution and hydrocarbon generation capacity are the fundamental controlling factors for the macro distribution and enrichment of the coal-formed gas.The fault activity and the configuration of fault and caprock control the vertical enrichment pattern.

The challenges facing the oil and gas storage and transportation technology and its developing direction

In recent years, our country is increasingly dependent on the use of the oil resources, and the degree of the oil mining is also continuously upgrading. After the completion of the tasks related to the oil mining in the lands, the technologies for the development of the offshore oil mining are particularly important. Among these problems, after the exploitation, the storage and transportation of the offshore oil and gas is worthy of the discussion of the technical personnel. From the experience of the oil and gas storage and transportation in the long years, in some environmentally degraded areas, there are problems in the efficiency and safety in the long pipeline transportation and the oil and gas mixed transportation, and in the transportation, there are also big shortcomings. In this paper, the author carries on the analysis of the existing questions encountering in our country＇s oil and gas storage and transportation~ and proposes the direction of the researches in the future oil and gas storage and transportation, and the purpose is to better improve the security of Cbina＇s oil and gas storage and transportation and to enhance the efficiency of the use of the oil and gas.

CFD simulation of effect of anode configuration on gas–liquid flow and alumina transport process in an aluminum reduction cell

Numerical simulations of gas–liquid two-phase flow and alumina transport process in an aluminum reduction cell were conducted to investigate the effects of anode configurations on the bath flow, gas volume fraction and alumina content distributions. An Euler–Euler two-fluid model was employed coupled with a species transport equation for alumina content. Three different anode configurations such as anode without a slot, anode with a longitudinal slot and anode with a transversal slot were studied in the simulation. The simulation results clearly show that the slots can reduce the bath velocity and promote the releasing of the anode gas, but can not contribute to the uniformity of the alumina content. Comparisons of the effects between the longitudinal and transversal slots indicate that the longitudinal slot is better in terms of gas–liquid flow but is disadvantageous for alumina mixing and transport process due to a decrease of anode gas under the anode bottom surface. It is demonstrated from the simulations that the mixing and transfer characteristics of alumina are controlled to great extent by the anode gas forces while the electromagnetic forces(EMFs) play the second role.

Integration Possibility of Urban Public Bus System and Cable Car in Maribor

Combination of a bus system and cable car system can reduce the overall congestion of traffic in urban areas, where surrounding hills or mountains hold larger settlements or tourist and recreational infrastructure. With this kind of integration number of individual car trips can be significantly reduced. In this paper, the authors present an analysis of the pilot project implementation, which was held in Maribor. The authors conducted a limited test trial of two means of transportation, combining them into a single operating transport offer for inhabitants and tourists. Combined transport option proved to be a good starting point for reduction of traffic and parking congestion during winter tourist season and beyond. Method used in the research, in order to gain actual potential of integrating two systems and improving public transport offer, was establishment and implementation of the pilot project in Maribor during January 2011. Data was gathered through interviews of two interest groups. The first covered the users who were brought to the foothills of Pohorje＇s ski center by bus. The second covered the cable car users that were traveling to the top of Pohorje. For a limited time period, a trial principle of a single ticket was established, which gave ski-pass holders free bus ride on bus line No. 6. With the aim of reducing CO2, test drives of hybrid bus and compressed natural gas bus were conducted alongside many promotional activities with which users were informed of importance of environmentally friendly mobility options.

A Novel Technology for Generation of Electricity and Cold by Using Energy Potential of Transmission Line＇s High Pressure Gas

The main objective of this paper is to develop a novel technology for combined generation of electricity and cold by using energy potential of transmission line＇s high pressure gas. For this purpose, the reduction of high pressure of the gas in gas distribution station instead of useless expansion throttling process is suggested to realize by adiabatic expansion, which is executed in a gas expanding turbine. Herewith, the gas distribution station is turned into energy and cold generating plant. Simultaneous operation of energy and cold generating plant is described. A method and appropriate formulas for determination of design characteristics of considered plant are suggested. A new method for reveres order of calculation and design of the cold store based on the use of expanded cold gas as cooling agent is developed. Calculations and analysis prove high energy efficiency of suggested technology, the wide use of which will provide significant production of cheap electricity and cold and as well as reduction of fossil fuel consumption.

Scale and scope of maritime cargoes through the Arctic Passages

This paper investigates the sources of goods being shipped through the Arctic passages, and trade generated in the Arc- tic, including oil and gas exploitation. Furthermore, it assesses the present situation for maritime cargo shipped from the Far East to Northwestern Europe and North America. Two main types of cargo are predicted to pass through the Arctic passages in the future. First, about 10 million t of liquefied natural gas will be delivered from Russia and the Nordic Arctic to the Far East by 2030. Second, there will be two-way trade flow of containerized cargo from the Far East to Europe and the United States through the North- east, Central and Northwest Passages. This will relieve pressure on present routes from the Far East to Northwestern Europe and North America. If Arctic navigation is technically possible in all seasons and shipping costs fall to those of ordinary ships, then assuming an equal share of shipping volume with the traditional canal routes, the maximum container freight passing through the Arctic passages by 2030 will be approximately 17.43 million TEUs （Twenty-foot Equivalent Units） per year, which is 85% of the volume transported on traditional canal routes in 2011. We conclude that there will be large-scale gas transportation through the Northeast Passage in the near future, and transit shipping across the Arctic will focus more on container transportation. The differences in shipping costs between Arctic routes and traditional canal routes are also compared.

Engineering Design of Shaanxi-Beijing Gas Pipeline

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Operation of natural gas and electricity networks with line pack

This paper addresses the coordinated operation of natural gas and electricity networks considering the line pack flexibility in the natural gas pipelines.The problem is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming problem.The objective is to minimize the operation cost of natural gas and electricity networks considering the price of the natural gas supply.Benders decomposition is used to solve the formulated problem.The master problem minimizes the startup and shutdown costs as well as the operation cost of the thermal units other than the gasfired generation units in the electricity network.The first subproblem validates the feasibility of the decisions made in the master problem in the electricity network.And if there is any violation,feasibility Benders cut is generated and added to the master problem.The second subproblem ensures the feasibility of the decisions of the master problem in the natural gas transportation network considering the line pack constraints.The last sub-problem ensuresthe optimality of the natural gas network operation problem considering the demand of the gas-fired generation units and line pack.The nonlinear line pack and flow constraints in the feasibility and optimality subproblems of natural gas transportation network are linearized using Newton-Raphson technique.The presented case study shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach.It is shown that leveraging the stored gas in the natural gas pipelines would further reduce the total operation cost.

Geochemical characteristics, genetic types, and controlling factors of natural gas in Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin (eastern China)

The Jiyang Depression is an important oil and gas production zone in the Bohai Bay Basin.Through a systematic investigation of the gas components and stable carbon isotopes,the genetic types of natural gas found in the Jiyang Depression were determined,that is,biogas,oilassociated gas,coal-derived gas,high-mature oil-related gas,and mantle-derived carbon dioxide(CO_(2)).From the results,natural gas in the Jiyang Depression can be divided into four groups.Group I,which is distributed in the northwest area,is the only typical oil-associated gas.Group II,distributed in the northeast area,is dominated by oil-associated gas,and involves biogas,coal-derived gas,and high-mature oil-related gas.Group Ⅲ,distributed in the southeast area,has all genetic types of gas that are dominated by oil-associated gas and have mantle-derived CO_(2).Group IV,distributed in the southwest area,is dominated by biogas and involves coal-derived gas and oil-associated gas.The differences in each group illustrate the lateral distribution of the natural gas types is characterized by the eastern and southern areas being more complex than the western and northern areas,the vertical distribution of gas reservoirs has no obvious evolutionary law.The main controlling factor analysis of the spatiotemporal changes of the gas reservoirs revealed that the synergy of geochemical characteristics,thermal evolution of the Shahejie Formation and Carboniferous-Permian source rocks,and sealing properties of various faults are jointly responsible for determining the gas reservoir spatiotemporal changes.

An interval-parameter two-stage optimization model for CO_(2) collection,distribution,transportation,utilization,and storage planning

Geological carbon dioxide (CO_(2)) utilization and storage have been widely recognized as one of the important options to deliver greenhouse gas emissions reduction. Reasonable planning is critical to promote CO_(2) utilization and storage. However, CO_(2) emissions gas collection exhibits a stochastic probability distribution, and CO_(2) utilization and storage features fluctuation demands, which have gone beyond current determine planning techniques. To fulfill the current research gap, this study develops an interval-parameter two-stage programming-based CO_(2) collection, distribution, transportation, utilization, and storage optimization model, integrating interval parameter planning and two-stage planning into a general framework. Therefore, the model can address uncertainties expressed as random probabilistic distributions and discrete intervals, tackle dynamic facilities capacity expansion issues, develop optimal predefined CO_(2) distribution policy, and generate recourse schemes to address gas shortage or gas surplus issues. The model is examined by a typical hypnotical case study in China. The results revealed that the model could generate a set of first-stage reasonable CO_(2) distribution and facilities capacity expansion schemes to maximum system benefits and the highest feasibility. Besides, a set of two-stage CO_(2) outsourcing purchases and facilities capacity expansion in reserve storage regions solutions were also generated to address the gas oversupplies and shortage issues. The modeling approach enriches the current CO_(2) utilization and storage distribution research content under multiple uncertainties.

天然气水合物概况及最新研究进展

近年来,世界各国投入了大量的资金和人力研究寻求洁净高效的新能源。到目前为止,人们 40 已经在一种重要的新能源——天然气水合物()的基础研究、地质调查、勘探开发等领域取得了较 NGH 大的进展;同时尚存在许多亟待解决的重大理论问题,如天然气水合物形成与分解的动力学过程、地质条 件及全球资源量计算方法、经济型开采开发模式、对全球宏观气候的影响等。本文综述 NGH NGH NGH 了国内外在天然气水合物方面的文献资料,较详细地介绍了国内外的研究进展。

面向能源互联网的配电系统规划关键问题研究综述与展望

处于能源互联网环境下的配电系统,受交通系统、天然气系统等多系统交互影响,是能源互联网运行过程的核心环节。结合能源互联网内涵与特征,分析了能源互联网环境下的配电系统关键技术特征,提出从微电网规划、主动配电系统规划、配电系统与天然气系统协同规划、配电系统与交通系统协同规划4个关键技术领域对面向能源互联网的配电系统规划理论进行研究的思路。综述了配电系统规划过程中各个关键技术领域的研究成果,深入探讨了目前规划方法中需解决的规划模型、求解算法、不确定因素处理等关键理论问题,并针对相关领域进行了展望。

论城市化模式的决定因素与我国的城市化道路

在理论上,为了节省运费,工业企业内在地要求集中布局,这使大城市化成为城市化模式的主导形式。工业大规模集中布局之处要同时具备三个条件,即降水充沛、地势平坦、靠近沿海。一个国家难以改变的自然地理条件基本上决定着这个国家的城市化模式。根据自然地理条件的不同,我国可划分为四个区域,每个区域内应重点发展不同规模等级的城市。从总体上看,我国由于适宜工业大规模集中布局的区域非常稀缺,不宜发展过多的超大城市和密集的城市群。要促进我国城市化健康发展,必须加快转变政府职能,创造共享工业集中布局稀缺区域的体制环境;有序推进户籍制度改革,解决跨省流动人口的后顾之忧。

气田网络优化布局初探

本文针对气田网络布局,提出了简化最优方法。该方法可供气田管网规划布局辅助设计时参考。

大庆长垣以东地区深层天然气输导特征及成藏

大庆长垣以东地区深层天然气输导通道主要由断裂、不整合面和砂体构成。该区砂体横向分布不稳定,物性差,不是天然气侧向长距离运移的输导通道,但可以起到衔接输导作用。输导通道对该区天然气成藏与分布起到了重要控制作用,主要表现在断裂将天然气输导致上覆不同储集层中聚集成藏。不整合面和砂体将天然气输导到四周古隆起上聚集成藏。沿断裂输导的天然气形成以断层为主的构造气藏,沿不整合面和砂体输导的天然气形成以地层及岩性为主的气藏。沿断裂输导运移聚集的天然气在剖面上呈串多层分布,沿不整合面和砂体输导运移聚集的天然气在平面上呈环状分布。

计算机自动化系统的接地及防雷措施

计算机在工业自动化系统中已经而且还将发挥重要的作用 ,但无论在集散控制系统 (DCS)还是在远程数据采集系统 (SCADA)或是各种独立的小系统中 ,系统的浪涌、防雷和接地都是一个不容忽视的问题。因为计算机及其组成系统的PLC或其他集成电子元件的安全性、高精度、高可靠性、稳定性等都必须要有一个良好的接地和防雷系统作保证。文章以计算机作为天然气输配站场的站控系统 (SCS)为例 。

燃料气压缩机在微型燃气轮机的配套应用

简要讨论了燃料气压力对微型燃气轮机性能的影响,介绍了与微型燃气轮机配套使用的燃料气压缩机的发展状况。结合天然气输配系统中管道设计压力与用户端压力的实际情况,探讨了燃料气压缩机管道压力对微型燃气轮机项目决策的影响以及提出了配备燃料气压缩机的一些建议。

天然气与液化石油气转换问题的探讨

通过对天然气与液化石油气性能参数的比较,提出了在转换工作中必须对燃具和管网输配系统进行必要的改造以适应使用天然气的需要,同时针对不同的供气方式提出了不同的改造建议。