Constructing an International Cooperation System of Natural Gas in Northeast Asia

Supply&demand pattern and development trends of natural gas in Northeast Asia The consumption of natural gas in Northeast Asia is over half that of the Asia-Pacific region Since 2010,with the global economic recovery,the long-term upward trend of natural gas demand has been restored.The annual year-onyear growth rate has been maintained at about 2%and the annual output has been higher than the consumption.2017 witnessed world natural gas consumption reaches 367.04 billion m3,representing a year-on-year growth rate of 3%,higher than the average growth rate of 2.2%in the past 10 years.

A computational simulation study for techno-economic comparison of conventional and stripping gas methods for natural gas dehydration

In the present work,the conventional natural gas dehydration method(CDM)and stripping gas method(SGM)are technically and economically analyzed,utilizing Aspen HYSYS and Aspen Process Economic Analyzer(APEA),respectively.To optimize the CDM and SGM,the sensitivities of the water content of dry gas,reboiler duty and raw material loss are analyzed against solvent rate and stripping gas rate.The optimized processes are set to achieve a targeted value of water content in dry gas and analyzed at optimized point.The analysis shows that SGM gives 46%lower TEG feed rate,42%lower reboiler duty and 99.97%pure regenerated TEG.Moreover,economic analysis reveals that SGM has 38%lower annual operating cost compared to CDM.According to results,from both technical and economic point of view,SGM is more feasible for natural gas dehydration compared to CDM.

Economic Critical Resources for the Industrial Exploitation of Natural Gas Hydrate

Since the implementation of several pilot production tests were in natural gas hydrate(NGH) reservoirs in terrestrial and marine settings, the study of NGH has entered a new stage of technological development for industrial exploitation. Prior to the industrial exploitation of any given NGH reservoir, the economic feasibility should be examined. The first step of economic evaluation of a NGH reservoir is to know whether its resource amount meets the requirement for industrial exploitation. Unfortunately, few relevant studies have been conducted in this regard. In this study, the net present value(NPV) method is employed to estimate the economic critical resources required for the industrial exploitation of NGHs under different production scenarios. Sensitivity analysis is also performed in order to specify the effects of key factors, such as the number of production wells, gas price, technological improvement and tax incentive, on the economic critical resources. The results indicate that China requires the lowest economic critical resource for a NGH reservoir to be industrially exploited, ranging from 3.62 to 24.02 billion m3 methane. Changes in gas price and tax incentives also play significant roles in affecting the threshold and timeline for the industrial exploitation of NGH.

An Alternative to Flare Gas Processing:A Feasibility Study of Natural Gas to Liquid Processes

The quantities of gas released into the environment during the extraction and processing of crude oil,by flaring,constitute a vast source of mineral wealth which can be used to produce other useful products.The processes studied in this paper,as alternatives to the above problem,are the ones used in Shell Pearl Qatar project and Oryx GTL project.Both projects produce liquid fuels,mainly naphtha and diesel,in addition to more special fuel such as kerosene.This paper is a feasibility study of a project that makes use of the flare gas from the State of Texas,U.S.A.,as a feedstock to a process similar to either Shell Pearl Qatar project,or Oryx GTL project.The objective of this study is to determine the price range for crude oil over which an investment to similar projects can be profitable.An MS Excel Model was developed in order to perform calculations having as a variable the crude oil price and taking into account all the process and project’s financial data.The results of this model showed that a project similar to Shell Pearl Qatar remains profitable in crude oil price above$57.76/barrel,while a project similar to Oryx GTL remains viable for crude oil price over$31.4/bbl.In the price range$55-$60/barrel,the payout of the corresponding to Shell Pearl Qatar project will be in about 15.2 years and 3.3 years for a project similar to Oryx GTL.Finally,using the financial principles of this study we can apply them to any process in order to determine under what conditions will remain viable.

Regional Economic Factors for Weighted Evaluation of Onshore Natural Gas in China

本文研究了中国陆上天然气经济效用的地质及相关影响因素。主要研究结论如下:天然气勘探开发成本主要与气田(藏)的深度及储盖层的岩性参数相关,开采成本主要受自然地理因素以及相应储层物性参数影响,而气田(藏)丰度、有效厚度、孔隙度、渗透率和气藏类型是影响天然气产量的主要因素。基于上述研究结论,建立了针对投资成本、价格因素和气田经济价值的千米井深日产量计算公式和区域判断标准。根据判别标准,本文分析了中国不同区域且具有指标意义的天然气田(藏)的经济效用,并针对中国天然气产业经济发展提出了相应的结论和建议。

Life cycle assessment and economic analysis of HFC-134a production from natural gas compared with oil-based and coal-based production

China is the largest producer and consumer of HFC-134a(1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane)in the world.Coal-based route is mainly adopted to produce HFC-134a,which suffers from large waste and CO_(2) emissions.Natural gas is a low-carbon and clean energy resource,and no research has been found on the environment and economy of producing HFC-134a from natural gas.In this study,CML 2001 method was used to carry out the life cycle assessment of natural gas(partial oxidation)-based and natural gas(plasma cracking)-based routes(abbreviated as gas(O)-based and gas(P)-based routes,respectively),and their environmental performances were compared with coal-based and oil-based routes.Meanwhile,considering that China is vigorously promoting the transformation of energy structure,and the application of electric heating equipment to replace fossil-based heating equipment in industrial field,which has a great impact on the environmental performance of the production processes,the authors conducted a scenario analysis.The results showed that the gas(O)-based route had the most favourable environmental benefits.However,the gas(P)-based route had the highest potential for reducing environmental burdens,and its environmental benefit was the most favourable in scenario 2050.Additionally,the economic performance of the gas(P)-based route was significantly better than that of gas(O)-based and coal-based routes.

Comprehensive comparison of small-scale natural gas liquefaction processes using brazed plate heat exchangers

The brazed plate heat exchanger(BPHE)has some advantages over the plate-fin heat exchanger(PFHE)when used in natural gas liquefaction processes,such as the convenient installation and transportation,as well as the high tolerance of carbon dioxide(CO2)impurities.However,the BPHEs with only two channels cannot be applied directly in the conventional liquefaction processes which are designed for multi-stream heat exchangers.Therefore,the liquefaction processes using BPHEs are different from the conventional PFHE processes.In this paper,four different liquefaction processes using BPHEs are optimized and comprehensively compared under respective optimal conditions.The processes are compared with respect to energy consumption,economic performance,and robustness.The genetic algorithm(GA)is applied as the optimization method and the total revenue requirement(TRR)method is adopted in the economic analysis.The results show that the modified single mixed refrigerant(MSMR)process with part of the refrigerant flowing back to the compressor at low temperatures has the lowest specific energy consumption but the worst robustness of the four processes.The MSMR with fully utilization of cold capacity of the refrigerant shows a satisfying robustness and the best economic performance.The research in this paper is helpful for the application of BPHEs in natural gas liquefaction processes.

Politics of Oil and Natural Gas vis-à-vis the Foreign Policy of Iran

This study discusses the relationship of Iran’s oil and gas resources with its foreign policy.Because these resources play a major role in government power,they serve as a major focus of Iran’s governmental policy and relations with other countries.Our review led us to conclude that despite Iran’s abundant reserves􀃼the world’s fourth-largest crude oil and largest natural gas reserves-international powers influenced the country’s foreign policy sufficiently for Iran to decrease its oil production.The authors will demonstrate how fluctuations in oil and natural gas production were the outcome of a globalized structure that affected instability in Iran’s foreign policy in specific ways.Our conceptual investigation of energy politics after the 1979 revolution revealed different policies that caused numerous concerns for the new government.While Iran’s politicians strove to retain the Islamic Republic above all,both doctrine and foreign policy revolved circuitously from a radical 1979 Revolution position to renewed radical position in 2005 with two intermediate shifts in position.One was pragmatic shift in the late 1980s,and the second took a more moderate tone in late 1990s by focusing almost entirely on the production of oil and natural gas.

Modern Business Administration System to Be Established for Further Development of Natural Gas Industry

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COGAS Propulsion for LNG Ships

Propulsion of liquefied natural gas (LNG) ships is undergoing significant change. The traditional steam plant is losing favor because of its low cycle efficiency. Medium-speed diesel-electric and slow-speed diesel-mechanical drive ships are in service, and more are being built. Another attractive alternative is combined gas and steam turbine (COGAS) drive. This approach offers significant advantages over steam and diesel propulsion. This paper presents the case for the COGAS cycle.

Economics of Coalbed Methane in North West Spain

Coal during its carbonization process produces a gas. This gas, mainly formed by methane, can be used. The use of CBM (Coal bed methane) as an energetic resource is not much known in Spain. This work is the first step to enhance the development of this resource in Castilla y León. A theoretical review and a state of the art description have been carried out, taking into account all the factors that can influence in the development of a CBM project. Then CBM resources have been quantified by Castilla y León accurately for every coal bed. After that, technical feasibility has been used to evaluate total amount of gas that can be recovered. The last step was to evaluate economic feasibility to know how much gas could be economically profitable. This paper covers the economic factor and exploitation options of CBM in Castilla y León, considering technical parameters together with costs and economic requirements for the tow most promising areas in north-west Spain. The main findings include that a CBM system would be feasible in Guardo-Barruelo, however, the economic feasibility will be limited to long operation time of the wells and an increase of the prices of natural gas. In North Leon, the results show a high profitability even under low natural gas prices.

天然气型冷热电联供系统应用分析

阐述了天然气驱动的冷热电联供(CCHP)系统的形式和特点,比较分析了使用天然气的冷热电联供系统与常规冷热电分供系统的一次能源利用率,指出联供系统可提高能源利用率,节约一次能源20％～30％。燃气内燃机型冷热电联供系统的回收期比燃气轮机型冷热电联供系统的回收期短,但能源利用率较低。文章从经济性角度 (回收期)分析了天然气和电力价格对冷热电联供系统推广应用的影响。

双燃料船用发动机废能回收系统的技术经济比较

Nowadays alternative and innovative energy recovery solutions are adopted on board ships to reduce fuel consumption and harmful emissions.According to this,the present work compares the engine exhaust gas waste heat recovery and hybrid turbocharger technologies,which are used to improve the efficiency of a dual-fuel four-stroke(DF)marine engine.Both solutions aim to satisfy partly or entirely the ship’s electrical and/or thermal loads.For the engine exhaust gas waste heat recovery,two steam plant schemes are considered:the single steam pressure and the variable layout(single or dual steam pressure plant).In both cases,a heat recovery steam generator is used for the electric power energy generation through a steam turbine.The hybrid turbocharger is used to provide a part of the ship’s electric loads as well.The thermodynamic mathematical models of DF engines,integrated with the energy recovery systems,are developed in a Matlab-Simulink environment,allowing the comparison in terms of performance at different engine loads and fuels,which are Natural Gas(NG)and High Fuel Oil(HFO).The use of NG always involves better efficiency of the system for all the engine working conditions.It results that the highest efficiency value achievable is 56%at 50%maximum continuous rating(MCR)engine load.

Modeling and Simulation of Skid-mounted LNG Plants Using HYSYS Software

This study presents three kinds of skid-mounted plants, including single mixed refrigerant cycle （MRC）, nitrogen expander cycle, and natural gas （NG） Claude cycle. Hysys simulation shows that single MRC is the most efficient cycle among the three. The specific power of single MRC liquefiers is 1 485 k.l/kg, 15% higher than that of large liquefaction process. Considering the recovery of stranded-gas, commercial analysis suggests that the initial cost of LNG plants ranging from 1 to 100 ms/day can be paid back in 2 to 4 years.

How Does Egypt Face the Negative Effects of the Russian-Ukrainian War on the Energy Sector in the State Budget 22/23?

Egypt has reviewed plans to deal with the economic impacts of the Russia-Ukraine crisis that the country will possibly face,including on petroleum prices.In recent years,Egypt has raised gasoline prices several times,the last of which was by 25 piastres earlier this month,as per recommendations of Egypt’s Fuel Automatic Pricing Committee held every three months.This comes while the government presses ahead with plans to convert petrol-powered vehicles to run on natural gas,a step that should contribute to reducing the cost of subsidized petroleum products in the state budget.Egypt,which has achieved self-sufficiency in natural gas in 2018,is planning to use its position on Europe’s doorstep to become a major supplier of liquified natural gas(LNG)to the continent,which is transitioning away from other fossil fuels.

楼宇型冷热电联产系统问题探讨

简要论述了在我国推广天然气冷热电联产(CCHP)的意义,指出了CCHP在我国发展存在的一些问题。在不同气价、电价条件下,对楼宇型CCHP系统经济性进行了简要测算,深入探讨了楼宇CCHP系统普遍存在的系统匹配不合理、造价高、系统效率达不到预期、无法正常运行等问题,提出了改进建议。

天然气冷热电三联供在不同场景下的应用分析

天然气冷热电三联供是在负荷中心就近实现能源供应的现代能源供应方式,也是天然气高效利用的重要方式,具有能源利用率高、节能环保、供电安全等特点。通过分析天然气冷热电三联供在酒店、数据中心、小区等不同场景下的工程应用案例,并进一步对其技术指标及经济性数据进行比较,得出的结论对后期天然气冷热电三联供项目的开发、装机选择和经济性评价具有一定的参考意义。

冷热电三联供系统在民用建筑中的应用

结合某办公楼中冷热电三联供系统的应用,介绍冷热电三联供的原理、相关规范标准、民用建筑中应用冷热电三联供系统的运行方案、技术经济分析、发电机组规模的确定原则及配电系统的主接线形式。

分布式天然气CCHP系统应用研究现状与前景

介绍了分布式天然气冷热电联供(CCHP)系统的国内外应用研究现状及系统设备种类,综述了目前CCHP系统在热力学研究、经济性研究以及应用优化研究中的主要方法和结论,分析了CCHP系统的应用局限和发展前景。