Robust design of natural laminar flow supercritical airfoil by multi-objective evolution method

Abstract A transonic, high Reynolds number natural laminar flow airfoil is designed and studied. The γ-θ transition model is combined with the shear stress transport （SST） k-w turbulence model to predict the transition region for a laminar-turbulent boundary layer. The non-uniform free-form deformation （NFFD） method based on the non-uniform rational B-spline （NURBS） basis function is introduced to the airfoil parameterization. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II （NSGA-II） is used as the search algo- rithm, and the surrogate model based on the Kriging models is introduced to improve the efficiency of the optimization system. The optimization system is set up based on the above technologies, and the robust design about the uncertainty of the Mach number is carried out for NASA0412 airfoil. The optimized airfoil is analyzed and compared with the original airfoil. The results show that natural laminar flow can be achieved on a supercritical airfoil to improve the aerodynamic characteristic of airfoils.

跨声速自然层流标模CRM-NLF风洞试验快速转捩预测

中国商飞北研中心开发了快速CFD分析工具CFAST进行层流基本流场计算,单工况的计算时间仅为200 s,然后耦合转捩预测模块进行转捩预测分析,大幅缩减了计算周期,从而实现跨声速民机典型后掠机翼三维边界层的快速转捩预测。转捩预测模块基于线性稳定性理论的双e^(N)方法,可以同时考虑横流驻波不稳定模态和Tollmien-Schlichting波不稳定模态对转捩的影响。目前,公开的跨声速高雷诺数民机自然层流试验数据十分稀缺,本文以NASA公开的跨声速高雷诺数自然层流标模CRM-NLF为研究对象,研究了迎角、雷诺数和马赫数对转捩的影响。计算结果与试验结果以及基于RANS的转捩计算结果吻合很好,说明开发的快速转捩预测工具高效可靠,可以用于跨声速民机层流机翼设计和优化。

NLF－1自然层流机翼低速转捩位置测定

自然层流机翼是我国下一代民用客机采用的机翼之一。本文对自然层流机翼ＮＬＦ－１用热膜法和升华法在南京航空学院ＮＨ－２低速风洞中进行了机翼边界层转捩位置的测定。结果表明，该机翼的转捩位置在离开机翼前缘的７０％左右的当地弦长处。因此ＮＬＦ－１机翼确为较好的层流机翼。

Double-decoupled inverse design of natural laminar flow nacelle under transonic conditions

The inverse design based on the pressure distribution is an essential approach to realize the improvement of Natural Laminar Flow(NLF) performance for nacelles. However, the direct definition of target pressure distribution at design point is challenging for the dilemma to consider the constraints of shock wave and laminar flow at the same time. In addition, the universality of method will be limited when the inverse design is strongly coupled with the solver. Thus, a double-decoupled methodology based on the relationship of pressure distributions between design and off-design points is proposed in this paper, which realizes the decoupling of constraints in shock wave and laminar flow on target pressure distribution as well as the decoupling of flow field solution and inverse design method. Aimed at an isolated flow-through-nacelle of high bypass ratio, the target pressure distribution with appropriate favorable gradient and shock-free feature is defined according to physical principles at the off-design point of Ma = 0.80 while the transonic and laminar performance are examined at the design point of Ma = 0.85. The solution of flow field is based on γ-Re_(θ) transition model and the inverse design is based on residual-correction method. With the inverse design starting from off-design point, the performance of shock wave and laminar flow at design point are both improved. The local shock wave after the lip of nacelle is eliminated effectively while the streamwise length of laminar flow region is doubled and exceeds to 30% of the chord length. The percentage of drag reduction for outboard surface is 12.7% for friction drag, 7.8%for pressure drag and 10.5% for total drag. The effects of inverse design on the process of transition are analyzed with detailed flow features. The robustness of laminar flow is examined under different variation factors of freestream which are deviated from the design point.

Numerical optimization of transonic natural laminar flow nacelles

Natural laminar flow nacelle is a promising technology for drag reduction.In this paper,an optimization platform is established for the design of transonic axisymmetric and threedimensional natural laminar flow nacelles for large civil aircraft.The platform adopts the class/shape transformation method for geometric parameterization,a four-equation transition model for transition prediction,and the differential evolution algorithm combined with the radial basis function surrogate model as the optimization algorithm.The optimized axisymmetric nacelle demonstrates approximately 31%chord length of laminar flow,with the drag reduction of 13.3%.The influence of the Reynolds number and inlet mass flow rate on the optimization result is also investigated.The axis-symmetric nacelle optimization method is further used for the section profile design of a non-axisymmetric nacelle.An equivalent method is used to simulate the different local flow angles at different sections in the circumferential direction of the non-axisymmetric nacelle by using different inlet mass flow rates of the axisymmetric nacelle.The optimized natural laminar flow nacelle maintains over 30%chord length of laminar flow with robustness to the change of the freestream angle of attack.The total drag of the non-axisymmetric nacelle is reduced by 5.4%under cruise conditions.

A Study on Natural Convection of Air in a Square Cavity with Partially Thermally Active Side Walls

In this present work, we study heat transfer in a confined environment. We have to determine the thermal and dynamics fields of the cavity while observing the effect of the Rayleigh number which depends on the characteristics of the fluid and the temperatures imposed. The behavior of boundary layers in natural convection is analyzed along this square cavity. The central halves of its vertical walls are heated at different temperatures. The left active part is at a higher temperature than the one on the right wall. The remaining inactive parts and the horizontal walls (upper and lower) are adiabatic. The thermal and dynamic modeling of two-dimensional problem was done using a calculation code Fortran 90 and a visualization software ParaView based on the finite volume method. The equations governing this phenomenon of unsteady flow have thus been solved. This allows the modeling of both air flow and heat transfer with a numerical stabilization of the solution. So, we have presented our results of numerical simulations using a visualization tool. The results show the different velocity and temperature curves, velocity vectors and isotherms in laminar flow regime.

Transition prediction and sensitivity analysis for a natural laminar flow wing glove flight experiment

Natural laminar flow technology can significantly reduce aircraft aerodynamic drag and has excellent technical appeal for transport aircraft development with high aerodynamic efficiency.Accurately and efficiently predicting the laminar-to-turbulent transition and revealing the maintenance mechanism of laminar flow in a transport aircraft’s flight environment are significant for developing natural laminar flow wings.In this research,we carry out natural laminar flow flight experiments with different Reynolds numbers and angles of attack.The critical N-factor is calibrated as 9.0 using flight experimental data and linear stability theory from a statistical perspective,which makes sure that the relative error of transition location is within 5%.We then implement a simplified e^(N) transition prediction method with a similar accuracy compared with linear stability theory.We compute the sensitivity information for the simplified eN method with an adjointbased method,using the automatic differentiation technique(ADjoint).The impact of Reynolds numbers and pressure distributions on TS waves is analyzed using the sensitivity information.Through the sensitivity analysis,we find that:favorable pressure gradients not only suppress the development of TS waves but also decrease their sensitivity to Reynolds numbers;there exist three special regions which are very sensitive to the pressure distribution,and the sensitivity decreases as the local favorable pressure gradient increases.The proposed sensitivity analysis method enables robust natural laminar flow wings design.

Adaptive-surrogate-based robust optimization of transonic natural laminar flow nacelle

Natural Laminar Flow(NLF)technology is very effective for reducing the skin friction drag of aircraft engine nacelle,but the aerodynamic performance of NLF nacelle is highly sensitive to uncertain working conditions.Therefore,it’s imperative to incorporate uncertainties into the design of NLF nacelle.In this study,for a robust optimization of NLF nacelle and for improving its efficiency,an adaptive-surrogate-based robust optimization strategy is established,which is an iterative optimization process where the surrogate model is updated to obtain the real Pareto front of multi-objective optimization problem.A case study is carried out to validate its feasibility and effectiveness.The results show that the optimization increases the favorable pressure gradient region and the volume ratio of the nacelle by increasing its lip radius and reducing its maximum diameter.And the aerodynamic robustness of the NLF nacelle is mainly determined by the lip radius,maximum diameter of nacelle and location of the maximum diameter.Compared to the initial nacelle,the optimized nacelle maintains a wide range of low drag and high laminar flow ratio in the disturbance space,which extends the average laminar flow region to 21.6%and facilitates a decrease of 1.98 counts in the average drag coefficient.

A High-speed Nature Laminar Flow Airfoil and Its Experimental Study in Wind Tunnel with Nonintrusive Measurement Technique

This article deals with an experimental study on the aerodynamic characteristics of a low-drag high-speed nature laminar flow (NLF) airfoil for business airplanes in the TST27 wind tunnel at Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands. In this experiment, in an attempt to reduce the errors of measurement and improve its accuracy in high-speed flight, some nonintrusive meas- urement techniques, such as the quantitative infrared thermography (IRT), the digital particle imaging velocimetry (PIV), and the s...

通用飞机高升力层流翼型优化设计研究

针对某型通用飞机设计状态,基于自由变形(FFD)技术参数化方法以及NSGA-Ⅱ多目标优化算法进行了高升力层流翼型的优化设计。优化以GAW-1翼型为基础出发,考虑前后梁对厚度的要求,对偏重巡航、爬升特性设计了所需的高升力层流翼型,并对进一步考虑失速特性的翼型优化设计进行了分析。设计过程考虑自然转捩工况,使用Menter k-ω SST两方程湍流模型和γ-Re_(θt)转捩模型对设计进行评估,并对先优化后缩比厚度和直接按照目标厚度优化的翼型气动特性进行对比。设计结果表明,优化的翼型满足层流设计要求,在优化系列厚度翼型时使用优化好的翼型作为基础翼型,可以提升优化的效率,所提出的方法可为通用航空飞机高升力层流翼型设计提供参考。

封闭腔内层流自然对流换热过渡层数值研究

对正方形空腔内的层流自然对流换热进行了数值模拟 ,用SIMPLE算法和乘方格式对该问题 (Ra =1× 10 3～ 1× 10 6)进行了详细的数值计算 .根据计算结果 ,在前人工作的基础上总结出封闭腔内层流自然对流换热的变化规律 ,提出了导热占主导地位的层流流动和导热与对流共时作用的层流流动的分界点 ,同时得出了两个区域的平均努塞尔数的计算公式 ,通过比较 ,表明其精度较以前的计算公式要高 .

高升阻比自然层流翼型多点/多目标优化设计

研究并发展了一套进行高升阻比自然层流翼型多设计点/多设计目标的优化设计方法。为减少设计中的计算量,使用了XFOIL程序进行流场计算。使用基于响应面方法的优化方法进行最优化计算,并使用了不含二阶交叉项的二阶多项式模型作为响应面模型,大大减少了构造模型所需的试验次数,使进行更多设计变量和多点设计成为可能。试验点的选择满足D-优化准则。研究了设计点及目标函数的选择,进行了单点/单目标及多点/多目标的设计,结果表明:多点/多目标设计可以很好的改善单点设计中非设计点性能变差的缺点,设计结果有工程实用价值。

居住建筑二维层流室内自然通风的数值模拟

本文用 Simpler 算法结合人工压缩性方法并首创"分区解法"对我国现有三室一厅住宅模式的自然通风质量进行了数值模拟,获得了住宅内部的流场分布与压力分布等主要数据。相应形成的软件具有通用性,从而为优化居住建筑的通风质量提供有效的科学评判和分析手段。

用适应性理念指导短程客机概念设计

提出一种适应性设计理念,以应对飞机概念设计中用户需求、竞争环境、先进技术成熟度等不确定性因素。其基本思想是在飞机概念设计中应事先为后继机型应用新技术预留发展空间,以便后继机型能适应新的用户需求和竞争环境。根据适应性设计的理念,对一种短程客机的基本机型及其后继机型进行了概念设计。短程客机基本型采用尾吊布局型式,目的是为后继机型应用新型发动机和先进机翼气动技术预留发展空间。基本机型N1配装齿轮传动涡扇发动机和超临界后掠翼;第二代机型N2-A和N2-B分别采用开式转子发动机或小后掠自然层流机翼技术;第三代机型N3同时采用开式转子发动机和小后掠自然层流机翼技术。基本型与后继机型自然过渡,形成飞机族,具有很好的继承性。对飞机族的评估表明,两种第二代机型的油耗比基本型分别低17%和7%;第三代机型的油耗比基本型低26%。整个客机系列具有很好的可持续发展能力。

民用飞机自然层流机翼研究进展

新世纪航空市场对能耗、噪音等限制性要求继续加强,新一代民用飞机需要在气动减阻方面取得重大突破,自然层流机翼技术成为研究热点。总结了层流技术类别,回顾了自然层流机翼的主要研究历程,介绍了当前正在开展的欧洲TELFONA计划和美国ERA计划中的自然层流机翼的研究进展,概述了自然层流机翼应用情况和自然层流短舱,分析了自然层流机翼的实际应用难题,展望了自然层流技术在新一代民用飞机中的应用。

基于全息术的水平偏置椭圆管自然对流换热

采用全息术实验研究水平偏置椭圆管层流自然对流换热,分析了长轴从水平方向到竖直方向不同角度的换热规律,记录了无限大空间水平椭圆管偏置角为0°～90°的干涉图,通过反演椭圆管周围的温度场得到了椭圆管表面的局部和平均Nusselt数。实验结果表明,长轴从水平位置偏置到竖直位置时,换热逐渐增强;长轴位于水平位置和竖直位置时,换热最小值均位于椭圆管上方,最大值则位于椭圆管长轴附近。研究结果与文献中已有的数值和实验结果吻合较好,可为今后热管换热器的设计提供优化方向,也可为工程应用提供检测方法。

后掠机翼低速流动转捩位置的升华法测量

报导了在西北工业大学低湍流度风洞中采用升华法测量后掠翼上表面流动转捩位置及其随攻角变化而改变情况,并参照后掠翼压力分布的实验结果进行分析。本文涉及的升华法,是根据边界层的层流区和湍流区流态差别来判断边界层转捩的一种测量方法。升华法的测量结果表明:在小攻角范围内,转捩位置逐渐提前,当达到某一攻角时,转捩快速接近前缘。这一结果和压力分布的实验结果相吻合,说明升华法能够较准确地显示转捩线位置。由于影响后掠翼转捩位置的因素较多,诸如边界层内横流的不稳定性、壁面的干扰、后掠翼的三维流动效应等,致使出现了攻角为4°时转捩位置呈现出一条斜线的现象。

超临界自然层流翼型NPU-L72513的风洞试验研究

超临界自然层流翼型具有很好的应用前景。西北工业大学翼型研究中心设计的我国第一个超临界自然层流翼型 NPU-L72513在 CARDC 高速所的跨声速风洞进行了试验,证明超临界自然层流翼型 NPU-L72513具有优良气动特性,其设计是成功的。同时说明我国已初步具有自行设计超临界自然层流翼型和进行相应风洞试验的能力。

沿垂直壁上可压缩气体层流边界层的自然对流流场及温度场

将可压缩气体边界层偏微分方程组 ,经特殊的相似变换 ,化为包含气体温度参数n的边界层温度比Tw/T∞ 的常微分方程组。再利用龙格—库塔法 ,解出了不同气体、不同边界温度比条件下层流边界层的流场和温度场的空间分布数值解。与一般的基本常物性的结果相比 。

自然层流超临界翼型的设计研究

阐述了研究发展我国自然层流超临界翼型ＮＰＵ－Ｌ７２５１３的设计思想，设计要求和转捩位置的判别技术和设计方法，首次提出了利用弱激波形成足够顺压梯度的自然层流超临界翼型设计思想，解决了维持层流所需的有一定顺压梯度压力分布形态和无激波超临界翼型的屋顶状压力分布要求的矛盾。风洞实验结果表明，所设计自然层流超临界翼型达到了设计要求。