Natural rubber latex as a potential additive for water-based drilling fluids

The environmental hazards and"carbon footprint"of oil and gas drilling can be significantly reduced by replacing traditional petroleum-based chemical additives with natural materials derived from plants and animals.This paper explored for the first time the interaction mechanism between natural rubber latex(NRL)and bentonite suspensions(BTs)through a series of characterization experiments,as well as the potential applications in water-based drilling fluids(WBDF).The gel viscoelasticity experiments showed that NRL could decrease the consistency coefficient(k)and flow index(n)of BTs,and enhance the shear thinning performance of BTs as pseudo-plastic fluids.In addition,0.5 w/v%NRL not only increased the critical yield stress and strengthened the structural strength between the bentonite particles,but also facilitated the compatibility of pressure loss and flow efficiency.The evaluation of colloidal stability and WBDF performance indicated that NRL particles could promote the hydration and charge stability on the surface of BTs particles,and optimize the particle size distribution and flow resistance of WBDF under the"intercalation-exfoliation-encapsulation"synergistic interaction.Moreover,NRL can improve the rheological properties of WBDF at high temperatures(<150.C),and form a dense blocking layer by bridging and sealing the pores and cracks of the filter cake,which ultimately reduces the permeability of the cake and the filtration loss of WBDF.

Preparation and Characterization of Natural Rubber/Silica Nanocomposites using Rule of Similarity in Latex

Rule of similarity and latex compounding techniques were combined for the first time to prepare natural rubber/nanosilica （NR/SiO2） nanocomposite with core-shell nanosilica-poly （methyl methacrylate） （SiO2-PMMA） particles and PMMA-modified natural rubber matrix （NR-PMMA）. The micro- structure of SiO2 and nanocomposites with different SiO2 contents was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）; the morphology of nanocomposites was investigated with scanning electron microscopy （SEM）; the tensile strength was characterized by tensile testing machine and the thermal stability of composites was studied by thermal gravimetric analysis. Results showed that PMMA chains have successfully grafted onto the surface of SiO2, and the core-shell SiO2-PMMA nanoparticles and NR-PMMA latex have been perfectly incorporated. SiO2-PMMA nanoparticles are evenly distributed over the NR matrix with an average size in the range of 60-100 nm at the low content （SiO2≤ 3 wt%）, while aggregations are apparently observed when 5 wt% SiO2 is loaded. In addition, NP/SiO2 composities possess a considerable improvement in ageing resistance compared with the pure NR. The tensile strength of composite increases from 6.99 to 12.72 MPa, reaching the highest value at a 0.5 wt% SiO2 loading, and then the figure decreases gradually because of the aggregation of SiO2 nanoparticles. It is anticipated that the reported process is to provide a simple and economic way for preparing NR composites.

STUDY ON THE PROPERTIES OF BLEND OF NATURAL RUBBER LATEX/METHYL METHACRYLATE GRAFTED RUBBER LATEX BY GAMMA RADIATION

Natural rubber latex （NRL） and methyl methacrylate （MMA） grafted rubber latex were blended in different ratios and irradiated at various absorbed doses by gamma rays from Co-60 source at room temperature. The tensile properties, swelling ratio and permanent set were measured. The maximum tensile strength and modulus at 500% elongation were obtained at an absorbed dose of 8 kGy. Modulus increases from 6.99 MPa to 9.87 MPa for an increase in proportion of MMA grafted rubber from 40% to 60% in the blend at similar absorbed dose. Elongation at break and swelling ratio decrease with increasing absorbed dose as well as the MMA grafted rubber content in the blends. The decreasing trend of permanent set is high up to 5 kGy absorbed dose, and beyond that dose, it becomes almost flat.

Modification of Natural Rubber Latex by Graft Copolymerization of 2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate and Methacrylic Acid

Natural rubber(NR)grafted with 2-ethylhexyl acrylate(2-EHA)and methacrylic acid(MAA,collectively NR-g-PEHA/MAA)was synthesized by emulsion polymerization.Tetraethylenepentamine and cumene hydroperoxide were used as redox initiators.The successful grafting of 2-EHA and MAA onto NR was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The morphology of the NR latex particles was observed by transmission electron microscopy.The effects of reaction temperature,initiator dosage,feeding mode,and hard monomer content on the mechanical properties of the modified NR film were investigated.Grafted polymer chains were unevenly wrapped on the outside of NR particles,and smaller particles were more easily grafted.Crosslinking was characterized using a toluene swelling method.Thermal stability and glass transition temperature were examined by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis.The results showed that the thermal stability of NR-g-PEHA/MAA had been improved,and the glass transition temperature(Tg)was unchanged.

多聚磷酸/天然胶乳(PPA/NRL)复合改性沥青流变特性

为提高天然胶乳(Natural Rubber Latex,NRL)改性沥青的高温性能,基于多聚磷酸(Polyphosphoric Acid,PPA)的协同增效机制,制备了不同PPA掺量的PPA/NRL复合改性沥青,分析了改性沥青的黏弹特性、高温性能、低温性能、疲劳性能以及施工和易性。一方面,利用动态剪切流变仪和弯曲梁流变仪进行温度扫描、时间扫描、频率扫描以及蠕变劲度测试,分析复数剪切模量G^(*)、相位角δ和车辙因子G^(*)/sinδ随温度及时间的变化规律,以复数剪切模量下降至初始值的50%时对应的加载次数表征PPA/NRL复合改性沥青的疲劳性能,以m值与蠕变劲度S的比值表征PPA/NRL复合改性沥青低温性能。另一方面,利用布氏黏度计测试PPA/NRL复合改性沥青的黏度,评价其施工和易性。试验结果显示:随着PPA掺量的增加,PPA/NRL复合改性沥青的车辙因子值升高,意味着沥青高温性能提升;车辙因子对数值与温度的线性关系证明了PPA掺量增加也有助于改善PPA/NRL复合改性沥青的感温性能。此外,随着PPA掺量的增加,PPA/NRL复合改性沥青的疲劳寿命逐渐延长;PPA的掺入会降低PPA/NRL复合改性沥青的低温性能;PPA/NRL复合改性沥青的黏度随PPA掺量的增加而增大,为了保证其施工和易性,PPA掺量不宜超过1.1%。研究表明,采用多聚磷酸作为天然胶乳的复配材料是实现天然胶乳路用的有效途径,仅需较小的掺量即可使改性沥青获得较优的路用性能。

鲜胶乳熟化时间对天然橡胶组成及性能的影响

采用复合保存剂HY/NH 3保存鲜胶乳1~5 d,定期取样凝固制备成天然生胶,以胶乳熟化时间为1 d的样品作对照样,探究鲜胶乳熟化时间对天然橡胶组成、性能的影响。分别采用红外光谱仪、核磁共振交联密度仪、拉力试验机等仪器对天然橡胶进行表征。结果表明,鲜胶乳熟化可以减少天然生胶中杂质、灰分、挥发物的含量,提高塑性保持率及交联密度;混炼胶的焦烧时间、正硫化时间、扭矩差值以及硫化胶的拉伸强度、撕裂强度、定伸应力等均有提高;胶乳熟化3 d制备的天然橡胶综合性能最好,其硫化胶的拉伸强度、撕裂强度分别达到20.47 MPa、30.38 kN/m,比对照样提高了3.5%和7.0%。

鲜胶乳稀释浓度对酶凝固天然橡胶组成及性能的影响

采用碱性蛋白酶凝固稀释浓度为34%,25%,20%,17%的鲜胶乳,制备天然橡胶样品,探究鲜胶乳稀释浓度对酶凝固天然橡胶组成及性能的影响。分别采用无转子流变仪、橡胶加工分析仪、拉力试验机等仪器来表征天然橡胶的性能。结果表明,随着鲜胶乳稀释浓度的降低,天然生胶的塑性初值(P_(0))先升高后降低,而塑性保持率(PRI)则相反;其氮含量、丙酮溶物含量及分子链支化度逐渐降低;混炼胶的焦烧时间(t_(10))、正硫化时间(t_(90))分别增加了19.05%,5.62%,而扭矩差则逐渐降低;硫化胶的拉伸强度、撕裂强度、定伸应力等略有降低,而扯断伸长率略有增加。

植物激素调控橡胶树产排胶机制研究进展

巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)是重要热带经济作物之一,其次生代谢产物天然橡胶(NR)是中国重要的工业原料及战略物资。植物激素对植物生长发育、萌发和环境应答等多方面均具有重要调控作用。本文详细介绍了乙烯、脱落酸、油菜素内酯和赤霉素4种植物激素在橡胶树生长发育、橡胶生物合成、产排胶和品质形成等关键环节中应用的研究进展,并展望4种激素在提高橡胶树产排胶机制研究中的应用前景,为支撑橡胶产业发展提供理论支撑。

硫酮衍生物LS对天然胶乳保存效果的研究

天然胶乳很容易腐败变质,而当前的高氨保存体系存在严重的污染问题。本研究采用硫酮衍生物LS保存天然胶乳,研究保存剂LS对天然胶乳的保存效果。结果表明:LS保存的鲜胶乳挥发脂肪酸值(VFA No.)和黏度值均比较低,当LS用量为0.1%时,对鲜胶乳的保存效果优于0.25%氨;采用LS-氨复合保存制备低氨浓缩胶乳,当LS用量为0.01%~0.05%时可稳定保存浓缩胶乳达180d之久;所保存的低氨浓缩胶乳挥发脂肪酸值(VFANo.)较低,稳定性良好,各项指标均满足当前生产应用需求。此外,LS-氨复合保存低氨浓缩胶乳具有优异的理化性能和成膜性能,硫化胶膜的拉伸强度和撕裂强度普遍优于当前高氨保存浓缩胶乳。通过红外吸收光谱分析,LS-氨复合保存的低氨浓缩胶乳硫化胶膜的结构无明显变化;热分析结果表明,硫化胶膜热稳定性与高氨浓缩胶乳胶膜基本一致。此外,安全性分析结果表明,LS-氨复合保存低氨浓缩胶乳干胶膜不具有潜在毒性影响;同时无皮肤刺激性反应,安全性良好。硫酮衍生物LS对天然胶乳具有优异的保存效果,复合保存制备低氨浓缩胶乳性能良好,可用于多种纯胶制品的生产,同时使用成本低廉,具有广阔的应用前景。

天然胶乳/丁基胶乳并用胶乳的性能研究

采用完全随机化试验方法,研究天然胶乳/丁基胶乳并用比和硫化强化包用量(以干量计)对并用胶乳及其硫化胶膜性能的影响。结果表明:并用胶乳的粘度随着停放时间的延长而逐渐增大;并用胶乳硫化胶膜的气密性随着丁基胶乳占比的增大而呈提高趋势;当天然胶乳用量为100份、丁基胶乳用量为5.42份、硫化强化包用量为2.65份时,并用胶乳硫化胶膜的拉伸强度可达到24 MPa左右。

接枝型天然橡胶基吸水膨胀橡胶的制备及吸水膨胀性能

以脱蛋白天然橡胶(DPNR)胶乳作为改性橡胶的基材,在氧化还原引发体系作用下,基于橡胶大分子链中烯丙基与乙烯基单体的自由基乳液接枝共聚反应实现丙烯酸(AA)在DPNR链上的接枝共聚,从而制备了一种亲水性AA接枝改性DPNR共聚物(DPNR-g-PAA),通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱、扫描电子显微镜和称重法表征了DPNR-g-PAA的分子结构、断面形貌和吸水膨胀性能。结果表明,DPNR-g-PAA作为吸水膨胀橡胶,其薄膜吸水率可达85.06%,DPNR的表面透湿性显著提高;与传统物理共混或溶液接枝共聚反应制备吸水膨胀橡胶工艺相比,由自由基乳液接枝共聚制得的DPNR-g-PAA具有一定的优势。

白炭黑补强天然胶乳胶膜性能的提升研究

采用白炭黑对天然胶乳胶膜补强,并通过正交试验研究硫黄、促进剂PX、碳酸锌、白炭黑用量对硫化胶膜物理性能的影响。结果表明:以硫化胶膜的拉伸强度为考察指标,4个因子的影响从大到小依次为促进剂PX、白炭黑、碳酸锌、硫黄,优化用量为促进剂PX0.9份、白炭黑1.11份、碳酸锌0.6份、硫黄1份,相应配方硫化胶膜的拉伸强度可达到31.37 MPa;以硫化胶膜的撕裂强度为考察指标,4个因子的影响从大到小依次为白炭黑、促进剂PX、硫黄、碳酸锌,优化用量为白炭黑1.31份、促进剂PX0.7份、硫黄1.25份、碳酸锌0.5份,相应配方硫化胶膜的撕裂强度可达到65 kN·m^(-1)。

改性剂对n-HA/NRL复合医用乳胶膜结构与性能的影响

将经不同改性利改性后的纳米羟基磷灰石(n-HA)与天然胶乳(NRL)复合,制备n-HA/NRL复合医用乳胶膜.采用IR、TEM和SEM进行表征,结果表明,n-HA的粒径在20～60nm之间,长径比在2.5～3.5之间,复合乳胶膜表面结构形态明显改善.n-HA和NRL两相间界面作用增强,复合乳胶膜表观交联密度及综合力学性能明显提高.

天然胶乳薄膜与木棉纤维/聚酯纤维非织造布吸声复合材料的制备与性能研究

天然胶乳薄膜具有独特的粘弹性和阻尼特性,木棉纤维具有大中空的独特结构,两者均可作为吸声材料基材。通过将木棉纤维与中空聚酯纤维混合后采用针刺加固工艺制成非织造布,然后直接与天然胶乳薄膜复合,制备天然胶乳薄膜与木棉纤维/聚酯纤维非织造布吸声复合材料,研究天然胶乳薄膜层数、复合材料面密度、木棉纤维/聚酯纤维质量比、复合材料孔径等对复合材料吸声性能的影响并分析复合材料的力学性能。结果表明:在天然胶乳薄膜层数为2、复合材料面密度为1215.72 g·m^(-2)、木棉纤维/聚酯纤维质量比为6/4、复合材料孔径为109.5μm时,天然胶乳薄膜与木棉纤维/聚酯纤维非织造布吸声复合材料的综合性能最优,最大吸声系数可达到0.8;与天然胶乳薄膜复合可弥补木棉纤维/聚酯纤维非织造布在低频率区域吸声效果的不足,有效拓宽复合材料的吸声频带,拓展其应用领域。

废胎胶粉和天然胶乳改性沥青的老化和流变性能研究

【目的】研究废胎胶粉和天然胶乳改性沥青的耐老化和流变性能。【方法】利用天然橡胶(Natural Rubber,NR)胶乳和废胎胶粉(Crumb Rubber,CR)制备橡胶沥青,通过针入度、软化点、延度和动态剪切流变试验,对比分析基质沥青和橡胶改性沥青老化前后常规性能和流变性能。【结果】结果表明,CR和NR胶乳的加入降低了橡胶沥青的针入度等级,提高了橡胶沥青的软化点和延度。与常规沥青相比,CR掺量高达8%,NR胶乳掺量高达4%时,橡胶沥青的复数模量和抗车辙性能均得到了显著提高。【结论】CR和NR胶乳的加入可提高改性沥青的总体性能,改善沥青路面的耐久性。

Reinforcement of natural rubber latex with silica modified by cerium oxide:preparation and properties

Variable masses of nano cerium oxide (CeO2) were added into nano silica (SiO2) to prepare the well-dispersed SiO2-CeO2 suspension (SiO2-CeO2), cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) was used to adjust the compatibility of SiO2-CeO2 with rubber matrix, then SiO2-CeO2 modified by CTAB and curing formulas were mixed with fresh natural rubber (NR) latex to prepare NR/SiO2-CeO2 nanocomposites that contained 0–10 parts of CeO2 by a new emulsion compounding method. The morphologies, cure characteristics, mechanical properties and thermal-oxidative stability of NR/SiO2-CeO2 nanocomposites were investigated. The re-sults revealed that the presence of CeO2 in NR/SiO2-CeO2nanocomposites was favorable for enhancing the interaction between NR matrix and fillers, helped to get smaller SiO2-CeO2 particles with narrower particle size distribution, further improved the crosslink densities and mechanical properties of NR/SiO2-CeO2 nanocomposites vulcanizates. Meanwhile, the addition of CeO2 increased the active energy at least 4.66%, obviously improved the thermal-oxidative aging-inhibiting properties of NR/SiO2-CeO2 nanocomposites. Additionally, nanocomposites containing CeO2 promotedTg shift to high temperature direction, causing the nanocomposites featured higher tanδ at 0 oC and lower tanδ at 60 oC and exhibited comparable wet grip and lower rolling resistance when NR/SiO2-CeO2nano-composites were used in tire tread compound.

B4C/NRL flexible films for thermal neutron shielding

Boron carbide/natural rubber latex(B_4 C/NRL)flexible films were prepared via dip-molding with B_4 C content in the range of 5–55 wt% for thermal neutron(0.0253 e V) shielding. B_4 C was well dispersed in NRL according to microscopic observation. Both the inside and outside surfaces of the film were smooth. For B_4 C/NRL flexible films, the minimum elongation at break was greater than 600%, the minimum tensile strength was greater than 12 MPa, and the hardness was in the range of 35–55 HA,which were suitable for preparing flexible wearable products. The attenuation efficiencies of the B_4 C/NRL flexible films for thermal neutrons were also calculated. The B_4 C/NRL flexible films exhibit good attenuation effect for thermal neutrons.

Experimental assessments of methanol-based foaming agent in latex modified foamed binders and warm asphalt mixtures

Latex is one of the natural rubbers that is used to enhance the performance of asphalt pavement for the last few decades.The presence of latex,which is categorized as an elastomer,helps to improve pavement performance and durability.Conversely,higher viscosity of latex modified asphalt binder increases the production-temperatures of asphalt mixture,thus consuming higher energy during asphalt mixture’s production stage.In this study,the effectiveness of methanol as an energy-efficient foaming agent was assessed to reduce the viscosity and enhance the workability of the modified asphalt binder.The basic and rheological properties of the asphalt binders were determined through multiple laboratory tests including expansion ratio and half-life,rotational viscosity,softening point,torsional recovery,and dynamic shear rheometer.The properties of asphalt mixtures were assessed through the service characteristics,mechanical performance,and moisture resistance criteria.It was found that the presence of latex results in an approximately twofold higher expansion ratio and a lower half-life of the asphalt binder at about the same ratio.Through the rotational viscosity test,the application of methanol into asphalt binder decreased the viscosity and led to better workability,despite the addition of latex as an asphalt modifier.The application of methanol into asphalt binder improved the workability of mixture samples and lowered the compaction energy of the compaction process,which are the crucial criteria for a better mixing and compaction process.Methanol foamed asphalt mixtures with latex show much higher resistance to moisture damage and stiffness than control sample even though they were prepared at a lower temperature.

Structure and Properties of Self-assembled Narural Rubber/Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube Composites

Natural rubber （NR）/multi-walled carbon nanotube （MWCNTs） composites were prepared by combining self-assembly and latex compounding techniques.The acid-treated MWCNTs （H2SO4：HNO3=3：1,volume ratio） were self-assembled with poly （diallyldimethylammonium chloride） （PDDA） through electrostatic adhesion.In the second assembling,NR/MWCNTs composites were developed by mixing MWCNTs/PDDA solution with NR latex.The results show that MWCNTs are homogenously distributed throughout the NR matrix as single tube and present a great interfacial adhesion with NR phase when MWCNTs contents are less than 3 wt%.Moreover,the addition of the MWCNTs brings about the remarkable enhancement in tensile strength and crosslink density compared with the NR host,and the data peak at 2 wt% MWCNTs loadings.When more MWCNTs are loaded,aggregations of MWCNTs are gradually generated,and the tensile strength and crosslink both decrease to a certain extent.

不同保存体系低氨浓缩天然胶乳的性能研究

低氨浓缩天然胶乳能在一定程度上缓解高氨胶乳带来的氨污染问题,并在多种乳胶制品中获得越来越广泛的应用。本研究采用BCT-2、HY、HM和LS 4种天然胶乳保存剂与氨复合保存制备低氨浓缩胶乳,并与高氨浓缩胶乳进行对比分析,研究不同保存体系低氨浓缩胶乳性能之间的差异。结果表明,4种保存体系对低氨浓缩胶乳保存效果良好,均能达到GB/T 8289—2016国家标准的要求。其中,BCT-2保存的低氨浓缩胶乳挥发脂肪酸值(VFA No.)最低,但胶乳黏度值最高,机械稳定度(MST)最低,稳定性最差;此外,橡胶粒子平均粒径较高;热稳定性和氧化锌机械稳定性(ZST)较低;干胶膜强度较高。HY保存的低氨浓缩胶乳VFA No.较低,黏度最低,MST和热稳定度最高;浓缩胶乳预硫化速度最快;预硫化胶乳黏度最低,MST和热稳定度最高;硫化胶膜强度较高。HM保存的低氨浓缩胶乳黏度较低;MST较高,稳定性良好;浓缩胶乳干胶膜强度最低;浓缩胶乳预硫化速度最慢。LS保存的低氨浓缩胶乳VFA No.较高,黏度值较高;MST较低,稳定性较差;橡胶粒子粒径最小;浓缩胶乳干胶膜和硫化胶膜强度均最高;干胶膜热稳定性最好。对比分析表明,HY和LS保存低氨浓缩胶乳综合性能较好,其中HY低氨浓缩胶乳适于生产发泡制品、胶黏剂等,而LS低氨浓缩胶乳适于生产手套、气球等纯胶浸渍制品。