High-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite all-pellet integrated burden optimization and softening-melting behavior based on flux pellets

High-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite(HVTM)is a crucial polymetallic-associated resource to be developed.The allpellet operation is a blast furnace trend that aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the future.By referencing the production data of vanadium-titanium magnetite blast furnaces,this study explored the softening-melting behavior of high-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite and obtained the optimal integrated burden based on flux pellets.The results show that the burden with a composition of 70wt%flux pellets and 30wt%acid pellets exhibits the best softening-melting properties.In comparison to that of the single burden,the softening-melting characteristic temperature of this burden composition was higher.The melting interval first increased from 307 to 362℃and then decreased to 282℃.The maximum pressure drop(ΔPmax)decreased from 26.76 to 19.01 kPa.The permeability index(S)dropped from 4643.5 to 2446.8 kPa·℃.The softening-melting properties of the integrated burden were apparently improved.The acid pellets played a role in withstanding load during the softening process.The flux pellets in the integrated burden exhibited a higher slag melting point,which increased the melting temperature during the melting process.The slag homogeneity and the TiC produced by over-reduction led to the gas permeability deterioration of the single burden.The segregation of the flux and acid pellets in the HVTM proportion and basicity mainly led to the better softening-melting properties of the integrated burden.

Selective reduction of carbon dioxide into amorphous carbon over activated natural magnetite

Natural magnetite formed by the isomorphism substitutions of transition metals,including Fe,Ti,Co,etc.,was activated by mechanical grinding followed by H2 reduction.The temperature-programmed reduction of hydrogen(H2-TPR)and temperature-programmed surface reaction of carbon dioxide(CO2-TPSR)were carried out to investigate the processes of oxygen loss and CO2 reduction.The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS).The results showed that the stability of spinel phases and oxygen-deficient degree significantly increased after natural magnetite was mechanically milled and reduced in H2 atmosphere.Meanwhile,the activity and selectivity of CO2 reduction into carbon were enhanced.The deposited carbon on the activated natural magnetite was confirmed as amorphous.The amount of carbon after CO2 reduction at 300°C for 90 min over the activated natural magnetite was 2.87wt%higher than that over the natural magnetite.

Facile Green Synthesis of Magnetic Fe3C@C Nanocomposite using Natural Magnetite

One simple and environmental friendly synthesis strategy for preparing low-cost magnetic Fe3C@C materials has been facilely developed using a modified sol-gel approach,wherein natural magnetite acted as the iron source.A chelating polycarboxylic acid such as citric acid(CA)was employed as the carbon source,and it dissolved Fe very effectively,Fe3O4 and natural magnetite to composite an iron-citrate complex with the assistance of ammonium hydroxide.The core-shell structure of the as-prepared nanocomposites was formed directly by high-temperature pyrolysis.The Fe3C@C materials exhibited superparamagnetic properties(38.09 emu/mg),suggesting potential applications in biomedicine,environment,absorption,catalysis,etc.

Effect of basicity on sintering behavior of low-titanium vanadium-titanium magnetite

Basicity has an important effect on the sinter quality, especially for low-titanium vanadium-titanium sinter. The effect of basieity on sintering behavior of low-titanium vanadium-titanium mixture, and the transference and distribution of element in sintering process were researched by sinter pot test, mineralogical analysis, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS） analysis. The results show that CaO preferentially reacts with TiO2, generating pervoskite, so that the total liquid phase content of the sinter is low. There is an increase in the perovskite concentration of the sinter with the basicity ranging from 1.9：1 to 2.7：1. With increasing the basicity, the calcium ferrite content increases slightly and then rises rapidly, while the silicate content decreases and the metallurgical property of the sinter is improved. As for the distribution of these elements in the sinter, Ti occurs mainly in perovskite, V occurs mainly in silicate, and Fe occurs mainly in magnetite and hematite. The most abundant occurrence of Ca and Si occurs in silicate and perovskite. With increasing the basicity, the contents of A1 and Mg increase in calcium ferrite, while they decrease in other minerals.

Solid-state reduction kinetics and mechanism of pre-oxidized vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate

The solid-state reduction kinetics of pre-oxidized vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate was studied. The phase and microstructure of the reduction product were characterized by XRD, SEM and EDS methods, based on which the mechanism of the solid-state reduction was investigated. The results showed that using coal as reductant at 950-1100 °C, the solid-state reduction of the pre-oxidized vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate was controlled by interface chemical reaction and the apparent activation energy was 67.719 k J/mol. The mineral phase transformation during the reduction process can be described as follows： pre-oxidized vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate → ulvospinel → ilmenite → Fe Ti2O5 →（FenTi1-n）Ti2O5. M3O5-type（M can be Fe, Ti, Mg, Mn, etc） solid solutions would be formed during the reduction process of the pre-oxidized vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate at 1050 °C for 60 min. The poor reducibility of iron in M3O5 solid solutions is the main reason to limit the reduction property of pre-oxidized vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate.

Effects of basicity and temperature on mineralogy and reduction behaviors of high-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite sinters

The effects of basicity and temperature on the reduction process of Hongge high-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite(HCVTM)sinter were investigated in this work.The main characterization methods of X-ray fluorescence(XRF),X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscope(SEM),and metallographic microscope were employed in this study.In this work,the reduction of HCVTM sinter with different temperature and basicity were experimented.The Fe,FeO,and TiO in reductive samples increase with increasing basicity and temperatures.The increase of basicity and temperature is favorable to the reduction of HCVTM sinter.The Fe phase has out-migration tendency to the surface of sinter while the perovskite and silicate phases have in-migration tendency to the inside of sinter.The reduction degradation index(RDI)decreases while the reduction index(RI)increases with increasing basicity.The RI increases from 67.14%to 82.09%with increasing temperature from 1073 K to 1373 K.

Influence of Coke Content on Sintering Process of Chromium-containing Vanadium-titanium Magnetite

The sintering of chromium-containing vanadium-titanium magnetite using different coke contents was studied through the sintering pot tests, X-ray diffraction analysis and mineralogical phase analysis. Results showed that, as the coke content increased from 3.2% to 4.4%, the liquid phase and combustion zone thickness increased while the vertical sintering rate and ratio of sintered product decreased. In addition, the combustion ratio of exhaust gas also increased with increasing the coke content, indicating that combustion zone temperature also increased, and the excessive the coke content in the sintering process of vanadiumtitanium magnetite is harmful. As the coke content increased, the magnetite, silicates, and perovskite contents of the sintered ore increased while the contents of hematite and calcium ferrite of sintered ore decreased; drum strength decreased, and reduction degradation properties increased while reduction ability decreased. We found that the appropriate coke content for the sintering process is 3.6 wt%.

Wettability and corrosion behavior between alkaline slag from sodium smelting of vanadium-titanium magnetite and refractory substrates

The sodium smelting of vanadium-titanium magnetite can achieve the comprehensive utilization of Fe,V,and Ti.However,the generation of alkaline slag during this process may cause damage to refractory materials.The wettability and corrosion behavior of alkaline slag on three types of refractory(MgO-C,SiC,and high alumina refractory)substrates were investigated at temperatures up to 1200℃.The effects of duration on the wettability of molten slag on SiC substrates were also investigated.Results showed that the high alumina refractory exhibited better wettability with the molten slag than the others,and thus,it is easier to be corroded.The results of scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy showed that MgO-C and high alumina refractory substrates were severely eroded.There was a visible and regular interfacial reaction layer between the slag and SiC refractory substrate,which was produced by the redox reaction between the metal oxides in the slag and the SiC refractory substrate.With the increase in holding time,the interface layer expands and silico-ferrite phases are generated at the interface.The redox reaction between Fe_(2)O_(3) and SiC substrate is the main reason for the corrosion.By comparing the differences in wettability and corrosion behavior between the alkaline slag from sodium smelting of vanadium-titanium magnetite and MgO-C,SiC and high alumina refractories,it is concluded that SiC refractory has good corrosion resistance to the slag.Iron oxides in the slag accelerate the oxidation rate of SiC refractory.

Enrichment and reconfiguration of titanium-bearing phase in vortex smelting reduction process of vanadium-titanium magnetite

To comprehensively utilize the low-iron high-vanadium-titanium magnetite,a new method of vortex smelting reduction of vanadium-titanium magnetite was proposed,and the enrichment and reconstitution regularity of Ti-bearing phases in the slag was investigated through X-ray fluorescence spectrometry,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction analysis,and optical microscopy.The phase diagram revealed that the preferential crystallization of MgTi_(2)O_(5) can be achieved by adjusting the CaO,MgO,and TiO_(2) contents of slag.The predominant Ti-bearing phases in the slag obtained from the reduction process are MgxTi_(3_x)O_(5)(0≤x≤1)and CaTiO_(3).FeTiO_(3) is present at carbon-iron ratio(CR)=1.3,while MgTi_(2)O4 and TiC are formed at CR=1.3.The enrichment of TiO_(2) in the slag increases first and then decreases as the CR increases,and at CR=1.1,the enrichment of TiO_(2) in the slag reaches 51.3 wt.%.Additionally,the concentrations of MgxTi_(3_x)O_(5)(0≤x≤1)and CaTiO_(3) in the slag,along with the grain width of MgxTi_(3_x)O_(5)(0≤x≤1),decrease with the increase in CR.

Three-liquid-phase extraction and separation of V(V) and Cr(VI) from acidic leach solutions of high-chromium vanadium–titanium magnetite

A new method by liquid-liquid-liquid three phase system, consisting of acidified primary amine N1923 （abbreviated as A-N1923）, poly（ethylene glycol） （PEG） and （NH4）2S04 aqueous solution, was suggested for the separation and simultaneous extraction of Ⅴ（Ⅴ） and Cr（Ⅵ） from the acidic leach solutions of high- chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite. Experimental results indicated that Ⅴ（Ⅴ） and Cr（Ⅵ） could be selectively enriched into the A-N1923 organic top phase and PEG-rich middle phase, respectively, while AI（Ⅲ） and other co-existing impurity ions, such as Si（Ⅳ）, Fe（Ⅲ）, Ti（Ⅳ）, Mg（Ⅱ） and Ca（Ⅱ） in acidic leach solutions, could be enriched in the （NH4）2SO4 bottom aqueous phase. During the process for extraction and separation of Ⅴ（Ⅴ） and Cr（Ⅵ）, almost all of impurity ions could be removed. The separation factors between Ⅴ （Ⅴ） and Cr（Ⅵ） could reach 630 and 908, respectively in the organic top phase and PEG middle phase, and yields of recovered Ⅴ（Ⅴ） and Cr（Ⅵ） in the top phase and middle phase respectively were all above 90%. Various effects including aqueous pH, A-N1923 concentration, PEG added amount and （NH4）2SO4 concentration on three-phase partitioning of Ⅴ（Ⅴ） and Cr（Ⅵ） were discussed. It was found that the partition of Cr（Ⅵ） into the PEG-rich middle phase was driven by hydrophobic interaction, while extraction of Ⅴ（Ⅴ） by A-N1923 resulted of anion exchange between NO; and H2V10O4-28. Stripping of Ⅴ（Ⅴ） and Cr（Ⅵ） from the top organic phase and the middle PEG-rich phase were achieved by mixing respectively with NANO3 aqueous solutions and NaOH-（NH4）2SO4 solutions. The present work highlights a new approach for the extraction and purification of V and Cr from the complex multi-metal co-existing acidic leach solutions of high-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite.

天然磁铁矿光催化转化水中头孢菌素类抗生素研究:共存离子的影响

头孢菌素类抗生素(CEPs)在环境水体中普遍存在,但目前水环境中含量较高的无机离子对天然磁铁矿光催化转化CEPs的影响研究尚不全面.本研究发现可见光(λ≥420 nm)/天然磁铁矿体系对水中CEPs有一定去除能力,确定活性物种有空穴、电子及羟基自由基.以头孢哌酮钠(CFP)为代表性CEPs,重点考察了多种无机离子对可见光/天然磁铁矿体系催化降解水中CFP的影响.研究表明:共存的SO_(4)^(2-)、NO_(3)^(-)、HCO_(3)^(-)、Cl^(-)、Br^(-)及I^(-)通过改变体系中的活性物种影响降解,SO_(4)^(2-)、NO_(3)^(-)、Br^(-)及高浓度I^(-)均有较好的促进作用,而HCO_(3)^(-)反应前期、Cl^(-)及低浓度I^(-)抑制降解.另外,高浓度HCO_(3)^(-)在反应后期会引起CFP发生碱水解而表现出促进.F^(-)、Ca^(2+)及Mn^(2+)通过改变磁铁矿活性而影响CFP降解,其中Ca^(2+)、Mn^(2+)及低浓度F^(-)不利于降解,但高浓度F^(-)有利于降解.共存的Mg^(2+)、Zn^(2+)及Cu^(2+)通过与CFP相互作用促进降解.各无机离子存在下的CFP降解中间产物相同,并分析了其在可见光/天然磁铁矿体系下的主要降解产物及降解途径.

青海某含金磁铁矿选矿工艺试验

为高效开发利用青海某含金磁铁矿石,在矿石工艺矿物学分析的基础上,进行了选矿工艺试验研究。试验结果表明:在磨矿细度为-0.074 mm80.00%、活化剂H_(2)SO_(4)用量2 000 g/t、捕收剂A6用量120+40 g/t的条件下,采用1粗2精1扫浮选闭路工艺流程,最终获得了金品位30.06 g/t、金回收率88.34%的金精矿和铁品位56.28%、含硫4.69%、铁回收率73.47%、硫回收率57.10%的铁粗精矿,综合回收了矿石中的铁、金、硫等元素,可为该矿石的开发利用提供技术依据。

Optimization of BF Slag for High Cr_2O_3 Vanadium-titanium Magnetite

In order to clarify the slag system of high Cr2O3 vanadium-titanium magnetite smelting in BF （blast furnace）, the melting properties of slag samples prepared by analytically pure reagents were measured. By means of orthogonal test synthetic weighted score method, the optimal slag for high Cr2O3 vanadium-titanium magnetite was obtained, which contained 10% MgO, 8% TiO2 and 15% Al2O3, with the binary basicity being 1.15. In addition, the effects of basicity, MgO, TiO2 and A12 03 on slag melting properties were investigated by single factor test, and the results showed that, with increasing the basicity or TiO2 content, melting temperature （Tin） increased, whereas initial vis- cosity （r/0） and high temperature viscosity （r/h） decreased. With increasing the MgO content, Tm decreased firstly and then increased. With increasing the Al2 O3 content, Tm increased, and η0 and r/h decreased firstly and then increased.

Oxidation Kinetics,Structural Changes and Element Migration during Oxidation Process of Vanadium-titanium Magnetite Ore

The oxidation kinetics, structural changes, and elements migration during the oxidation process of the va- nadium-titanium magnetite （VTM） ore were analyzed. Kinetics analysis indicated that the oxidation process was con- trolled by diffusion control and could be divided into interface diffusion and lattice diffusion with apparent activation energy of 99.69 kJ/mol and 144.08 kJ/mol in the range of 800--1000℃, respectively. The surface structure changed with the oxidization temperature as follows： dense surface→nano sized sheets→submicron particles→molten particles. The compact structure changed into porous one because of the elements migration and enrichment. Both Fe and Ti elements migrated in the opposite direction during the oxidation process. The V etement in the raw ore stably existed in the form of V^5＋ state, some vanadium migrated and occupied the tetrahedral sites of the hematite during the oxidation process.

Carbothermic Reduction Mechanism of Vanadium-titanium Magnetite

To achieve the high-efficiency utilization of vanadium-titanium magnetite（ VTM）,reduction experiments were conducted to determine the carbothermic reduction mechanism of VTM. Effects of volatile matter,temperature,time,and carbon ratio（ molar ratio of fixed carbon in coal to oxygen in iron oxides of VTM） on reduction degree were investigated.Results show that reduction degree increases with increasing volatile matter in coal,temperature,time,and carbon ratio.Phase transformation,microstructure,and reduction path were analyzed by X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy,and Fact Sage 6. 0. The thermoravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry-quadrupole mass spectrometer method was used for kinetic analysis of the main reduction process. Results indicate that the kinetic mechanism follows the principle of random nucleation and growth（ n = 4）,and the activation energy values at 600-900 and 900-1 350 ℃ are 88. 7 and 295. 5 kJ / mol,respectively.

Kinetics and mechanism of coal-based direct reduction of highchromium vanadium-titanium magnetite

High-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite(HCVTM)is a valuable resource containing metal elements such as iron,vanadium,titanium,and chromium.To recycle these elements,direct reduction is an efficient way.The mechanism and reaction kinetic parameters for the direct reduction of HCVTM were studied.Experimental results show that the reduction degree increases obviously when the C/O ratio and temperature increase.Thermodynamic analysis showed a dramatic mass loss in the direct reduction of HCVTM in the temperature range of 985-1160℃.From 1200 to 1350℃,the reduction curves for the isothermal reduction of HCVTM followed the same trend,with a sharp increase in the initial reaction zone and a slight increase in the reduction rate with increasing time,and finally,the isothermal reduction process of HCVTM was divided into several limiting stages with varying degrees,with inconsistent limiting factors for the reaction rate at different stages.The results also show that the activation energy decreases slightly at larger degrees of reduction.Also,the apparent rate constant k(T)increased with increasing reduction temperature,with lnk(T)showing a good linear relationship with temperature.

A promising method to recover spent V_(2)O_(5)-WO_(3)/TiO_(2) catalyst: treatment by vanadium-titanium magnetite sintering process

A large number of spent selective catalytic reduction(SCR)denitration catalysts are produced after the ultra-low emission transformation of coal-fired power plants in China.According to the China’s“Directory of National Hazardous Wastes(Version 2021)”,these spent vanadium-tungsten-titanium catalysts are classified as“HW50”hazardous waste,and their disposal and utilization processes have been strictly controlled.Thus,an effective and low-cost technique was developed to treat and utilize these spent SCR catalysts by the vanadium-titanium magnetite sintering process.Effects of adding spent SCR catalysts on the sintering production process and product quality indexes of sinter were studied.The results showed that adding spent SCR catalysts can improve the sintering granulation and green feed permeability,thereby increasing the productivity and flame front speed.When the addition proportion of spent SCR catalysts is less than 1 wt.%,the performance indexes of the finished sinter are basically equal to those of the finished sinter without adding spent SCR catalysts.Further increasing the proportion of spent SCR catalysts to 2.0 wt.%results in a decrease in product quality indexes,which could be attributed to the increase in perovskite content in the finished sinter.

天然磁铁矿处理含Hg(Ⅱ)废水实验研究

利用重金属离子可在水合金属氧化物和氢氧化物矿物表面产生吸附作用的原理 ,进行了天然磁铁矿处理含Hg(Ⅱ )废水的实验研究 ,结果表明 :当温度为 2 5℃、吸附平衡时间为 6 0分钟、试样用量为 2 0g/L、试样粒径为 2 0 0目以下、pH值为 6 .4 0、离子强度为零时 ,Hg(Ⅱ )初始浓度为1.12mg/L的溶液的吸附率可达 98%,使废水中Hg(Ⅱ )的浓度达到国家排放标准。pH值、离子强度、粒径、试样用量、废水浓度、温度、时间均对Hg(Ⅱ )的吸附率有一定的影响 ,其中 pH值的影响最大。Hg(Ⅱ )在天然磁铁矿上的吸附等温曲线不同于Langmuir和Freundlich等温曲线 ,而是表现为台阶型 ,符合分级离子 /配位子交换等温曲线。

人工磁铁矿和天然磁铁矿磁性及磁选行为研究

采用振动样品磁强计和磁选管对还原焙烧人工磁铁矿和天然磁铁矿的磁性及磁选行为进行了研究,结果表明:人工磁铁矿和天然磁铁矿的磁化强度和质量磁化率随外磁场强度增大具有相似的变化规律,但前者的磁化强度和质量磁化率明显比后者小,而剩磁和矫顽力比后者大。粒度较粗时,人工磁铁矿和天然磁铁矿的磁性差异较大,而随着颗粒粒度减小,二者的磁性差异缩小。与相同粒级的天然磁铁矿相比,人工磁铁矿颗粒的磁性较不均匀,分布相对分散。粒级相同的条件下,人工磁铁矿和天然磁铁矿磁分离质效率相近,但要获得相同的分选效率,前者所需的磁场强度比后者高。通过X射线衍射分析、颗粒形貌分析和微区能谱分析探讨了人工磁铁矿与天然磁铁矿磁性及磁选差异的机理。

掺天然磁铁矿水泥基复合材料电磁波吸收性能研究

以天然磁铁矿粉为低成本吸收剂制备了水泥基吸波材料,采用矩形波导法测试了不同磁铁矿掺量试样的复介电常数与复磁导率,并基于传输线与阻抗理论计算了试样的反射率.结果表明,掺天然磁铁矿水泥复合材料在8．2～12．4 GHz 频率范围内具有较高的电磁参数,表现出明显的电损耗与磁损耗.磁铁矿水泥复合材料存在2．5和8．5mm 两个匹配厚度.随磁铁矿掺量的增加,吸收峰向低频方向移动.当试样厚度为2．5mm时,磁铁矿掺量15％时,复合材料吸波性能最好,吸收峰值达到－14.8dB,反射率低于－10dB的频带达到2.1GHz,而试样厚度为8．5mm时吸收峰值较低,但是吸收频带较窄.