Energy Design and Optimization of Greenhouse by Natural Convection

This study addresses the pressing need for energy-efficient greenhouse management by focusing on the innovative application of natural ventilation.The primary objective of this study is to evaluate various ventilation strategies to enhance energy efficiency and optimize crop production in agricultural greenhouses.Employing advanced numerical simulation tools,the study conducts a comprehensive assessment of natural ventilation’s effectiveness under real-world conditions.The results underscore the crucial role of the stack effect and strategic window positioning in greenhouse cooling,providing valuable insights for greenhouse designers.Our findings shed light on the significant benefits of optimized ventilation and also offer practical implications for improving greenhouse design,ensuring sustainable and efficient agricultural practices.The study demonstrated energy savings in cooling from November to April,with a maximum saving of 680 kWh in March,indicating the effectiveness of strategically positioning windows to leverage the stack effect.This approach enhances plant growth and reduces the need for costly cooling systems,thereby improving overall energy efficiency and lowering operational expenses.

Wind-Thermal Environmental Characteristic of Multi-Variable Passive Enhanced Natural Ventilation System for High and Large Space Building

Natural ventilation effects in high and large space buildings of tropical areas greatlya ffect the air conditioning energy consumption.Aiming at nearly zero energy building design,thisp aper mainly contributes to provide theoretical basis and reference for thermal comfortable air conditioning system design of high and large space buildings.Taking a theatre in Hainan as study object,a newly composite enhanced natural ventilation system is proposed by integrating theu nderground tunnel-based earth to air heat exchange system and the solar chimney.Ventilationq uantity,air velocity and air temperature field,human vertical temperature gradient differenceu nder24simulation working conditions are considered and analyzed by using ANSYS Fluent.Fort he underground tunnel,results show that Group Two with double underground tunnels and side airs upply location shows its advantages in cooling effects and air supply uniformity.Then for the solar chimney,results show that the solar radiation intensity contributes to larger difference int ransmission power and leads to different cooling effects.On the whole,the system under workingc ondition No.7with120m long,side air supply,double underground tunnel and20m high,1mw ide,0.6°absorber plate angle solar chimney shows its priority in better comprehensive performance.

Influence of site selection on natural ventilation in Chinese traditional folk house

The relationship between the site selection of a hilly terrain and the natural ventilation of the Dangdamen building complex,which is a traditional folk house,is revealed by a computational fluid dynamics（CFD）simulation.The wind press and speed distributions around the building in four cases with different weather conditions and topographies are simulated.The simulation results show that a hill can reduce the absolute values of the wind pressure at the windward and leeward sides of the building.The encouraging effect of the patio on the natural ventilation in a terrain with a hill is greater than that without a hill.The same situation occurs when comparing the patio effects between summer and winter.The wind speed around the building can be reduced by the hill as it is an obstacle and the degrees of the influence of the hill in summer and in winter are quite different because of different wind directions.The analysis results show that this kind of site selection,with the hill to the north,is a suitable way to settle the conflict of the natural ventilation requirements in summer and in winter under subtropical climate conditions,especially in houses with patios.

Smoke distribution in naturally ventilated urban transportation tunnels with multiple shafts

The smoke spreading law of urban transportation tunnels with multiple shafts under natural ventilation is studied.A full-scale burning experiment is conducted in an actual tunnel.The study shows that smoke temperatures below the tunnel ceiling reduce rapidly along the longitudinal towards the tunnel exits. A noticeable temperature stratification is observed near the fire source.Most fire smoke is exhausted out of the shafts while the number of the smoke shafts in the downstream is more than that in the upstream.Large eddy simulation LES based on computational fluid dynamics CFD is carried out using the fire dynamics simulator FDS software with parallel processing in which the grid size of the fire-domain is set to be 0.083 m.The simulation results of temperatures under the ceiling the smoke fronts and the shafts＇smoke exhaust or air supply agree reasonably with the experimental data. Further simulations indicate that the decreasing ambient temperature or shaft spacing might reduce smoke temperatures under the tunnel ceiling and increase mass flow rates out of the shafts.This study provides technical scientific evidence and supports for the design and construction of such kinds of tunnels.

Performance Evaluation of Solar Chimney Draft: Application to Ventilation

Ventilation is one of the factors contributing to energy consumption in buildings and food preservation. The solar chimney proves to be an alternative for reducing conventional energy consumption. Thus, in this study, the performance of a solar chimney with two active faces for thermally drawing air from a chamber for preserving agri-food products was evaluated. These performances were experimentally assessed through data measurements: temperatures and velocities within the chimney, and their analysis using Excel and MATLAB. The obtained results were compared with those from literature to verify their validity. From this study, it is found that the maximum temperature at the chimney outlet reaches 49.4˚C with an average value of 43.7˚C. Additionally, the heating evolution of the chimney air presents four (04) identical phases in pairs, reflecting the chimney’s operation throughout day. The temperature difference between the outlet and inlet of the chimney reaches a maximum of 17˚C with an average of 12.6˚C. Regarding airflow, the maximum air velocity at the chimney outlet is 0.8 m/s, and the average velocities have consistently been greater than or equal to 0.46 m/s. Thus, it can be concluded that the solar chimney is capable of providing ventilation for the preservation chamber through thermal draft.

Numerical Simulation of Natural Ventilation in Northern Civil Pig Houses

With northern pig house as study objective,the 3-D numerical simulation of natural ventilation airflow field of five pig houses with different window area was done by using Fluent software,and the comparative analysis was carried out on simulation result and measured result.The results showed that the effect of ventilation was decided by the reasonable area ratio of window and earth and the ratio of length and width of window.According to this real pig house in experiment,there are the best uniformity of ventilation and the least area of having no ventilation by 1：10 of the area ratio of the window and earth in the pig houses,the smaller air retention zone by the smaller ratio of length and width of window,the better effect of ventilation;the results of simulation agree well with the results of measured,the max relative error and the average error was 11.1% and 7.7%,so the software of Fluent was proved effective in the numerical simulation of natural ventilation in the pig houses and the optimal design of pig houses＇ structure.

Natural ventilation performance of single room building with fluctuating wind speed and thermal mass

Natural ventilation is driven by either buoyancy forces or wind pressure forces or their combinations that inherit stochastic variation into ventilation rates. Since the ventilation rate is a nonlinear function of multiple variable factors including wind speed, wind direction, internal heat source and building structural thermal mass, the conventional methods for quantifying ventilation rate simply using dominant wind direction and average wind speed may not accurately describe the characteristic performance of natural ventilation. From a new point of view, the natural ventilation performance of a single room building under fluctuating wind speed condition using the Monte-Carlo simulation approach was investigated by incorporating building facade thermal mass effect. Given a same hourly turbulence intensity distribution, the wind speeds with 1 rain frequency fluctuations were generated using a stochastic model, the modified GARCH model. Comparisons of natural ventilation profiles, effective ventilation rates, and air conditioning electricity use for a three-month period show statistically significant differences （for 80% confidence interval） between the new calculations and the traditional methods based on hourly average wind speed.

Field study on thermal comfort of naturally ventilated residences in southwest China

Kunming,a city in southwest China,has a climate that is different from most of the other places in the world because of its unique geographical characteristics.Due to its temperate climate,most of the residential buildings in this region are naturally ventilated.Accordingly,a winter thermal comfort study was conducted in Kunming to reveal the thermal response of residents.Indoor and outdoor environmental parameters were measured,and participants were investigated about their clothing,thermal sensations,thermal preferences,and thermal acceptance using online questionnaires.Data from 162 valid questionnaires were collected in the survey.Although the climate is referred to as“mild”,the survey showed that the indoor temperature during winter was lower than the typical comfort range.Nevertheless,the participants responded that most of them felt neutral and comfortable.The neutral temperature of participants living in Kunming was determined to be 16.96℃.The acceptable thermal sensation vote(TSV)range of the residents is-0.72 to 1.52.The acceptable indoor air temperature range is 15.03℃ to 19.55℃,and the optimum indoor air temperature is 17.2℃.According to this study,the existing thermal comfort evaluation models can hardly predict residents’thermal responses in Kunming well.

Effect of Window Opening Percentage on the Air Flow Rate of Wind-Driven Natural Ventilation Rooms

According to the investigations of window opening percentage (WOP) of Shanghai in 2011, the WOP varies significantly from season to season and thus affects the air flow rate of natural ventilation rooms. A three-dimensional computional fluid dynamic(CFD) model was applied to simulating the flow fields in a street canyon under different wind speed and WOP. The numerical simulations show that WOP has a significant influence on the static pressure distribution of the downwind building. Therefore, a correction factor k can be used for calculating the flow rate of wind-driven natural ventilation. The results show that k ranges from 0.43 to 0.49 when WOP is 4.44%; when WOP increases to 9.78%, the correction factor k lies in 0.32 and 0.36.

Prediction and analysis model of temperature and its application to a natural ventilation multi-span plastic greenhouse equipped with insect-proof screen

The natural ventilation widely used in greenhouses has advantages of saving energy and reducing expense. In order to provide information for climate control of greenhouse, a model was developed to predict the variation of air temperature in the naturally ventilated greenhouse equipped with insect-proof screen. Roof ventilation and combined roof and sidewall ventilation were considered in the model. This model was validated against the results of experiments conducted in the greenhouse when the wind was parallel to the gutters. The model parameters were determined by the least squares method. In the used model, effects of wind speed and window opening height on the air temperature variation were analyzed. Comparison between two types of ventilation showed that there existed a necessary ventilation rate which results in air temperature decrease in natural ventilation under special climatic conditions. In our experiments when wind speed was less than 3.2 ms?1, wind had a more gradual effect on greenhouse temperature for roof ventilation, compared with combined roof and sidewall ventilation, which had greater air temperature decrease than roof ventilation only.

Study on the Optimization for Design of Indoor Natural Ventilation and Lighting Based on Passive Design Measurements

Based on the current indoor natural ventilation and lighting in the space of traditional residential buildings,this paper starts from the passive-design optimization of the spatial natural ventilation and lighting,and makes quantitative evaluation on the quality of current interior natural ventilation and lighting for two typical residential buildings by three indexes,including wind speed,static wind area ratio and satisfaction ratio about minimum lighting coefficient. Based on that, this paper conducts the passive design optimization, and establishes the quantitative association and reevaluation among the passive reformation design, natural ventilation,and lighting environmental quality,proposing the general strategy for the existing residential buildings to respond to the passive reformation design of the natural ventilation and lighting. The special reconstruction of core functionary space of integration of "the living room + dining room + partial space"is researched,and the redesign for the optimization and replacement of both indoor and outdoor enclosure parts is explored,which is expected to provide practical exploration on the strategies for passive construction of spatial natural environmental quality within a large number of highly-energy-consumed residential buildings in China,as well as the green design of residential buildings.

Study of Temperature Field in Natural Ventilated Atrium

Full-scale experimental measurements and modified k-ε two-equation computational fluid dynamics(CFD) model with buoyancy term are used to investigate temperature field of the single-sided natural ventilated atrium with large openings. Compared with the measured values, the modified k-ε turbulent mode can effectively simulate the low Reynold number airflow in the single-side naturally ventilated atrium. Based on the experiment, the optimum period of utilizing natural ventilation for indoor climate control was determined. And the characteristic of the temperature field was analyzed and classified into two zones:lower linear temperature distribution zone and upper thermal accumulation area where temperature is power function distributed. These can be referenced for design and operation of atrium in north China.

Study on Model of Indoor Air Pollution Forecast for Decoration Under Natural Ventilation Condition

To establish the model of indoor air pollution forecast for decoration. Methods The model was based on the balance model for diffusing mass. Results The data between testing concentration and estimating concentration were compared. The maximal error was less than 30% and average error was 14.6%. Conclusion The model can easily predict whether the pollution for decoration exceeds the standard and how long the room is decorated.

A Field Assessment on Natural Ventilation and Thermal Comfort of Historical District--A Case of the Wugoushui Settlement in Taiwan

Due to the urban and town development, it is common to see historical buildings and new buildings intermingled with one and another inside historical regions in Taiwan. With the increase of new buildings, natural ventilation becomes harder, which leads to the impact on the preservation of historical building and the reduction of thermal comfort for residents. Besides, problems of new buildings＇ construction and design affect the developments of cities and towns in historical district, which has existed for hundreds of years. The Wugoushui Settlement is located in Pingtung County, the southernmost part of Taiwan, and its hot season of a year is pretty long and belongs to warm and humid tropical climate. In 2008, the Pingtung County Government officially registered and announced Wugoushui as traditional settlement and meanwhile, provided the maintenance and preservation for buildings in this region on government subsidies. This paper is based on one-year-long field experiments of Wugoushui Settlement. Residents in Wugoushui Settlement continue constructing new buildings near by the traditional buildings. With the fact that constructions of new buildings result in huge impact on the circumstances of natural ventilation and thermal comfort, which have been for hundreds of years, the simple weather station is set up to collect the data of local microclimate. In addition, four representative traditional architectures were selected to be measured their indoor and outdoor temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction and thermal radiation both in winter （December to February） and in summer （May to September）. The measurement time of each building is one week and every data record is kept every minute. Besides, residents were asked to fill out the comfort survey. Based on these data, the distributions of indoor and outdoor thermal environment as well as the thermal comfort of living space under the condition of the natural ventilation are assessed. Finally, focused on the indoor living space of historical districts in southern Taiwan, there are two main suggestions given in the essay： first, a provisional comfort zone in summer is planned and proposed; second, the preliminary suggestions for the design and norms of new buildings in historical district are provided.

Thermal Behaviour in Buildings with Green Covers Combined with Natural Ventilation, Green Facades and Green Roofs

The main aim of this paper was to study the influence of ventilation during a typical experimental day, in the internal air temperature as well as in internal surface temperatures under the conditions of the outer environment, using an experimental method which allows a comparison of the thermal performance between four cell tests： a prototype called control （no vegetation） and three with different combinations of vegetation （roofs and facades） installed in a region of tropical climate. The experiments were developed in four test cells with dimensions 2.0 m × 2.50 m × 2.7 m. Measurements of internal surface temperatures and internal air temperatures were collected with the use of specific equipment, a data logger （CR1000, Campbell Scientific Inc.）, connected with two multiplexers 32 channels （416AM Campbell Scientific Inc.）. Data were recorded over a year and a typical heat day was selected, which was September 24, 2015. The results show that ventilation affects the internal temperature of the air, so that this gets even surpass the external temperature. Regarding surface temperatures, increased temperature, except those which are provided with vegetation, namely, the surfaces which have green walls and green roofs file the lower temperatures. Therefore, we can confirm the ability of vegetation to maintain more pleasant internal conditions compared to the test cells built with conventional materials, thus it can reduce cooling load efficiency.

The First Natural Ventilation Assessment in Building Design in Djibouti

With a sustained period of economic growth, rapidly growing populations and with more diversified economies Africa need sustainable development; hence the greater need for massive investments in energy. Sub-Saharan countries such as Djibouti have the potential and ability to harness their natural ventilation as a passive cooling system for designing new houses. The rapid expansion of the Djibouti city is affecting negatively the environment and the safety and comfort of its inhabitants. Proper atmospheric urban planning and management are key to making cities environmentally friendly and sustainable. Based on energy consumption, climate conditions in Djibouti and numerical analysis using Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD）, it is apparent that the natural ventilation creates a thermally comfortable indoor environment in buildings during the cool season of the year. Measured wind data from two measurement systems are presented and discussed. Statistical analyses, wind rose, Weibull distribution were carried out to understand the natural ventilation characteristic, which is used for evolving the basic criteria for economic viability of building in the semi-arid climate of Djibouti. The study found that it is possible to benefit from natural ventilation in buildings during the cool season of the year.

Natural Ventilation by Air Captors and Extractors Sheds in Hospitals in Brazil： Wind Tunnel Measurements

Natural ventilation is an efficient design strategy for the passive cooling of buildings, especially in tropical countries such as Brazil. Among the ventilation strategies, sheds can be highlighted. These structures consist of roof openings that work as air captors or extractors depending on their location in relation to the prevailing wind directions. The hospitals of the Sarah Network, designed by the Brazilian architect Joao Filgueiras Lima, Lele, are worldwide known for using these elements to improve natural ventilation. This paper analyses the natural ventilation performance of sheds for air collecting and extracting in two Sarah hospitals located in the cities of Salvador and Rio de Janeiro. In each building, the sheds were analyzed for air extracting and collecting. The analyses were carried out by reduced physical models in an atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel. The wind velocity was measured at external and internal points of the buildings, using hot-wire anemometers. The results show that the wards in Rio de Janeiro hospital are 17% more ventilated than the ones in the Salvador hospital. However, this difference occurs not only because of the collecting sheds but also because of set of openings and the configuration of the covering in hospitals in Rio de Janeiro.

Numerical Analysis of Natural Smoke Ventilation Design System under External Wind Effect in Factory Compartment

This study applied the numerical simulator tool FDS （fire dynamics simulator）, Version 5.53, and focused on the simulation of the natural smoke flow ventilation design system, an innovative ventilation design using the parallel processing technology MPI （message passing interface）. The design was then compared with the exhaust efficiency of a typical natural smoke vent. The natural smoke flow ventilation design system was located at the top of the factory, where smoke streams effectively converged. Therefore, the source of fire was designed to be 2 MW, which has a better exhaust efficiency than typical natural smoke vent with same area. The simulation discovered that the exhaust efficiency of the natural smoke ventilation design systems is higher than that of typical natural smoke vent with 2 times the opening area and that was not affected by external wind speed, Instead, external wind speed can help to enhance the exhaust efficiency. Smoke exhaust of typical natural smoke vents was affected by external wind speed, even leading them to become air inlets which would disturb the flow of air indoors, leading to smoke accumulation within the factory.

Optimization of a Solar Chimney with a Horizontal Absorber for Building Ventilation:A Case Study

A study is conducted to optimize the geometry of a solar chimney equipped with a horizontal absorber in order to improve its performances in relation to the provision of ventilation.The problem is tackled through numerical solution of the governing equations for mass,momentum and energy in their complete three-dimensional and unsteady formulation.The numerical framework also includes a turbulence model(k-ε)and a radiant heat transfer(DO)model.Moreover,a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm(MOGA)is employed to derive the optimal configuration of the considered solar chimney.It is shown that an air velocity of 0.2 m/s can be obtained.This value is the minimum allowed air velocity according to the ASHRAE’s(American Society of Heating,Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers)adaptive comfort approach.

A theoretical study on gaseous pollutant flushing of natural ventilation driven by buoyancy forces in industrial buildings

The acceleration of industrialization worsening indoor environments of industrial buildings has drawn more attention in recent years.Natural ventilation can improve indoor air quality(IAQ)and reduce carbon emissions.To evaluate gaseous pollutant levels in industrial buildings for the development of buoyancy-driven natural ventilation,two theoretical models of pollutant flushing(Model I and Model II)are developed based on the existing thermal stratification theory in combination with the mixing characteristics of lower pollutant.The results show that indoor pollutant flushing is mainly dependent on the pollution source intensity and effective ventilation area.The mixing characteristics of lower pollutant has an important effect on pollutant stratification and evolution during ventilation,but it does not change the prediction results at steady state.When the dimensionless pollution source intensity is larger than 1,the pollution source should be cleaned up or other ventilation methods should be used instead to improve IAQ.In addition,the comparisons between Model I and Model II on instantaneous pollutant concentration are significantly influenced by the pollution source intensity,and the actual pollutant concentration is more likely to be between the predicted values of Model I and Model II.To reduce pollutant concentration to a required level,the pollution source intensity should be in a certain range.The theoretical models as well as the necessary conditions for ventilation effectiveness obtained can be used for the ventilation optimization design of industrial buildings.