Developmental and hormonal regulation of fiber quality in two natural-colored cotton cultivars

Cotton cultivars with brown （Xiangcaimian 2）, green （Wanmian 39） and white （Sumian 9） fiber were investigated to study fiber developmental characteristics of natural-colored cotton and the effect of hormones on fiber quality at different stages after anthesis. Fiber lengths of both natural-colored cottons were lower than the white-fibered control, with brown-fibered cotton longer than green. Fiber strength, micronaire and maturation of natural-colored cotton were also lower than the control. The shorter fiber of the green cultivar was due to slower growth during 10 to 30 days post-anthesis （DPA）. Likewise, the lower fiber strength, micronaire and maturation of natured-colored cotton were also due to slower growth during this pivotal stage. Indole-3-acetic acid （IAA） content at 10 DPA, and abscisic acid （ABA） content at 30 to 40 DPA were lower in the fibers of the natural-colored than that of the white-fibered cotton. After applying 20 mg L-1 gibberellic acid （GA3）, the IAA content at 20 DPA in the brown and green-fibered cottons increased by 51.07 and 64.33%, fiber ABA content increased by 38.96 and 24.40%, and fiber length increased by 8.13 and 13.96%, respectively. Fiber strength, micronaire and maturation were also enhanced at boll opening stage. Those results suggest that the level of endogenous hormones affect fiber quality. Application of external hormones can increase hormone content in natural-colored cotton fiber, improving its quality.

Improvement of Fiber Quality by Distant Hybridization in the Green Cotton

In order to improve fiber quality of green cotton,a wide hybrid was used between a green fiber cotton and Sea Island cotton.The results show that the hybrid F1 plants were stable,but F2

Molecular Markers in Improvement of Fiber Quality Traits in Cotton

Cotton is the worlds leading natural fiber crop,and it is the cornerstone of textile industries worldwide.The cotton industry is confronted with problems in cost of production and

Effects of chemical topping on cotton development,yield and quality in the Yellow River Valley of China

Topping is a cultivation method that is widely practiced due to the indeterminate growth character of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.). Among the different methods of accomplishing topping, manual topping is common in the Yellow River Valley of China, although it is time-and labor-intensive. The objective of this study was to characterize the responses of cotton to different topping treatments with respect to development, yield and quality. This study included field experiments from 2015 to 2016 with three different topping methods: manual topping(MT), chemical topping(CT) using mepiquat chloride,and a non-decapitation treatment(NT). We found that the plant height, the number of fruiting branches and the length of upper fruiting branches of cotton treated with CT were significantly lower than NT. The chlorophyll content of cotton treated with CT was not significantly different from NT, but was higher than that of MT in the later season. CT enhanced plant development with reduced endogenous gibberellic acid and abscisic acid contents, and the apical development of the main stem was inhibited. Compared with MT, CT significantly increased the biomass of the vegetative parts. Most importantly,there were no significant differences in the yield or fiber quality between MT and CT. These findings suggested that CT, a simplified and effective topping method, could be utilized as an alternative in the Yellow River Valley of China.

Reproductive Performance and Fiber Quality Responses of Cotton to Potassium Nutrition

Potassium (K) deficiency affects cotton growth and development and fiber properties. An experiment was conducted in an outdoor pot culture facility by imposing four potassium stress treatments (100%, 40%, 20% and 0% of optimum K level) prior to flowering during 2010 and 2011 growing season. Upland cotton cultivar, TM-1, was seeded in the pots comprised of fine sand as rooting medium. Flowers and bolls were tagged daily to estimate boll maturation period (BMP). Leaf samples were collected every four days from flowering to maturity to estimate leaf K content. Plant height and node numbers were recorded from emergence to 21 days after treatment. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were measured weekly from day of treatment imposition to physiological maturity at an interval of seven days. Stem, leaf, and boll dry-component weights, and boll numbers were recorded at the end of the experiment in each year. From each boll, the lint samples were collected and grouped based on average leaf potassium concentration during BMP, and fiber quality parameters were recorded for each group in each treatment. At high K deficient (0 K) condition, total biomass declined by 27% and 28% in years 2010 and 2011, respectively. Significantly, lower numbers of bolls were retained per plant at 0 K stress treatment during both the years. Leaf photosynthesis (r2 = 0.92) and stomatal conductance (r2 = 0.80) declined with declining leaf K levels. Fiber length, strength, micronaire, and uniformity declined linearly with decrease in leaf K content. Weaker fibers with medium length were produced under K-deficient conditions with micronaire values in the discount range. Fiber uniformity, however, did not decline with decrease in leaf K. The identified leaf K status-specific relationships for fiber properties could be used to improve management practices under potassium deficiency and to develop new sub-routines of the existing cotton simulation models. New and improved models will be useful not only in management, but also in arena of policy decisions including future climate change impact assessment analysis.

QTL mapping of agronomic and economic traits for four F_(2)populations of upland cotton

Background:Upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)accounts for more than 90%of the annual world cotton output because of its high yield potential.However,yield and fiber quality traits often show negative correlations.We constructed four F_(2)populations of upland cotton,using two normal lines(4133B and SGK9708)with high yield potential but moderate fiber quality and two introgression lines(Suyuan04–3 and J02–247)with superior fiber quality,and used them to investigate the genetic basis underlying complex traits such as yield and fiber quality in upland cotton.We also phenotyped eight agronomic and economic traits and mapped quantitative trait loci(QTLs).Results:Extensive phenotype variations and transgressive segregation were found across the segregation populations.We constructed four genetic maps of 585.97 centiMorgan(cM),752.45 cM,752.45 cM,and 1163.66 cM,one for each of the four F_(2)populations.Fifty QTLs were identified across the four populations(7 for plant height,27 for fiber quality and 16 for yield).The same QTLs were identified in different populations,including qBW4 and qBW2,which were linked to a common simple sequence repeat(SSR)marker,NAU1255.A QTL cluster containing eight QTLs for six different traits was characterized on linkage group 9 of the 4133B×Suyuan04–3 population.Conclusions:These findings will provide insights into the genetic basis of simultaneous improvement of yield and fiber quality in upland cotton breeding.

棉籽粕和菜籽粕替代部分鱼粉对黄颡鱼肉质及肌肉发育相关基因表达的影响

文章旨在研究菜籽粕与棉籽粕复合替代饲料鱼粉对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)肌肉品质及肌纤维发育相关基因表达的影响。实验设计了5组等氮等能的饲料,以含鱼粉25%的处理组为对照饲料(FM),以菜籽粕与棉籽粕3﹕2混合后分别替代其中的10%、20%、30%和40%鱼粉,设置了RM10、RM20、RM30和RM40四个试验组。使用初始体质量为(2.38±0.10) g的黄颡鱼幼鱼,分别用上述5种饲料饲喂10周。试验表明,与对照组相比,菜粕棉粕混合替代水平达到20%及以上时黄颡鱼肌肉中的粗蛋白与粗脂肪显著降低,而水分和灰分则无显著差异;肌肉中的羟脯氨酸含量呈现下降的趋势;肌纤维中直径≥50μm的纤维数量随着替代水平达到20%后不断减小,而≤20μm的纤维数量则呈现上升趋势;植物蛋白源的替代也会对黄颡鱼的肌肉质构产生一定的影响。此外,肌肉纤维发育相关基因myod、myog和mrf4的mRNA水平随着替代水平上升而逐渐升高,而myf5与mstn的基因表达在各组间无显著差异。TOR通路相关基因中的akt、tor和s6k1等基因随着替代水平升高而下降, 4e-bp1则随着替代水平升高而上升。T-SOD和CAT的活性、及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)随替代水平升高而下降, MDA水平随替代水平达到20%后发生显著性上升。研究表明,以菜籽粕和棉籽粕复合替代黄颡鱼幼鱼饲料中超过10%的鱼粉时,会损害黄颡鱼的肌肉生长及肌肉品质。

不同覆双膜和揭膜方式对南疆棉花产量和品质的影响

以双膜覆盖栽培技术为研究基础,通过探索不同揭膜方式对棉花生长发育、产量及品质的影响,提出一种新型的地膜覆盖及揭膜方式,以期有效解决残膜污染问题。田间自然条件下,设置5个处理,即膜侧播种+双膜覆盖+苗后头水前揭膜(T_(1))、膜侧播种+双膜覆盖+苗后揭上膜(T_(2))、裸播(T_(3))、膜下播种+单膜覆盖+苗后揭膜(T_(4))、膜下播种+双膜覆盖+苗后揭上膜(CK),测定棉花农艺性状、生育期、成铃、产量及品质指标,进而分析处理间差异。结果表明:T_(1)处理对棉花株高影响不显著,T_(2)和T_(4)处理对株高影响较小,而T_(3)处理则导致株高显著降低,对棉花生长具有抑制作用;T_(1)、T_(4)和CK处理可以显著降低杂草数量,T_(2)和T_(3)处理对杂草数量的控制力度相对较弱;揭膜方式的变化对棉株生育期天数及产量形成的空间分布具有一定影响;T_(3)处理会显著降低棉花产量,其他处理对产量无显著影响;不同处理对棉花纤维品质发育无显著影响。在保证株高、产量及品质不降低的基础上,T_(1)处理能够控制杂草数量、优化成铃分布,可有效避免残膜污染,在生产上具有较好的推广应用价值。

调亏灌溉与合理密植对旱区棉花生长发育及产量与品质的影响

为明确合理密植条件下调亏灌溉的节水增产效果,在新疆干旱区大田研究了灌溉量(饱和灌溉、正常灌溉、调亏灌溉)和种植密度(12万、18万、24万株·hm-2)对棉花生长发育和产量品质的影响。结果表明,灌溉量和种植密度对棉花生物产量、经济系数、经济产量有显著的互作效应,但对纤维品质没有影响。调亏灌溉显著抑制营养生长,但提高了收获指数;调亏灌溉下适当提高密度,显著提高了生物产量和单位面积铃数。调亏灌溉下高密度处理组合在用水量减少20%的情况下,棉花产量与正常灌溉下中、高密度以及饱和灌溉下低密度等高产组合的产量相当。调亏灌溉配合合理密植是旱区棉花节水增产的有效栽培途径之一。

温度对棉纤维糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

以棉纤维比强度高的科棉1号和中等强度的美棉33B2个基因型棉花品种为材料,于2005年在江苏南京(长江流域下游棉区)和徐州(黄河流域黄淮棉区)设置不同播期(4月25日和5月25日)试验,研究了不同温度下棉纤维发育过程中蔗糖酶、蔗糖合成酶、磷酸蔗糖合成酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶等糖代谢相关酶活性的动态变化特征及其与纤维长度和比强度形成的关系.结果表明:棉纤维伸长发育期,蔗糖酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性较高;纤维加厚发育期,蔗糖合成酶和磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性上升速度快、活性高,蔗糖酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性下降速度快.纤维伸长期,蔗糖酶活性升高对纤维的伸长具有明显促进作用;纤维加厚发育期,提高蔗糖合成酶、磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性及加快蔗糖酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性下降速度有利于提高纤维比强度.科棉1号前期蔗糖酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性及中后期蔗糖合成酶、磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性均较美棉33B高.在本试验条件下,23.3℃是高强纤维形成的适宜温度,23.3℃～25.5℃是纤维长度形成的适宜温度.

调亏灌溉对棉花生长发育及其产量和品质的影响

在移动式防雨棚下，采用子母盆栽土培法，以美棉99B为试验材料进行调亏灌溉（Regulated Deficit Irrigation，缩写RDI）试验研究，旨在了解RDI对作物不同生育阶段生长发育特性、经济产量（Y）和水分利用效率（WUE）以及经济产品品质的影响，寻求适宜的调亏生育阶段（时期）和调节亏水度，为建立棉花RDI指标与模式提供理论依据。试验采用二因素（水分调亏阶段和调节亏水度）随机区组设计。结果表明，适时适度的水分调亏具有根系下扎的诱导效应，抑制植株营养体冗余生长，促进生殖生长，有利于光合产物向子棉运转与分配，提高经济产量；能够改善部分品质指标。棉花RDI的适宜指标是：苗期轻、中度调亏，0～40cm土层湿度控制下限为田间持水量的60％FC（Field capacity）或50％FC；蕾期轻度调亏，0～40cm土层湿度控制下限为60％FC；花铃期不宜调亏，应保证充足供水，0～40cm土层湿度应不低于75％FC；吐絮期可中度调亏，0～40cm土层湿度可控制在50％～55％FC。

种植密度对棉花生育动态、产量和品质的影响

旨在为冀中南棉区棉花高产栽培群体调控和品种审定设置合理的品比试验提供理论依据。以衡棉4号、冀棉958和快育66为供试材料,于2012-2013年在冀中南棉区（河北深州）设置密度试验（37 500,52 500,67 500株/hm2）,研究种植密度对陆地棉株高、果枝数、叶面积指数和产量品质性状的影响,结果表明：随密度的增加,株高和叶面积指数增高、果枝数减少;产量构成因子单铃重和衣分降低,不同时期单株蕾花铃数也降低。群体产量随密度增加而提高,52 500~67 500株/hm2是冀中南地区棉花适宜种植的密度范围,可作为高产栽培群体调控和区域品比试验安排的参考密度。密度对棉铃纤维品质存在一定影响,随密度的增加,棉纤维上半部平均长度呈增加的趋势,马克隆值呈降低的趋势。

棉花纤维发育的分子机理及品质改良研究进展

棉花纤维细胞的分化与发育是一个复杂有序的过程,在不同的发育时期均有大量的基因表达,参与纤维细胞发育的调控。转录因子和植物激素在棉纤维细胞分化起始过程中起重要的作用。纤维细胞壁结构、细胞骨架和糖类、脂类代谢相关的基因以及激素信号分子与纤维细胞的伸长密切相关。棉纤维次生壁合成时期主要是纤维素的合成及沉积过程,蔗糖合成酶和纤维素合成酶等基因在这一时期起关键的调节作用。在棉纤维发育分子生物学研究的基础上,利用基因工程改良棉花纤维品质也取得了一些研究进展。

棉花纤维品质改良相关基因研究进展

棉纤维是优良的、使用最为广泛的天然纤维。随着人们生活水平的提高,对天然纯棉织物的需求不断增加,同时对品质的要求也愈来愈高。因此,提高棉纤维产量和品质成为当前棉花遗传育种的重要目标,对棉纤维发育相关基因的克隆与功能研究是实现这一目标的重要基础。棉纤维发育由4个明显但又重叠的时期组成,包括纤维细胞的起始、伸长(初生壁合成)、次生壁合成和脱水成熟。起始是影响纤维细胞数量的重要时期,而纤维长度和强度的决定发生在次生壁合成期和脱水成熟期。棉纤维发育是一个复杂而有序的过程,由大量的基因参与调控。目前,已经有一些在棉纤维发育过程中发挥重要作用的基因被报道,包括各种转录因子、参与激素代谢基因、编码细胞壁蛋白和细胞骨架蛋白基因、活性氧代谢相关基因、以及参与糖和脂类代谢的基因等。文中对已报道的这些与棉花纤维发育相关基因的克隆和功能分析进行了系统总结,以期为棉花纤维发育及品质改良研究提供参考。

钾素对棉花生长发育和纤维品质形成影响的研究

钾素有“品质元素”之称,是棉花生长发育所必需的大量元素之一,对棉花纤维品质有重要的影响作用;本文就钾肥对棉花的生长发育、生理特性及其产量构成因素和纤维品质形成的影响进行了综述,并对在这方面研究中有待进一步解决的问题进行了讨论。

新疆陆地棉纤维品质演进趋势与改良分析

【目的】研究2008年以来的新疆棉花纤维品质变化,分析新疆棉花纤维品质的整体状况及发展趋势,为新疆陆地棉纤维品质改良提供参考。【方法】收集2008~2018年我国棉花公证检验检测数据,分年度、分区域整理,分析新疆棉花纤维品质演进趋势。【结果】11年来,新疆棉花公检占比呈逐年增加的趋势,由2008年的65.1%增长到2018年的98.3%。纤维长度呈现出先下降后上升再到平稳的趋势,2018年已达29.2 mm,高于全国平均水平。其中,2016~2018年提升较快,“30~32 mm”棉包所占比较2011~2015年提高8.3个百分点;新疆棉花平均纤维比强度呈波动变化趋势,2017~2018年提升明显,2018年平均为28.4 cN/tex,比强度“≥29 cN/tex”的棉包占比达34.2%;新疆棉花纤维整齐度变化较小,高于全国平均值,且新疆地方棉花优于兵团,较后者高0.3个百分点,“高级及以上级”整齐度占比新疆棉花呈现出波动下降的趋势,其中地方棉花下降态势较明显;新疆棉花马克隆值呈现出先下降后上升的趋势,“A+B级”平均占比高于全国。兵团棉花马克隆值好于地方,“A+B”级年均占比较后者高出5.5个百分点;新疆棉花品级呈现出向好的方向发展,好于全国平均水平,地方棉花质量优于兵团。【结论】新疆棉花对全国棉花贡献日益增大。近3年来,新疆棉花在纤维长度、比强度、马克隆值、整齐度、品级均明显提升,但也存在比强度较差、平均整齐度下降,以及高比强度、高整齐度棉花占比偏低等问题。在新疆棉花品种技术研发、示范推广及加工体系建设等方面,制定科学可行的产业政策,为实现新疆棉花适度规模、优质高效、绿色可持续的发展目标提供支撑。

棉胚珠继代培养纤维体系的建立(英文)

针对传统的棉胚珠培养方法因纤维在发育中途夭亡而不能用于研究次生壁增厚和强度形成的机理 ,本文建立了棉胚珠继代培养纤维体系 ,即根据花铃的形态特征选取 类发育状态的胚珠作外植体 ,以 14d为周期连续 3次继代 ,在继代培养基中添加 5 g· L-1活性碳 ,并根据纤维发育不同阶段的特点调整植物生长物质的种类和浓度。结果使纤维重现了植株条件下的发育历程 ,其比强度、长度和细胞壁厚度等品质指标达到或接近植株条件下发育的纤维 。

高品质陆地棉纤维品质形成特点的研究

以常规棉苏棉16为对照,研究了高品质棉渝棉1号、高品质Bt棉科棉1号的纤维发育及品质形成特点。结果表明,与苏棉16相比,科棉1号和渝棉1号纤维快速伸长期略长,快速伸长期内的长度日增长速率较高;比强度快速伸长期较短,但在快速伸长期内的增长速率较高;纤维素含量随着花后天数呈增加趋势,17 d内的增长速率很低,17 d后速率明显加快,至花后24 d呈直线上升趋势,到花后45 d时纤维素含量基本稳定。与苏棉16相比,渝棉1号和科棉1号花后IAA含量较高;花后17 d ABA含量较高,花后24 d的ABA/IAA较高,说明不同基因型纤维发育和品质建成过程的差异与其纤维细胞内的激素变化有关。

外源纤维素合酶基因对棉纤维品质的改良作用

为改良棉花纤维品质,将由35S启动子驱动的木醋杆菌纤维素合酶基因acsA和acsB,用子房注射法和花粉粒媒介法转化棕色棉G007和白色棉X003,并检测后代棉纤维品质。研究结果表明,子房注射法的基因转化效率高于花粉粒媒介法。通过PCR和southern blot检测,最终获得转基因植株共11株。根据农艺性状表现,选出4个优良单株。对转基因当代及后代的检测结果表明,棕色棉纤维长度、比强度、纤维素含量和衣分都显著增加,而白色棉只有纤维比强度和纤维素含量显著增加。纤维长度和衣分没有变化。导入由35S启动子驱动的木醋杆菌纤维素合酶基因acsA和acsB,提高了转基因后代的棉纤维品质。

冀南地区不同密度对棉花生长发育及产量品质的影响

以鲁棉研28为试材,在冀南地区研究了不同种植密度对棉花生长发育及产量品质的影响。结果表明:随密度增加,棉花株高、单株铃数、单铃重呈下降趋势,伏前桃比例增加而伏桃比例降低,单位面积铃数、皮棉产量先增加后降低;8.7万株/hm2时皮棉产量达到最大值,但在5.1万株/hm2到10.5万株/hm2之间皮棉产量差异不显著;密度对衣分和纤维品质影响不大;多雨年份,不同密度棉花株高、单铃重、衣分和皮棉产量均高于干旱年份,低密度成铃率高而高密度成铃率低。