博士后对学术职业环境满意吗?——基于Nature全球博士后调查数据比较分析

本研究基于已有成果,将博士后学术职业环境划分为学术资源、职业保障、组织管理、科研强度四个维度。利用2020年Nature全球博士后教育调查数据,通过比较分析博士后对学术职业环境的感知与评价。研究发现,相比较国外发达国家博士后而言,我国接近四成博士后对学术职业环境感到满意。为了优化博士后学术职业环境,大学需强化对博士后科研资金的支持力度,保障博士后科研参与机会,减少非学术事务对博士后科研时间的挤占,规范导师指导;大学不断调适大学基层学术组织治理模式,优化院系对博士后学术职业发展的组织支持与服务质量;大学与博士后建立稳定性雇佣关系,不断提升工资薪酬水平,疏通博士后学术职业晋升渠道,营造良好的工作环境;高校实行服务型、便捷式的科研管理方式,制定灵活多元的学术评价机制,破除博士后对“学术GDP主义”的崇拜。

The Alienation of Nature in Emily Dickinson’s Poems through the Prism of Taoism

In the poems created by the renowned American poet Emily Dickinson,those related to nature constitute a considerable proportion.However,Dickinson’s attitude toward nature is,in fact,contradictory.On the one hand,Dickinson perceives nature as gentle and kind,akin to a mother.Nature is regarded as“heaven”and embodies harmony.On the other hand,nature possesses its own operational principles and harbors inherent cruelty.According to Dickinson,humans should refrain from excessive interference in the natural order.This article attempts to analyze the similarities in attitude towards nature between Dickinson’s poetry and Taoist philosophy.

Problems and Development Suggestions of Nature Education in Jiangxi Province

The forest coverage rate of Jiangxi Province ranks second in China.It has rich natural resources,a long history of ancient color culture and rich red culture.In the development of nature education,Jiangxi Province has great potential and advantages.This paper introduces the development conditions of nature education in Jiangxi Province,summarizes the problems existing in the development of nature education in Jiangxi Province from the aspects of the types of nature education and the construction of nature education base,such as simple content and single form,imperfect infrastructure and lack of professionals,and puts forward some suggestions on the development of nature education in Jiangxi Province.

The Macrolichens of Barluk Mountain National Nature Reserve, Xinjiang Province, China

A checklist of the macrolichens (foliose, fruticose & squamulose) of Barluk Mountain National Nature Reserve located in northwestern China is presented. It was derived from 47 inventories of preserved and undeveloped areas which yielded more than 670 collections containing 102 taxa (99 species, 1 subspecies, 2 varieties). Eight species were found that were new to Xinjiang, China. Twenty-eight species and 2 varieties were found on rock, 31 species on bark of deciduous and coniferous trees, 26 species on soil and 14 species and 1 subspecies over mosses. Foliose lichens were dominant with 76 species, followed by 16 species of squamulose lichens and 7 species of fruticose lichens.

Adaptive Network Sustainability and Defense Based on Artificial Bees Colony Optimization Algorithm for Nature Inspired Cyber Security

Cyber Defense is becoming a major issue for every organization to keep business continuity intact.The presented paper explores the effectiveness of a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm-Artificial Bees Colony Algorithm(ABC)as an Nature Inspired Cyber Security mechanism to achieve adaptive defense.It experiments on the Denial-Of-Service attack scenarios which involves limiting the traffic flow for each node.Businesses today have adapted their service distribution models to include the use of the Internet,allowing them to effectively manage and interact with their customer data.This shift has created an increased reliance on online services to store vast amounts of confidential customer data,meaning any disruption or outage of these services could be disastrous for the business,leaving them without the knowledge to serve their customers.Adversaries can exploit such an event to gain unauthorized access to the confidential data of the customers.The proposed algorithm utilizes an Adaptive Defense approach to continuously select nodes that could present characteristics of a probable malicious entity.For any changes in network parameters,the cluster of nodes is selected in the prepared solution set as a probable malicious node and the traffic rate with the ratio of packet delivery is managed with respect to the properties of normal nodes to deliver a disaster recovery plan for potential businesses.

《Nature》揭示:禁食机制下的脂肪依赖性肿瘤会消退

近日,一篇发表在《Nature》上的研究显示,研究发现了一种能让小鼠摆脱胰腺癌的新方法,该疗法通过抑制脂肪代谢,切断肿瘤的能量供应,只要小鼠持续遵循生酮饮食,肿瘤生长便会停滞。研究中,研究团队聚焦于机体在禁食状态下如何转向脂肪作为能源的问题。研究者发现直接关联到胰腺癌的生物学研究,首次揭示了真核生物翻译起始因子(eukaryotic translation initiation factor,eIF4E)在禁食期间如何调控机体代谢,使其从消耗碳水化合物转变为消耗脂肪。

Nature’s Gift

NATURAL WONDERS IN CHINA AND AFRICA Qilian Mountains National Park Located in Northwest China’s Gansu and Qinghai provinces,Qilian Mountains National Park spans 50,200 square km,serving as a vital ecological security barrier and water source conservation area in west China.Established in 2017 to address ecosystem damage,intensive food chain protection and wildlife monitoring in the area began in early 2011.

《Nature》子刊:苏佳琪等开发基于牛奶的水凝胶,用作酒精中毒的解毒剂

近日,苏黎世联邦理工学院Raffaele Mezzenga、苏佳琪等人在《Nature》子刊《Nature Nanotechnology》上发表的一篇研究显示,该研究开发了一种口服的、基于牛奶蛋白的水凝胶——FeSA@FibBLG,或可作为急性酒精中毒的有效解毒剂,能够稳定耐受胃酸消化且持续显著降低酒精中毒小鼠血液中的酒精水平,同时避免额外积累有毒的乙醛,还可增强肝脏保护,并显著减轻肠道损伤和生态失调,强调了其作为酒精相关疾病的新疗法的潜力。

Spatiotemporal Evolution of Ecological Quality in Alpine Freshwater Lake Nature Reserves in the Past 20 Years

The Caohai Nature Reserve is one of the three major plateau freshwater lakes in China.Since the 1950s,human activities such as land reclamation and population relocation have greatly damaged Caohai.A rapid evaluation of the spatiotemporal evolution trend of the ecological quality of the Caohai Nature Reserve is significant for the maintenance and construction of the ecosystem in this area.The research is based on the Google Earth Engine(GEE)remote sensing cloud computing platform.Landsat TM/OLI images from May to October in five time periods:2000-2002,2004-2006,2009-2011,2014-2016,and 2019-2021 were obtained to reconstruct the optimal cloud image set by averaging the images in each time period.By constructing four ecological indicators:Greenness(NDVI),Wetness(Wet),Hotness(LST),and Dryness(NDBSI),and using Principal Component Analysis(PCA)method to obtain the Remote Sensing Ecological Index(RSEI)for the corresponding years,the spatiotemporal variation of ecological quality in the Caohai Nature Reserve over 20 years was analyzed.The results indicate:①the mean value of RSEI increased from 0.460 in 2000-2002 to 0.772 in 2019-2021,a 67.83%increase,indicating a significant improvement in the ecological quality of the reserve over the 20 years;②from the perspective of functional zoning of the Caohai Nature Reserve,the ecological quality of the core area showed a degrading trend,while the ecological quality of the buffer zone and experimental zone significantly improved;③with the implementation of ecological restoration projects,the ecological quality of the reserve gradually recovered and improved from 2014 to 2021.The trend of RSEI value changes is well correlated with human interventions,indicating that the PCA-based RSEI model can be effectively used for ecological quality assessment in lake areas.

《Nature》:新开发的可穿戴超声贴片可连续、无创监测大脑血流

近日,一篇发表在《Nature》上的研究显示,研究人员开发出一种可穿戴超声贴片(wearable ultrasound patch),其可对大脑血流进行连续、无创的监测。该研究将贴片在36名健康志愿者身上进行了测试,以检验其测量脑部主要动脉血流速度(收缩期峰值、平均流速和舒张末期速度)的能力,发现测量结果与传统超声探头的测量结果非常吻合。

A Study of the People’s Nature in Woodcuts During the Anti-Japanese War in Shanxi

The anti-Japanese woodcuts focus on the red revolutionary culture and describe the connotation of the Anti-Japanese War era,which is self-evident in the commemorative value of China’s revolutionary struggle history.For example,in Shanxi,China,woodcut art activities and social practice promotion activities organized around the theme of the Anti-Japanese War are also everywhere,which all show the people’s nature of the Chinese people during the revolutionary struggle from the two aspects of the red culture of the Anti-Japanese War and traditional art and culture,and its humanistic connotation is quite profound.In this paper,we first introduce the historical origin of woodcut during the Anti-Japanese War,and then show the people’s value connotation of woodcut art activities in Shanxi.This paper mainly discusses the image narration,language and picture narration and construction significance of woodcuts in Shanxi’s War of Resistance,fully reveals the narrative nature of image media,strives to arouse people’s recognition of this period of Shanxi’s War of Resistance culture and history,and reflects the realistic value and significance of Shanxi’s War of Resistance Woodcuts art activities.

《Nature》:科学家发现能驱动患者狼疮发生的两种细胞缺陷

近日,一篇发表在《Nature》上的研究显示,研究发现了一种特殊的分子缺陷或会促进系统性红斑狼疮的病理性免疫反应,同时揭示了逆转这一缺陷或有望逆转疾病。该研究中,研究人员报道了驱动狼疮发生的新通路,研究者表示,患者体内血液中的多种分子都会发生疾病相关的改变,最终,这些变化会导致芳香烃受体(aryl hydrocarbon receptor,AHR)所控制的通路激活不足,AHR能调节细胞对环境污染物、细菌或代谢产物的反应。

“Eternal Motion” as a “Form of Movement of a Special Nature” and the Main Condition for the Creation of the Universe

The article hypothesizes that DE and DM (UCM) are a “Form of Motion of a Special Nature”, where “Form of Motion” means “Eternal Motion” as the power of dynamics of different levels and varying degrees of self-sufficiency, and by “Special Nature”, gravitational and two other properties of matter, “tied” to the “Eternal Movement” and completely dependent on it. Carriers of key properties of a “Special Nature” have been established: “0”-DE particles and “3”-DM particles (UDM). The unity of their inherent “motionally-gravitational” properties and the peculiarity of the relationship between “motion” and “gravity” are revealed: the higher the intensity of “Eternal Motion”, the stronger the gravitational properties of matter are manifested (and vice versa). The relationship of “time” with the “vibration frequency” and the “mass” of photons with the “degree of bonding and deformation properties of the field” is shown. The maximum level of gravity has been determined, which allows Nature to successfully create the Universe: such a landmark is the proximity to the property of the Primary Source—the “pure graviton” of the OSP space, the most powerful “motionally-gravitational” particle of the Universe. The reasons for the emergence of such an identity of the gravitational properties of particles with the indicators of a “pure graviton” are established: for “0”-DE particles, this is the acquisition of the function of “freedom of movement”;for “3”-DM particles (UDM), the creation of a special structure—a “double field” (“Main” and “Small”). The presence in the “double field” of specific “tools” for the creation of the worlds of the Universe—gravitational “waves” gives rise to impulses (shocks) of varying intensity and shape. A list of functions performed by “waves” in the “Main” and “Small” fields has been compiled. The specific conditions for the formation of “UDM Streams”, their transformation into a “Vortex” and, under the influence of a powerful Initial Impulse (push), sending them to the “place” of the creation of galaxies, are shown. It is suggested that there is a “Cycle of Matter in Nature” in the closed structure of our Universe due to the “work” of “waves” and the functioning of special “factories” in the form of exotic space objects—Black holes.

自然语言处理领域中的词嵌入方法综述

词嵌入作为自然语言处理任务的第一步,其目的是将输入的自然语言文本转换为模型可以处理的数值向量,即词向量,也称词的分布式表示。词向量作为自然语言处理任务的根基,是完成一切自然语言处理任务的前提。然而,国内外针对词嵌入方法的综述文献大多只关注于不同词嵌入方法本身的技术路线,而未能将词嵌入的前置分词方法以及词嵌入方法完整的演变趋势进行分析与概述。以word2vec模型和Transformer模型作为划分点,从生成的词向量是否能够动态地改变其内隐的语义信息来适配输入句子的整体语义这一角度,将词嵌入方法划分为静态词嵌入方法和动态词嵌入方法,并对此展开讨论。同时,针对词嵌入中的分词方法,包括整词切分和子词切分,进行了对比和分析;针对训练词向量所使用的语言模型,从概率语言模型到神经概率语言模型再到如今的深度上下文语言模型的演化,进行了详细列举和阐述;针对预训练语言模型时使用的训练策略进行了总结和探讨。最后,总结词向量质量的评估方法,分析词嵌入方法的当前现状并对其未来发展方向进行展望。

威尔斯与《自然》杂志科幻历史渊源——Nature实证研究之二

本文以英国《自然》(Nature)杂志与著名科幻作家H.G.威尔斯相关的丰富文本为主要考察对象,在此基础上对威尔斯及其作品进行科学史研究。主要集中于三方面:从科幻作品参与科学活动的角度出发,对威尔斯科幻小说的书评进行了重点考察;进一步厘清《自然》杂志与科幻的早期历史渊源关系;通过威尔斯的个案,探讨了《自然》杂志在20世纪早期英国学界的定位问题。

深度学习的自然场景文本识别方法综述

自然场景文本识别在学术研究和实际应用中具有重要价值,已经成为计算机视觉领域的研究热点之一。然而,识别过程存在文本风格多样、背景环境复杂等挑战,导致识别效率和准确率不佳。传统的基于手工设计特征文本识别方法由于其有限的表示能力,不足以有效地应对复杂的自然场景文本识别任务。近年来,采用深度学习方法在自然场景文本识别中取得了重大进展,系统地梳理了近年来相关研究工作。首先,根据是否需要对单字符进行分割,将自然场景文本识别方法分为基于分割与无需分割的方法,再根据其技术实现特点将无需分割的方法进行细分,并对各类最具有代表性的方法工作原理进行了阐述。然后,介绍了当前常用数据集以及评价指标,并在数据集上对各类方法进行了性能对比,从多个方面讨论了各类方法的优势与局限性。最后,指出基于深度学习的自然场景文本识别研究存在的不足和难点,对其未来的发展趋势进行了展望。

自然资源资产规划:理论内涵、作用机理与编制逻辑

研究目的:界定自然资源资产规划理论内涵,明确规划定位、层级和分类,剖析规划引领自然资源资产价值实现的作用机理,理顺规划编制逻辑。研究方法:理论分析法,实践案例分析法和归纳演绎法。研究结果:(1)自然资源资产规划即以国土空间规划和用途管制为前提,以资产配置高效化、综合利益最大化、所有者收益最优化为根本目标,由不同履职主体对权责范围内自然资源资产保护和使用的目标、方向以及空间时序进行统筹安排的过程。规划定位为国家发展规划体系的专项规划,包括国家、省、市、县四级以及资产规划、专题规划和配置单元规划三类。(2)资产整备、资产配置和资产经营是规划关键策略和抓手,通过规划实施,可推进自然资源资产化、资产资本化、资本交易化、产品服务资金化,实现自然资源资产“存在价值—使用价值—要素价值—交换价值”演化。(3)资产规划编制实践要以“整体管护、整体配置、权责利统一”为根本原则,按照“目标导向+分区调控+策略牵引+协同落实”的逻辑开展。研究结论:自然资源资产规划是引导实现自然资源资产“明晰权利—高质供给—市场配置—价值显化—经营管理—收益分配—系统监督”全链条管理的关键,从资产价值实现视角为国土空间规划做补充,是推进“两统一”协同的重要桥梁,需尽快完善规划体系,深化技术规范研究,统筹开展各层级规划试编工作。

我国自然保护地环境教育功能实施路径研究

自然保护地是中华民族的宝贵财富,是进行生态建设的核心载体。自然保护地体系建设,是推进人与自然和谐共生的现代化、建设美丽中国的重要体现。我国的自然保护地既是生物多样性和生态系统功能保护的关键区域,又是开展科学研究、实施环境教育、传承生态文化、发展生态旅游的重要基地。如何在科学合理保护自然保护地的前提下,在自然保护地内划定适当区域有效实施环境教育成为应当关注的重要议题。

论露天矿区近自然生态修复

露天矿区生态修复面临着重建生态系统自维持力低、维持成本高,尤其是修复后“采矿痕迹”明显等问题,亟待协调好人工修复与自然恢复的关系,升级发展传统生态修复模式,促进露天矿区人与自然和谐共生。在长期的理论方法研究和应用实践经验总结基础上,①提出了露天矿区近自然生态修复的必要性及其理论内涵与技术框架。近自然矿山生态修复是参照本地自然地貌、水文、土壤、植被、景观及其演变规律,使修复后的矿业斑块达到与周边自然生态系统近似的结构与功能状态,并与周边自然地貌、水系、景观相融合的修复模式,是对传统生态修复模式的升级,逼近“采矿无痕”是其追求的理想状态。②近自然生态修复是露天矿生态化设计的重要构成,其技术环节主要包括,参照生态系统学习、近自然地貌重塑、水文衔接与调控、矿山活土层重构、植被重建与多样性重组等。参照生态系统学习为后续各个修复环节提供修复目标与参数。近自然地貌重塑是近自然生态修复的核心与基础,包括内排土场全生命周期近自然地貌重塑、外排土场近自然地貌重塑、邻近自然问题地貌协同重塑等。水文衔接与调控要解决河道沟道的优化布局、矿区上下游水系的衔接、以蓄代排径流调控等。矿山活土层重构包括矿山土物理结构重组、微生物和养分循环过程重构等内容;植被重建与多样性重组包括近自然的植物群落与多样性配置,以及近自然的植株空间布局等。③实践分析表明,露天矿近自然生态修复有助于减少土壤侵蚀,提高地貌稳定性,增强重建生态系统的自维持能力,有利于实现露天矿区“采矿无痕”,促进人与自然和谐共生。

自然疗愈体系的当代发展及公共健康服务潜力

【目的】探讨自然疗愈(nature-based intervention,NBI)体系作为现代医疗技术的辅助手段在公共健康服务方面的应用潜力并提出未来展望。【方法】通过对自然疗愈蕴含的人类思想脉络和历史发展的梳理,界定自发的疗愈行为与专业化的自然疗法(nature-based therapy,NBT)的界限,揭示自然疗愈体系由民间自发的、依靠自然医学的疗愈方法,演化成为现代专业化、系统化医疗技术辅助手段的社会动因和运行机制,进一步归纳不同国家医疗照护机构中自然疗愈体系的分布与特点。【结果】结合欧美国家自然疗愈重要理论模型,进一步解析自然疗愈作用机制和广泛的健康效能,以及实施场所和服务人群。从历史演变及当代发展趋势来看,自然疗愈体系源自朴素的自然医学和民间传统,有着广泛的社会实施基础,在现代医疗技术的进步和社会需求的变化中,显示出更强大的生命力,具有天然的“平医”结合的良好背景。【结论】自然疗愈体系充分地利用了人与自然环境的同一性和基因同源性,在不同的历史进程中均获得了人类的青睐,成为一种低成本、高产出且科学便捷的疾病恢复和健康促进手段。基于循证研究,建立科学的分类、分级体系,形成完善的园艺实操模块和干预流程,自然疗愈将具有巨大的优势,有望成为人类未来潜在的非药物治疗或替代医学方法。