Over half of solar energy consists of near-infrared and a wide range of preventative mechanisms have been evolutionarily maintained in organisms to protect against effects of near-infrared. However, the biological eff...Over half of solar energy consists of near-infrared and a wide range of preventative mechanisms have been evolutionarily maintained in organisms to protect against effects of near-infrared. However, the biological effects of near-infrared have not been investigated in detail. Despite the essential requirement of a water-filter to imitate solar near-infrared filtered by atmospheric water, previous studies used near-infrared resources without a water-filter or a cooling system. With these methods, near-infrared energy is primarily absorbed in the superficial tissues, thus these approaches are unable to sufficiently evaluate the biological effects of solar near-infrared that reaches human tissue. We have elucidated that near-infrared (1100 - 1800 nm together with a water-filter that excludes wavelengths 1400 - 1500 nm) non-thermally affects the skin into the deeper tissues. The biological effects of near-infrared have both beneficial applications and deleterious effects. Near-infrared induces collagen and elastin stimulation, which achieves skin rejuvenation and skin tightening, and induces long-lasting vasodilation that may prevent vasospasm and be beneficial for ischemic disorders. Near-infrared also relaxes and weakens dystonic and hypertrophic muscles to reduce wrinkles and myalgia. Nearinfrared is an essential tool in cancer detection and imaging, and induces drastic non-thermal DNA damage of mitotic cells, which may be beneficial for treating cancer. Activation of stem cells by near-infrared may be useful in regenerative medicine. However, continuous near-infrared exposure induces photoaging and potentially photocarcinogenesis. Humans have protective mechanisms against near-infrared on multiple levels, including perspiration, blisters, vasodilation, hair, skin, adipose tissue, and cotton or wool clothing. Further protection should be considered, as biological effects of near-infrared are significant, and standard sunscreens and glasses cannot sufficiently block near-infrared. This paper reviews the effects of near-infrared and introduces the new findings of near-infrared from a biological point of view.展开更多
Temperature-dependent near-infrared(NIR) spectroscopy is a new technique for measuring the NIR spectra of a sample at different temperatures. Taking the advantage of the temperature effect, the technique has shown its...Temperature-dependent near-infrared(NIR) spectroscopy is a new technique for measuring the NIR spectra of a sample at different temperatures. Taking the advantage of the temperature effect, the technique has shown its potential in both quantitative and qualitative analysis. The technique has been proved to be powerful in determination of the analytes in complex samples,particularly in studying the functions of water in aqueous systems due to the significant effect of temperature on the NIR spectra of water. Because of the complicated interactions in the samples and the overlapping of the broad peaks in NIR spectra, it is difficult to extract the temperature-dependent information from the spectra. Chemometric methods, therefore, have been developed for improving the spectral resolution and extracting the temperature-induced spectral information. In this review, recent advances in the studies of chemometric methods and the applications in resolution, quantitative and structural analysis of temperature-dependent NIR spectra were summarized.展开更多
文摘Over half of solar energy consists of near-infrared and a wide range of preventative mechanisms have been evolutionarily maintained in organisms to protect against effects of near-infrared. However, the biological effects of near-infrared have not been investigated in detail. Despite the essential requirement of a water-filter to imitate solar near-infrared filtered by atmospheric water, previous studies used near-infrared resources without a water-filter or a cooling system. With these methods, near-infrared energy is primarily absorbed in the superficial tissues, thus these approaches are unable to sufficiently evaluate the biological effects of solar near-infrared that reaches human tissue. We have elucidated that near-infrared (1100 - 1800 nm together with a water-filter that excludes wavelengths 1400 - 1500 nm) non-thermally affects the skin into the deeper tissues. The biological effects of near-infrared have both beneficial applications and deleterious effects. Near-infrared induces collagen and elastin stimulation, which achieves skin rejuvenation and skin tightening, and induces long-lasting vasodilation that may prevent vasospasm and be beneficial for ischemic disorders. Near-infrared also relaxes and weakens dystonic and hypertrophic muscles to reduce wrinkles and myalgia. Nearinfrared is an essential tool in cancer detection and imaging, and induces drastic non-thermal DNA damage of mitotic cells, which may be beneficial for treating cancer. Activation of stem cells by near-infrared may be useful in regenerative medicine. However, continuous near-infrared exposure induces photoaging and potentially photocarcinogenesis. Humans have protective mechanisms against near-infrared on multiple levels, including perspiration, blisters, vasodilation, hair, skin, adipose tissue, and cotton or wool clothing. Further protection should be considered, as biological effects of near-infrared are significant, and standard sunscreens and glasses cannot sufficiently block near-infrared. This paper reviews the effects of near-infrared and introduces the new findings of near-infrared from a biological point of view.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21475068,21775076)
文摘Temperature-dependent near-infrared(NIR) spectroscopy is a new technique for measuring the NIR spectra of a sample at different temperatures. Taking the advantage of the temperature effect, the technique has shown its potential in both quantitative and qualitative analysis. The technique has been proved to be powerful in determination of the analytes in complex samples,particularly in studying the functions of water in aqueous systems due to the significant effect of temperature on the NIR spectra of water. Because of the complicated interactions in the samples and the overlapping of the broad peaks in NIR spectra, it is difficult to extract the temperature-dependent information from the spectra. Chemometric methods, therefore, have been developed for improving the spectral resolution and extracting the temperature-induced spectral information. In this review, recent advances in the studies of chemometric methods and the applications in resolution, quantitative and structural analysis of temperature-dependent NIR spectra were summarized.