Near-zero-adhesion-enabled intact wafer-scale resist-transfer printing for high-fidelity nanofabrication on arbitrary substrates

There is an urgent need for novel processes that can integrate different functional nanostructures onto specific substrates,so as to meet the fast-growing need for broad applications in nanoelectronics,nanophotonics,and fexible optoelectronics.Existing direct-lithography methods are difficult to use on fexible,nonplanar,and biocompatible surfaces.Therefore,this fabrication is usually accomplished by nanotransfer printing.However,large-scale integration of multiscale nanostructures with unconventional substrates remains challenging because fabrication yields and quality are often limited by the resolution,uniformity,adhesivity,and integrity of the nanostructures formed by direct transfer.Here,we proposed a resist-based transfer strategy enabled by near-zero adhesion,which was achieved by molecular modification to attain a critical surface energy interval.This approach enabled the intact transfer of wafer-scale,ultrathin-resist nanofilms onto arbitrary substrates with mitigated cracking and wrinkling,thereby facilitating the in situ fabrication of nanostructures for functional devices.Applying this approach,fabrication of three-dimensional-stacked multilayer structures with enhanced functionalities,nanoplasmonic structures with~10 nm resolution,and MoS2-based devices with excellent performance was demonstrated on specific substrates.These results collectively demonstrated the high stability,reliability,and throughput of our strategy for optical and electronic device applications.

Near-Zero Air Pollutant Emission Technologies and Applications for Clean Coal-Fired Power

Coal is the dominant energy source in China,and coal-fired power accounts for about half of coal consumption.However,air pollutant emissions from coal-fired power plants cause severe ecological and environmental problems.This paper focuses on near-zero emission technologies and applications for clean coal-fired power.The long-term operation states of near-zero emission units were evaluated,and synergistic and special mercury(Hg)control technologies were researched.The results show that the principle technical route of near-zero emission,which was applied to 101 of China’s coal-fired units,has good adaptability to coal properties.The emission concentrations of particulate matter(PM),SO2,and NOx were below the emission limits of gas-fired power plants and the compliance rates of the hourly average emission concentrations reaching near-zero emission in long-term operation exceeded 99%.With the application of near-zero emission technologies,the generating costs increased by about 0.01 CNY∙(kW∙h)-1.However,the total emissions of air pollutants decreased by about 90%,resulting in effective improvement of the ambient air quality.Furthermore,while the Hg emission concentrations of the near-zero emission units ranged from 0.51 to 2.89μg∙m^-3,after the modified fly ash(MFA)special Hg removal system was applied,Hg emission concentration reached as low as 0.29μg∙m^-3.The operating cost of this system was only 10%-15%of the cost of mainstream Hg removal technology using activated carbon injection.Based on experimental studies carried out in a 50000 m^3∙h^-1 coal-fired flue gas pollutant control pilot platform,the interaction relationships of multi-pollutant removal were obtained and solutions were developed for emissions reaching different limits.A combined demonstration application for clean coal-fired power,with the new“1123”eco-friendly emission limits of 1,10,20 mg∙m^-3,and 3μg∙m^-3,respectively,for PM,SO2,NOx,and Hg from near-zero emission coal-fired power were put forward and realized,providing engineering and technical support for the national enhanced pollution emission standards.

Effect of a near-zero magnetic field on development and flight of oriental armyworm(Mythimna separata)

The geomagnetic field affects all living organisms on the Earth.In this study we investigated the developmental and behavioral effects of rearing Mythimna separata in a near-zero magnetic field(<500 n T)compared to the local geomagnetic field(approximately 50μT).The near-zero magnetic field produced by a Helmholtz coil system significantly lengthened larval and pupal development durations,increased male longevity,and reduced pupal weight,female reproduction,and the relative expression level of the vitellogenin(Vg)gene in newly emerged females.Moreover,the near-zero magnetic field had a considerable negative effect on the mating ratio of M.separata adults.In addition,the moths in the near-zero magnetic field displayed less flight activity late in the night than those in the Earth's normal geomagnetic field,indicating that the flight rhythm of M.separata may be affected by the near-zero magnetic field.Reduction in magnetic field intensity may have negative effects on the development and flight of oriental armyworm,with consequent additional effects on its migration.

Phase transition and near-zero thermal expansion of Zr_(0.5)Hf_(0.5)VPO_7

The Zr（0.5）Hf（0.5）VPO7 is successfully synthesized by the solid-state method with near-zero thermal expansion. Powder x-ray diffraction（XRD）, Raman spectroscopy, thermal dilatometry, and scanning electron microscopy（SEM） are used to investigate the structure, the phase transition, and the coefficient of thermal expansion（CTE） of Zr（0.5）Hf（0.5）VPO7. The investigation results show that the samples are of the single cubic type with a space group of Pa3ˉ at room temperature（RT）.It can be inferred that the superstructure is transformed from the 3 × 3 × 3 superstructure to the 1 × 1 × 1 ideal crystal in a temperature range between 310 K and 323 K. The CTE is measured by a dilatometer to be 0.59 × 10^（-6） K^（-1）（310 K–673 K）. The values of intrinsic（XRD） and extrinsic（dilatometric） thermal expansion are both near zero. The results show that Zr（0.5）Hf（0.5）VPO7 has near-zero thermal expansion behavior over a wide temperature range.

Uncertainty-based life-cycle analysis of near-zero energy buildings for performance improvements

Near-zero energy buildings( nZEBs) are considered as an effective solution to mitigating CO_2 emissions and reducing the energy usage in the building sector. A proper sizing of the nZEB systems( e. g. HVAC systems,energy supply systems,energy storage systems, etc.) is essential for achieving the desired annual energy balance,thermal comfort,and grid independence. Two significant factors affecting the sizing of nZEB systems are the uncertainties confronted by the building usage condition and weather condition,and the degradation effects in nZEB system components. The former factor has been studied by many researchers; however,the impact of degradation is still neglected in most studies. Degradation is prevalent in energy components of nZEB and inevitably leads to the deterioration of nZEB life-cycle performance. As a result,neglecting the degradation effects may lead to a system design which can only achieve the desired performance at the beginning several years. This paper,therefore,proposes a life-cycle performance analysis( LCPA) method for investigating the impact of degradation on the longitudinal performance of the nZEBs. The method not only integrates the uncertainties in predicting building thermal load and weather condition,but also considers the degradation in the nZEB systems. Based on the proposed LCPA method,a two-stage method is proposed to improve the sizing of the nZEB systems.The study can improve the designers "understanding of the components"degradation impacts and the proposed method is effective in the life-cycle performance analysis and improvements of nZEBs. It is the first time that the impacts of degradation and uncertainties on nZEB LCP are analysed. Case studies showthat an nZEB might not fulfil its definition at all after some years due to component degradation,while the proposed two-stage design method can effectively alleviate this problem.

Membrane-based acoustic metamaterial with near-zero refractive index

We investigate a one-dimensional acoustic metamaterial with a refractive index of near zero（RINZ） using an array of very thin elastic membranes located along a narrow waveguide pipe. The characteristics of the effective density, refractive index, and phase velocity of the metamaterial indicate that, at the resonant frequency fm, the metamaterial has zero mass density and a phase transmission that is nearly uniform. We present a mechanism for dramatic acoustic energy squeezing and anomalous acoustic transmission by connecting the metamaterial to a normal waveguide with a larger cross-section. It is shown that at a specific frequency f1, transmission enhancement and energy squeezing are achieved despite the strong geometrical mismatch between the metamaterial and the normal waveguide. Moreover, to confirm the energy transfer properties, the acoustic pressure distribution, acoustic wave reflection coefficient, and energy transmission coefficient are also calculated. These results prove that the RINZ metamaterial provides a new design method for acoustic energy squeezing,super coupling, wave front transformation, and acoustic wave filtering.

An acoustic bending waveguide designed by anisotropic density-near-zero metamaterial

Anisotropic metamaterial with only one component of the mass density tensor near zero （ADNZ） is proposed to control the sound wave propagation. We find that such an anisotropic metamaterial can be used to realize perfect bending waveguides. According to a coordinate transformation, the surface waves on the input and output interfaces of the ADNZ metamaterial induces the sound energy flow to be redistributed and match smoothly with the propagating modes inside the metamaterial waveguide. According to the theory of bending waveguide, we realize the ＂T＂-type sound shunting and convergence, as well as acoustic channel selection by embedding small-sized defects. Numerical calculations are performed to confirm the above effects.

A MODEL OF A NEAR-ZERO ENERGY HOME(NZEH)USING PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES AND PV TECHNOLOGY IN HOT CLIMATES

INTRODUCTION Recent development has seen a drastic increase in energy use trends in Saudi Arabian buildings leading to a demand for an effective course of action for energy conservation and production.A case study-based research initiative explor-ing near-zero energy potential in Saudi Arabia was undertaken.A 4-bedroom detached single-family faculty residence at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals(KFUPM)representing common regional housing design trends was utilized.A base case simulation model of the house was developed and val-idated using short-term and real-time energy consumption data.Three sets of strategies:passive design strategies,representative codes and standards,and renewable technology were employed in the new design of the house.Passive strategies com-prised a green roof,a ventilated wall system,a sloped roof,and insulation for thermal bridges.These alternatives helped reduce the annual energy consumption of the house by 17.2%.The most recent version of the International Energy Conserva-tion Code(IECC 2012)was also incorporated along with ASHRAE Standard 62.2 for ventilation.The code and standard together reduced the annual energy consumption by 31.1%.Solar PV was then utilized to reduce grid utilization for the remainder of the house energy loads.This strategy provided 24.7%of the total energy consumed annually.A combination of strategies showed a 70.7%energy consumption reduction,thereby decreasing the energy index of the house from 162.9 to 47.7 kWh/m^(2)/yr.The Zero Energy Building(ZEB)concepts and strategies utilized in this study demonstrate a socially responsible approach to achieving near-zero energy performance for an existing house.

Technology portfolio assessment for near-zero emission iron and steel industry in China

China aims to peak CO_(2)emissions before 2030 and to achieve carbon neutrality before 2060;hence,industrial sectors in China are keen to figure out appropriate pathways to support the national target of carbon neutrality.The objective of this study is to explore near-zero emission pathways for the steel industry of China through a detailed technology assessment.The innovative technology development has been simulated using the AIM-China/steel model,developed by including material-based technologies and optimal cost analysis.Six scenarios have been given in terms of different levels of production output,emission reduction and carbon tax.Near-zero emission and carbon tax scenarios have shown that China's steel industry can achieve near-zero emission using electric furnaces and hydrogen-based direct reduction iron technologies with policy support.Based on these technologies,minimised production costs have been calculated,revealing that the steel produced by these technologies is cost-effective.Moreover,the feedstock cost can play a key role in these technology portfolios,especially the cost of scrap,iron ore and hydrogen.In addition,the feedstock supply can have strong regional effects and can subsequently impact the allocation of steelmaking in the future.Therefore,China can achieve near-zero emissions in the steel industry,and electric furnace and hydrogen-based direct reduction iron technologies are crucial to achieving them.

四川省近零碳排放园区建设的路径探索

党的二十大明确要求积极稳妥推进碳达峰和碳中和。工业、产业等园区是碳排放集中区域,推动园区绿色低碳发展、开展近零碳排放园区建设是四川省实现碳达峰碳中和目标的重要举措。当前,四川省碳排放的主要特点是:碳排放量呈现明显上升趋势;工业是碳排放的核心产业领域;煤炭消费碳排放量占据主导地位;清洁能源消费占比正在逐年提高。为了推动和优化四川省近零碳排放园区建设,为未来经济增长提供可持续的动力,应通过实施园区差异化建设、推动产业低碳转型、重视降碳技术研发应用、数字赋能碳排管理、积极布局生态碳汇等举措,不断推动四川省经济结构优化升级。

沈阳地区典型办公建筑运行阶段碳减排潜力研究

以沈阳某办公建筑为例,将GB 50189—2015《公共建筑节能设计标准》作为节能基准,对比分析多种近零能耗建筑技术情形对建筑碳排放的影响,并对其碳减排潜力进行评估测算。利用模拟软件Design Builder对沈阳市某办公建筑建立典型模型,通过模拟计算得到几种不同技术情形下的能耗强度。碳排放强度由不同类型能源碳排放因子与能耗强度计算得出。结果表明:可再生能源利用技术和暖通空调设备能效提升技术可明显减少碳排放,碳减排率分别可达到44.88%和39.99%;另外,建筑围护结构改造以及自然通风和自然采光结合技术,减排率分别为8.18%、7.22%。按照近零能耗建筑技术要求,综合6种技术情形,办公建筑运行阶段的减排率可达51.08%。

300 MW供热机组低压缸零出力热力性能、调峰性能和经济性能分析

供热机组低压缸零出力运行可有效提升机组供热能力和调峰深度。该文基于Ebsilon软件,建立300 MW供热机组抽凝工况和低压缸零出力工况的数学模型,从热力性能、调峰性能和经济性能三个维度对常规抽凝模式和低压缸零出力模式进行分析。结果表明,低压缸零出力模式能够有效增加机组的供热能力,并降低发电标准煤耗率,当主蒸汽量为957.6 t/h时,供热量比常规抽凝供热模式提高16.25%,发电标准煤耗率下降27.2 g/kWh。低压缸零出力模式下,虽然供热机组的电负荷不具备调节能力,但其最小电负荷低于常规抽凝供热模式,适宜参与电网的深度调峰。从净收益最大化的角度,当热负荷在162~310 MW时,应采用低压缸零出力模式进行供热;当热负荷在310~375 MW时,应采用抽凝模式进行供热。

旅游景区近零碳排放示范区建设逻辑与路径研究

围绕“双碳”目标促进行业节能减排,是推动旅游产业高质量发展的关键问题.目前,我国已有多地开展近零碳景区示范工程建设,但存在概念模糊、遴选标准缺失、建设路径不清晰、政策保障不到位等问题.制定规范统一的近零碳排放示范景区遴选标准,从景区类型出发探索因地制宜的发展模式,以政策引领和市场激励促进景区从门票经济向碳票经济转型,对接旅游新需求构建绿色消费场景是近零碳排放景区建设的重要路径选择.

亚临界循环流化床机组近零深度调峰蓄释热计算及实践

随着可再生能源的快速发展,对火电机组深度调峰提出了更高的要求。以亚临界循环流化床锅炉(CFB)焖炉压火方式参与近零深度调峰为基础,建立一套近零深度调峰蓄释热量的计算方法,为后续多次进行近零深度调峰提供指导。基于对亚临界CFB机组在近零深度调峰过程中锅炉各有蓄热能力部分的具体分析,提出了一套针对CFB近零深度调峰过程中蓄释热量的计算方法,并将此方法应用于山西省某300 MW亚临界CFB机组的近零深度调峰运行实践。应用计算方法得出,锅炉视在蓄热总量为415.5 GJ,其中浇注层、金属壁、床料载体、汽水、烟气视在蓄热量分别为205.6、140.4、32.7、11.1、36.8 GJ。汽轮机做有效功的总热耗量为65.2 GJ,锅炉本体散热为6.1 GJ,数据展示了各蓄热部分随近零深度调峰过程的下降趋势。该计算方法实现了对亚临界循环流化床蓄释热量的量化计算,为后续预测指导近零深度调峰时长,研究锅炉的严密性和传热特性,以及为获得更多蓄热量提升蓄热效率和改善锅炉性能提供了数据支持。

面向风功率波动平抑的电池储能双层协调控制策略

为保证电池储能持续平抑波动,该文提出一种基于双层协调控制的电池集成储能控制策略。外层控制中,提出基于近零相位自适应滤波的风功率平滑策略,不仅使并网功率满足1、10 min时间尺度波动平抑需求,还减小了控制过程中相位滞后,并在风功率较平稳时自适应控制储能系统退出运行,有效降低了储能系统额定功率需求和运行负担。内层控制中,采用不同充、放电特性的两组磷酸铁锂电池集成以跟踪功率指令,并定义等效荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)指标衡量储能系统的整体SOC水平,随后将等效SOC与外层控制相联系,提出基于Logistic动态区间的SOC优化策略,确保优化过程中并网功率满足要求,并解决充、放电不均衡情况下的高/低SOC极端运行状态,保证电池储能持续平抑波动能力,同时可使两组电池储能接近最优放电深度(depth of discharge,DOD)运行,充分利用其循环寿命。

基于BIM技术寒冷地区近零能耗农宅技术经济分析

随着“双碳”目标的提出,观念从节能减排、低碳环保提升到近零能耗建筑的建设,近零能耗建筑一词也正式进入我们的视野里,针对于寒冷地区高耗能、高排放的现状,发展推进近零能耗建筑已经成为必然趋势,根据实例运用BIM技术进行近零能耗农宅Revit建模,运用Mars进行渲染,对应项目进行节能技术分析,导入广联达软件进行工程算量计价,从而对普通农宅和近零能耗农宅的保温系统、门窗工程、太阳能系统和新风系统进行经济造价对比分析,为在寒冷地区建设近零能耗农宅提供数据支持和帮助。

寒冷地区近零能耗建筑参数优化研究

针对寒冷地区近零能耗建筑的围护结构在夏季会增加室内制冷能耗的问题,提出在夏季和过渡季采用空调与自然通风系统相结合的节能方法,运用EnergyPlus软件模拟研究窗墙面积比、外窗太阳得热因数、窗户传热系数、外墙传热系数、外遮阳悬挑梁长度等5个参数对建筑能耗的影响,通过正交试验确定最优因素水平组合.研究结果显示,优化建筑与既有建筑相比,全年供暖制冷综合能耗可节约43.7%.

基于近零介电常数材料的热辐射调控研究进展

热辐射调控基于热辐射特性和物质相互作用实现对热辐射强度、频谱分布和方向的调控,在能量转化、传感等领域具有广泛的科学研究价值。传统热辐射材料受限于材料本身辐射吸收特性而无法实现按需设计及可控热辐射性能。近零介电常数(ENZ)材料因其特定波长附近介电常数近零而具有低折射率、强色散和电场增强等独特电磁响应特性,在调控热辐射方面具有巨大潜力。本文介绍了不同红外波段的ENZ材料分类以及ENZ材料电场增强机理,并围绕研究工作重点论述了近几年基于ENZ材料的宽带、定向、动态及可见兼容红外热辐射调控器的结构设计及最新进展,最后总结了基于ENZ材料的热辐射调控器目前所面临的挑战并展望了其未来发展方向。

基于衰减全内反射的外尔半金属耦合性质研究

外尔半金属(WSM)具有独特的体能带结构以及非平庸的表面态,对其光学性能的揭示和研究对认识这类材料和拓展相关应用有具有重要意义。为了探究光与WSM的相互作用,提出了一种衰减全内反射结构用于研究WSM中表面等离激元(SPP)的色散和耦合性质。从介电函数张量出发,通过各项异性传输矩阵来求解麦克斯韦方程组,得到菲涅尔反射系数,研究WSM的色散曲线。在此基础上,引入亚波长厚度的极化晶体薄膜,通过介电函数近零(ENZ)模式和SPP的共同激发,得到两者的耦合杂化色散曲线。研究结果表明,色散关系的高频和低频分支在反交叉点都显示出强耦合。基于WSM的耦合杂化模式具有高度传播特性和亚波长光限制的特点,可以作为未来红外光电子器件的制备和应用提供理论依据。

近零碳服务区建设技术体系研究

本文针对高速公路服务区传统能源消耗大、碳排放高的问题,以技术创新为突破口,通过开展近零碳服务区建设技术应用场景特征及需求分析,总结近零碳服务区交直流柔性微电网系统建立、绿色节能建筑设计、新能源利用、水资源优化循环、被动式超低能耗建筑技术应用、清洁能源优化建设等方面的主要技术路径,构建多能互补系统优化配置技术及运行方法,打造近零碳服务区建设技术体系,有效支撑近零碳服务区的创建,实现对近零碳服务区的重点技术应用环节和关键措施的推广。