Stiffness and Shear Stress Distribution of Glulam Beams in Elastic-Plastic Stage:Theory,Experiments and Numerical Modelling

Traditional methods focus on the ultimate bending moment of glulam beams and the fracture failure of materials with defects,which usually depends on empirical parameters.There is no systematic theoretical method to predict the stiffness and shear distribution of glulam beams in elastic-plastic stage,and consequently,the failure of such glulam beams cannot be predicted effectively.To address these issues,an analytical method considering material nonlinearity was proposed for glulam beams,and the calculating equations of deflection and shear stress distribution for different failure modes were established.The proposed method was verified by experiments and numerical models under the corresponding conditions.Results showed that the theoretical calculations were in good agreement with experimental and numerical results,indicating that the equations proposed in this paper were reliable and accurate for such glulam beams with wood material in the elastic-plastic stage ignoring the influence of mechanic properties in radial and tangential directions of wood.Furthermore,the experimental results reported by the previous studies indicated that the method was applicable and could be used as a theoretical reference for predicting the failure of glulam beams.

Boulder-induced form roughness and skin shear stresses in a gravel-bed stream

Boulder spacing in mountain rivers and near-wake flow zones within the boulder array is very useful for fish habitat and growth of aquatic organisms.The present study aims to investigate how the boulder array and spacing influence the near-bed flow structures in a gravel-bed stream.Boulders are staggered over a gravel-bed stream with three different inter-boulder spacing namely(a)large(b)medium and(c)small spacing.An acoustic Doppler velocimeter was used for flow measurements in a rectangular channel and the results were compared with those acquired from numerical simulation.The time-averaged velocity profiles at the near-wake flow zones of boulders experience maximum flow retardation which is an outcome of the boulder-induced form roughness.The ratio of velocity differences associated to form and skin roughness and its positive magnitude reveals the dominance of form roughness closest to the boulders.Form roughness computed is 1.75 to 2 times higher than the skin roughness at the near-wake flow region.In particular,the collective immobile boulders placed at different inter-boulder spacings developed high and low bed shear stresses closest to the boulders.The low bed shear stresses characterised by a secondary peak developed at the trough location of the boulders is attributed to the skin shear stress.Further,the spatial averaging of time-averaged flow quantities gives additional impetus to present an improved illustration of fluid shear stresses.The formation of form-induced shear stress is estimated to be 17%to 23%of doubleaveraged Reynolds shear stress and partially compensates for the damping of time-averaged Reynolds shear stress in the interfacial sub-layer.The quadrant analysis of spatial velocity fluctuations depicts that the form-induced shear stresses are dominant in the interfacial sub-layer and have no significance above the gravel-bed surface.

An expert system for predicting shear stress distribution in circular open channels using gene expression programming

The shear stress distribution in circular channels was modeled in this study using gene expression programming(GEP). 173 sets of reliable data were collected under four flow conditions for use in the training and testing stages. The effect of input variables on GEP modeling was studied and 15 different GEP models with individual, binary, ternary, and quaternary input combinations were investigated. The sensitivity analysis results demonstrate that dimensionless parameter y/P, where y is the transverse coordinate, and P is the wetted perimeter, is the most influential parameter with regard to the shear stress distribution in circular channels. GEP model 10, with the parameter y/P and Reynolds number(Re) as inputs, outperformed the other GEP models, with a coefficient of determination of 0.7814 for the testing data set. An equation was derived from the best GEP model and its results were compared with an artificial neural network(ANN) model and an equation based on the Shannon entropy proposed by other researchers. The GEP model, with an average RMSE of 0.0301, exhibits superior performance over the Shannon entropy-based equation, with an average RMSE of 0.1049, and the ANN model, with an average RMSE of 0.2815 for all flow depths.

Prediction of boundary shear stress distribution in straight open channels using velocity distribution

Conventional methods for measuring local shear stress on the wetted perimeter of open channels are related to the measurement of the very low velocity close to the boundary.Measuring near-zero velocity values with high fluctuations has always been a difficult task for fluid flow near solid boundaries.To solve the observation problems,a new model was developed to estimate the distribution of boundary shear stress from the velocity distribution in open channels with different cross-sectional shapes.To estimate the shear stress at a point on the wetted perimeter by the model,the velocity must be measured at a point with a known normal distance to the boundary.The experimental work of some other researchers on channels with various cross-sectional shapes,including rectangular,trapezoidal,partially full circular,and compound shapes,was used to evaluate the performance of the proposed model.Optimized exponent coefficients for the model were found using the multivariate Newton method with the minimum of the mean absolute percentage error(MAPE)between the model and experimental data as the objective function.Subsequently,the calculated shear stress distributions along the wetted perimeter were compared with the experimental data.The most important advantage of the proposed model is its inherent simplicity.The mean MAPE value for the seven selected cross-sections was 6.9%.The best results were found in the cross-sections with less discontinuity of the wetted perimeter,including the compound,trapezoidal,and partially full circular pipes.In contrast,for the rectangular cross-section with an angle between the bed and walls of 90°,MAPE increased due to the large discontinuities.

Effects of shear rates on radial distribution of different types of heavy particles in light media

In order to study distribution properties of different types of heavy particles in light media and to link macro-properties of a system with its micro-structures,radial distribution functions(RDF)of partly charged metallic particles in uni-and bi-polar systems at various shear rates were investigated by Brownian dynamics simulation.The results are good in agreement qualitatively or quantitatively compared with ones in non-polar systems and other works.The investigation indicates that dispersibility of the particles in the uni-polar system of high ionic concentrations is the largest.Therefore,it is the most unfavored to grow into clusters for precipitation.The dispersibility in the bi-polar systems is less than that in uni-polar systems,but larger than that in non-polar systems.Furthermore,all the RDFs at the same shear rates in three systems approach a limit,which implies that a threshold value exists.

Wall shear stress in portal vein of cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension

AIM To investigate wall shear stress(WSS) magnitude and distribution in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension using computational fluid dynamics. METHODS Idealized portal vein(PV) system models were reconstructed with different angles of the PV-splenic vein(SV) and superior mesenteric vein(SMV)-SV. Patient-specific models were created according to enhanced computed tomography images. WSS was simulated by using a finite-element analyzer, regarding the blood as a Newtonian fluid and the vessel as a rigid wall. Analysis was carried out to compare the WSSin the portal hypertension group with that in healthy controls.RESULTS For the idealized models, WSS in the portal hypertension group(0-10 dyn/cm2) was significantly lower than that in the healthy controls(10-20 dyn/cm2), and low WSS area(0-1 dyn/cm2) only occurred in the left wall of the PV in the portal hypertension group. Different angles of PV-SV and SMV-SV had different effects on the magnitude and distribution of WSS, and low WSS area often occurred in smaller PV-SV angle and larger SMV-SV angle. In the patient-specific models, WSS in the cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension(10.13 ± 1.34 dyn/cm2) was also significantly lower than that in the healthy controls(P < 0.05). Low WSS area often occurred in the junction area of SV and SMV into the PV, in the area of the division of PV into left and right PV, and in the outer wall of the curving SV in the control group. In the cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension, the low WSS area extended to wider levels and the magnitude of WSS reached lower levels, thereby being more prone to disturbed flow occurrence.CONCLUSION Cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension show dramatic hemodynamic changes with lower WSS and greater potential for disturbed flow, representing a possible causative factor of PV thrombosis.

Study on the double-logarithmic profile of tidal flow velocity in the near-bed layers

Tidal current velocity profile in the near-bed layers has been widely studied. The results showed that velocity profile in the near-bed layer obviously departure from the traditional logarithmic profile, due to the acceleration or deceleration. Although the logarithmic linear profile can reduce the rate of deviation from this, only it is a lower-order approximate solution. In this paper, considering the unsteady and non-linear features of tidal motion, the double logarithmic profile near-bed layers in estuarine and coastal waters is established on the assumption that the turbulent shear stress along the water depth was parabolic distribution, and on the basis of Prandtl＇s mixing length theory and yon Karman＇s self-similar theory. Having been verified the data observed at the West Solent in the south of England, and comparison of the logarithmic linear profile, it found that the double logarithmic profile is more precious than the latter. At last, the discussed results showed that： （1） The parabolic distribution of the tidal shear stresses verified good by the field data and experimental data, can be better reflected the basic features of the tidal shear stress deviating from linear distribution that is downward when to accelerate, upward when to decelerate. （2） The traditional logarithmic velocity profile is the zero-order approximation solution of the double logarithmic profile, the logarithmic linear profile is the first order, and the logarithmic parabolic profile is the second order. （3） Ignoring the conditions of diffusion and convection in the tida movement, the double logarithmic profile can reflect the tidal properties of acceleration or deceleration, so that the calculation of the friction velocity and roughness length are more reasonable. When the acceleration or the deceleration is about zero, the double logarithmic profile becomes the logarithmic profile.

Characterizing Clustering in Boulder Bed Channels and the Impact on Shear Stress Equations

Boulders and cobbles are often used in stream restoration projects to increase flow resistance and enhance channel stability and habitat diversity. Particle size metrics determined from the particle distribution are often used as a proxy for shear stress in field equations. Clustering of large particles has been thought to contribute to shear stress, but the effect of clustering is not accounted for in equations that use a representative particle size, such as the D84. In this paper, clustering is defined using the upper tail (≥84%) in a variable called Topsum. The number of clusters, average size of clusters, and shear stress are evaluated using the proposed definition of cluster. Findings suggest that the upper tail represents the roughness height better than the commonly used proxy of D84 for boulder bed streams (streams which have a D84 particle 0.05 - 0.15 meters).

锚杆岩体界面载荷传递规律及锚固长度设计

为揭示巷道围岩锚固界面脱粘失效机理,量化锚杆支护设计参数,采用三线性粘结滑移模型进行理论分析,对轴向载荷作用下锚固脱粘失效全过程中,锚固段界面剪应力、锚杆轴力分布演化规律以及界面极限锚固力进行研究,根据锚固段长度不同,得到两种界面剪应力分布演化类型。研究结果表明:当锚固长度较短时,界面剪应力存在全长软化阶段;当锚固长度较长时,界面剪应力存在弹性-软化-滑移三段共存阶段。锚固粘结界面弹性段、软化段、摩擦段内的剪应力分别呈现双曲余弦函数衰减分布、余弦函数上升分布、均匀分布规律,锚杆轴力随界面剪应力分布演化呈现多种形态的衰减分布规律。根据锚固界面模型解析计算获得极限锚固力,当不考虑脱粘摩擦力时,极限锚固力随锚固长度的增加趋近于某一固定值;当考虑脱粘摩擦力时,增加锚固长度能够持续提高锚固界面安全系数。研究成果可为锚固机制分析、锚杆支护参数设计提供理论参考。

基于剪滞理论的纤维应力分布分析

探讨拉压过程中纤维与基体之间的应力,利用弹性力学基本理论,根据Cox剪滞模型,推导轴向力和剪切力理论数学公式。在推导过程中,将径向力考虑在内,同时纤维与基体间的应力传递过程需要通过剪切应力来实现,最终求解轴向力,对轴向力和剪切力的分布作图并进行详细分析。最终发现径向力存在的情况下,最大剪应力有所降低,降低幅度达5.25%,最大轴向力有所提升,提升幅度达3.76%。同时,在拉伸过程中发现纤维两端出现了最大剪应力,而最大轴向力出现在纤维中心处。

脉冲应力冲击下30CrMnMo钢的绝热剪切失效行为

为研究30CrMnMo钢在脉冲应力冲击载荷下的绝热剪切失效及演化特性,利用分离式霍普金森压杆对一种轴对称帽型试件进行冲击剪切实验,并运用LS-DYNA动力学有限元软件对不同入射脉冲应力载荷下的剪切失效演化及剪切区温度分布进行数值模拟。结果表明,帽型试件的绝热剪切失效与脉冲应力比冲量相关,对于30CrMnMo钢帽型试件,其绝热剪切失效对应的脉冲应力比冲量近似为常量。数值模拟中,当网格尺寸小于剪切带宽度时,能够有效模拟剪切带内的局部温升热点特性。绝热剪切演化表现为失稳由帽型试件剪切区拐角处启动并同时向中心传播,剪切带内外材料主要经历均匀剪切变形和失稳快速扩展2个阶段。

山区高速公路陡纵坡段沥青路面面层剪应力分布规律

为研究山区高速陡纵坡段沥青路面面层剪应力分布规律,并考虑基层-面层层间结合状态、基层-面层模量比,基于BISAR3.0软件开展弹性层状体系静力学分析。研究结果表明:1)相较平坡路段,陡纵坡路段具有较大的水平荷载系数,从而导致沥青面层极值剪应力最大值大幅增大,高极值剪应力分布更为集中,水平荷载对整个沥青面层的极值剪应力的分布均有一定程度影响;2)不同层间接触状态下陡纵坡段沥青面层的极值剪应力最大值差异较小,但在较高值(>250 kPa)极值剪应力的分布上有较大差别,基层-面层层间完全光滑状态下陡纵坡的极值剪应力较高值(>250 kPa)相较层间完全连续状态分布更为广泛且贯穿于沥青面层,沥青面层底部更易发生剪切破坏;3)在沥青面层模量为10000 MPa、基层模量范围为6000 MPa~14000 MPa时,随着基层-面层模量比提升,陡纵坡段沥青面层极值剪应力最大值有所降低。根据静力学分析结果,陡纵坡段沥青路面相较平坡路段具有更高的极值剪应力,可提高基层-面层层间结合性以及在保障沥青面层模量的基础上适当提升基层模量,有利于陡纵坡段沥青路面的抗剪切能力。

梯度流体剪应力下破骨前体细胞迁移与胞内钙分布的关联性

目的阐明局部梯度流体剪应力(fluid shear stress,FSS)是否会造成胞内Ca^(2+)浓度梯度的特异性分布,并最终决定细胞的迁移方向。方法利用COMSOL软件对流动腔内FSS分布进行数值模拟。建立FSS作用下破骨前体细胞RAW264.7胞内Ca^(2+)染色方法,并对细胞施加梯度FSS,定量分析胞内Ca^(2+)浓度分布和动态变化以及细胞迁移参数。结果破骨前体细胞更倾向于向低FSS区域迁移,且振荡流会调节细胞内Ca^(2+)沿细胞迁移方向分布,当阻断力敏感阳离子选择性通道、磷脂酶C、内质网钙信号通路和清除细胞外钙后,细胞向低FSS方向的迁移速度显著降低,但是沿液体流动方向的迁移速度显著增强。同时,细胞沿液体流动方向的Ca^(2+)分布显著升高。结论梯度FSS作用下,破骨前体细胞可以感受到这种梯度效应,且胞内Ca^(2+)沿迁移方向的特异性分布,最终导致破骨前体细胞向低FSS区域迁移。研究结果为最终阐明动态外力作用下骨组织重建的细胞和分子机制提供了较为重要的基础数据。

基于声发射信号的铰缝剪应力分布检测方法研究

声发射(AE)是一种无损非侵入性检测方法,其在混凝土结构监测等领域有着极大的潜力,近年来受国内学者的广泛关注。本文围绕基于声发射信号的铰缝剪应力分布测量方法的研究背景、理论基础与相关算法展开。揭示铰缝剪应力测量研究大方向和所需要技术应该具有的重要特点。通过分析声发射信号的参数与结构的应力/应变之间的内在关联与主要数学模型,形成基于声发射信号的铰缝剪应力分布测量方法的理论基础与技术支撑。最后,基于时间序列分析理论与模型等数学工具,提出利用声发射信号重现铰缝内部剪应力分布的方法、数学模型与流程,并于试验模型采集数据进行对比,验证了该方法在实际应用中的可行性和有效性。

Shear stress distribution prediction in symmetric compound channels using data mining and machine learning models

Shear stress distribution prediction in open channels is of utmost importance in hydraulic structural engineering as it directly affects the design of stable channels.In this study,at first,a series of experimental tests were conducted to assess the shear stress distribution in prismatic compound channels.The shear stress values around the whole wetted perimeter were measured in the compound channel with different floodplain widths also in different flow depths in subcritical and supercritical conditions.A set of,data mining and machine learning algorithms including Random Forest(RF),M5P,Random Committee,KStar and Additive Regression implemented on attained data to predict the shear stress distribution in the compound channel.Results indicated among these five models;RF method indicated the most precise results with the highest R2 value of 0.9.Finally,the most powerful data mining method which studied in this research compared with two well-known analytical models of Shiono and Knight method(SKM)and Shannon method to acquire the proposed model functioning in predicting the shear stress distribution.The results showed that the RF model has the best prediction performance compared to SKM and Shannon models.

岩体离层作用下全长黏结型锚杆受力分析

针对巷道锚固范围内出现离层,引发锚杆脱粘失效的问题,基于围岩变形中全长黏结型锚杆的荷载传递机理,分析离层作用对锚杆的影响,建立含有离层的系统锚杆受力分析模型,研究岩体离层下锚杆受力特性及失效机制。研究结果表明:离层会对锚杆产生附加应力,系统锚杆在离层作用下锚固界面剪应力及杆体轴力迅速增大,且界面容易发生脱粘滑移;在离层位置处,界面剪应力发生跳跃,轴力最大值从中性点位置转为离层处;离层位置对锚杆的受力特性有一定影响,离层发生在中性点附近时,产生的不利影响最大。研究结果为易发生离层的巷道锚固支护设计提供理论参考。

面外弯曲振动薄板上的除冰剪切应力分布特征研究

基于压电驱动器激励振动的机械力学式除冰技术是一种重量小和能耗低的新型除冰技术,用于应对航空结冰威胁问题。其中机械振动引起的界面剪切应力和相应结构振动模态是该除冰技术研究中的两个重要方面。寻找合适的振动模态来产生足够的界面剪切应力以提高除冰效率是研究中的重要内容。薄板的振动模态通常用横向轴线和纵向轴线上的反节点数m和n来描述。本文目的是研究不同结构弯曲振动模态下除冰剪切应力的分布特征,从而为基于机械振动的结冰防护系统(Ice protection system,IPS)的详细设计建立目标振动模态的选择依据。通过理论分析和仿真计算,建立了界面剪切应力与结构振动模态参数之间的关系。采用“冰层⁃平板⁃压电陶瓷”的有限元分析模型(Finite element model,FEM),仿真计算了不同振动模态下的应力应变水平,并根据仿真和实验结果分析了除冰剪切力的分布特征。最终给出了基于弯曲振动模态参数m和n的特征来确定除冰模态的选择标准。

钻孔回填料粒径对传感光缆应变耦合性影响研究

钻孔全断面光纤监测技术已在地面沉降和矿山塌陷等地质灾害监测中不断得到推广应用,其中钻孔回填料与直埋式传感光缆之间的应变耦合性是影响光纤监测结果准确性的关键。利用可控围压光缆–回填料耦合性测试试验装置,探究了0~1.0MPa围压下传感光缆与不同粒径砂土回填料(0.5~4mm)之间的应变耦合性问题。结果表明:在相同围压与拉拔位移下,光缆与砂土之间的应变耦合性,随着粒径的增大而减弱,即0.5~1mm砂土与应变传感光缆间的耦合性最强。将10000με作为传感光缆最大应变监测量程,对传感光缆–砂土应变耦合性进行了评价。当光缆–砂土变形协调系数为0.9时,0.5~1,1~2,2~4 mm粒径砂料的临界围压依次为0.14,0.33,0.52 MPa。应变传感光缆与砂土的界面剪应力先增大后减小,随着拉拔位移的增大,光缆–砂土界面剪应力峰值与传递深度均有增加。研究结果可为确定钻孔全断面光纤监测的临界围压深度提供科学依据。

高轴压比下预制桥墩承插式连接力学行为试验研究

为研究高轴压比下预制桥墩承插式连接的力学行为,通过轴压性能试验,研究连接的受力失效机制,明确影响连接轴压强度的关键设计参数,分析侧剪应力分布与极限值,提出承插式连接侧剪应力计算与墩柱承插深度设计方法。结果表明:采用墩柱表面粗糙化处理的承插式连接轴压强度满足桥墩设计荷载要求;承插式连接轴压强度随墩柱承插深度的增大而增大,且强度增量与承插深度增量呈近似线性关系;承插式连接有效承插深度为总承插深度的2/3,且在有效承插深度内,侧剪应力呈均布状态;随着墩柱表面粗糙度的增大,承插式连接的极限侧剪应力得到显著提升,但当墩柱表面粗糙程度达到6 mm以上时,极限侧剪应力不再提升;根据试验与理论分析结果,提出波纹型墩柱表面极限侧剪应力及满足轴向承载力要求的承插深度计算公式。

Full-scale pullout tests of rock anchors in a limestone quarry focusing on bond failure at the anchor-grout and grout-rock interfaces

Rock anchors are a common safety measure for stabilising large-scale infrastructure,such as bridge towers,retaining walls,rock slopes and windmills.There are four principal failure modes for rock anchors:(a)tensile failure of the steel anchor,(b)anchor-grout interface failure,(c)grout-rock interface failure,and(d)rock mass uplift.Field tests were performed in a limestone quarry.These tests were designed to test failure modes B and C through pullout.In the tests of failure mode B,the shear stress on the anchor-grout interface is the largest at the top of the grout column and attenuates towards the distal end for small loads.The shear stress becomes uniformly distributed when the applied load is approximately 50%of the ultimate pullout load.The anchors designed to test failure mode C were installed with an endplate and had a higher toughness than the straight bar anchors.The shear stress on the grout-rock interface is the largest at the endplate and attenuates upward before slip starts along the interface.When the ultimate pullout load is reached,and the grout column starts to slip,the shear stress is approximately constant.The bond shear strength on the anchor-grout interface was approximately 20%of the uniaxial compressive strength of the grout,and the bond strength of the grout-rock interface was around 5%for that of the grout.The grout-rock interface is likely determined by whichever is weaker,the grout or the rock.