Representation of near-fault pulse-type ground motions

Near-fault ground motions with long-period pulses have been identified as critical in the design of structures. To aid in the representation of this special type of motion, eight simple pulses that characterize the effects of either the flingstep or forward-directivity are considered. Relationships between pulse amplitudes and velocity pulse period for different pulses are discussed. Representative ratios and peak acceleration amplification can exhibit distinctive features depending on variations in pulse duration, amplitude and the selected acceleration pulse shape. Additionally, response spectral characteristics for the equivalent pulses are identified and compared in terms of fixed PGA and PGV, respectively. Response spectra are strongly affected by the duration of pulses and the shape of the basic pulses. Finally, dynamic time history response features of a damped SDOF system subjected to pulse excitations are examined. These special aspects of pulse waveforms and their response spectra should be taken into account in the estimation of ground motions for a project site close to a fault.

Near-fault ground motions with prominent acceleration pulses:pulse characteristics and ductility demand

Major earthquakes of last 15 years （e.g., Northridge 1994, Kobe 1995 and Chi-Chi 1999） have shown that many near-fault ground motions possess prominent acceleration pulses. Some of the prominent ground acceleration pulses are related to large ground velocity pulses, others are caused by mechanisms that are totally different from those causing the velocity pulses or fling steps. Various efforts to model acceleration pulses have been reported in the literature. In this paper, research results from a recent study of acceleration pulse prominent ground motions and an analysis of structural damage induced by acceleration pulses are summarized. The main results of the study include： （1） temporal characteristics of acceleration pulses; （2） ductility demand spectrum of simple acceleration pulses with respect to equivalent classes of dynamic systems and pulse characteristic parameters; and （3） estimation of fundamental period change under the excitation of strong acceleration pulses. By using the acceleration pulse induced linear acceleration spectrum and the ductility demand spectrum, a simple procedure has been developed to estimate the ductility demand and the fundamental period change of a reinforced concrete （RC） structure under the impact of a strong acceleration pulse.

Seismic Reliability Assessment of Inelastic SDOF Systems Subjected to Near-Fault Ground Motions Considering Pulse Occurrence

The ground motions in the orientation corresponding to the strongest pulse energy impose more serious demand on structures than that of ordinary ground motions.Moreover,not all near-fault ground motion records present distinct pulses in the velocity time histories.In this paper,the parameterized stochastic model of near-fault ground motion with the strongest energy and pulse occurrence probability is suggested,and the Monte Carlo simulation(MSC)and subset simulation are utilized to calculate the first excursion probability of inelastic single-degree-of-freedom(SDOF)systems subjected to these types of near-fault ground motion models,respectively.Firstly,the influences of variation of stochastic pulse model parameters on structural dynamic reliability with different fundamental periods are explored.It is demonstrated that the variation of pulse period,peak ground velocity and pulse waveform number have significant effects on structural reliability and should not be ignored in reliability analysis.Then,subset simulation is verified to be unbiased and more efficient for computing small reliable probabilities of structures compared to MCS.Finally,the reliable probabilities of the SDOF systems with different fundamental periods subjected to impulsive,non-pulse ground motions and the ground motions with pulse occurrence probability are performed,separately.It is indicated that the ground motion model with the pulse occurrence probability can give a rational estimate on structural reliability.The impulsive and ordinary ground motion models may overestimate and underestimate the reliability of structures with fundamental period much less than the mean pulse period of earthquake ground motions.

Study on equivalent velocity pulse of nearfault ground motions

Near-fault strong ground motions that resulted in serious structural damage are characterized by directivity effect and pulse-type motion. Large-amplitude and long-period pulses are contained in the velocity time-history traces of near-fault pulse-type records. A reasonable model of equivalent velocity pulse is proposed on the basis of the ex- isted models in this paper to simplify the calculation and analysis. Based on the large amount of collected near-fault strong earthquakes records, the parameters describing equivalent velocity pulse model such as pulse period, pulse intensity and number of predominant pulses are studied, and comparison is made with the results obtained by others models. The proposed model is contributive to the seismic design for structures in near-fault areas.

Identification of acceleration pulses in near-fault ground motion using the EMD method

In this paper, response spectral characteristics of one-, two-, and three-lobe sinusoidal acceleration pulses are investigated, and some of their basic properties are derived. Furthermore, the empirical mode decomposition （EMD） method is utilized as an adaptive filter to decompose the near-fault pulse-like ground motions, which were recorded during the September 20, 1999, Chi-Chi earthquake. These ground motions contain distinct velocity pulses, and were decomposed into high-frequency （HF） and low-frequency （LF） components, from which the corresponding HF acceleration pulse （if existing） and LF acceleration pulse could be easily identified and detected. Finally, the identified acceleration pulses are modeled by simplified sinusoidal approximations, whose dynamic behaviors are compared to those of the original acceleration pulses as well as to those of the original HF and LF acceleration components in the context of elastic response spectra. It was demonstrated that it is just the acceleration pulses contained in the near-fault pulse-like ground motion that fundamentally dominate the special impulsive dynamic behaviors of such motion in an engineering sense. The motion thus has a greater potential to cause severe damage than the far-field ground motions, i.e. they impose high base shear demands on engineering structures as well as placing very high deformation demands on long-period structures.

Characteristics of near-fault ground motion containing velocity pulses

There are many reports about the research on near-fault velocity pulses, which focus on the generation of velocity pulse and simplify the velocity pulse so as to be used in the seismic design of structure, However few researches have put emphasis on the characteristics of near-fault ground motions containing velocity pulses, especially the characteristics relevant with the design response spectrum prescribed by the code. Through collection of a large number of near-fault records containing velocity pulses, the response spectra and the characteristic periods of records containing no pulses are compared with those of records containing pulses. Response spectra of near-fault records are compared with standard spectra given by code; furthermore, the response spectra and the characteristic periods of each earthquake are compared with that given by code. The result shows that at long periods （longer than 1.5 s）, the response spectrum of pulse-containing records is bigger than the response spectrum of no-pulse-containing records; when the characteristic period of near-fault records is calculated, the method that does not fix frequency is more reasonable because the T1 and T2 have a lagging tendency; regardless of the site Ⅰ and site Ⅱ, the characteristic period of pulse-containing records is over twice bigger than the characteristic period given by the code,

Spatial distribution of near-fault ground motion

Near-fault strong ground motion of strike-slip and dip-slip of vertical and inclined rectangular fault in half-space and layered half-space is analyzed by dislocation source model. The Fourier spectra ratio of ground motion is adopted to study the characteristics of near-fault ground motion. For both slip models, near-fault strong ground motion with high amplitude is located in a narrow belt area along the projection of the fault on the ground and mainly controlled by the sub-faults nearby. Directivity of strike-slip fault is more dominant in long period for components perpendicular to the fault, and more dominant in long period for components parallel to the fault for dip-slip fault. The deeper the location of the source is, the more slowly the amplitude of ground motion attenuates. There is obvious hanging wall effect in ground motion of inclined fault, and the spatial distribution of ground motion is asymmetric which coincides with observational data. Finally, a fitting function of spatial distribution for near-fault ground motion is proposed and compared with near source factors of the 1997 Uniform Building Code of USA.

Analysis of faulting destruction and water supply pipeline damage from the first mainshock of the February 6,2023 Türkiye earthquake doublet

In 2023,two consecutive earthquakes exceeding a magnitude of 7 occurred in Türkiye,causing severe casualties and economic losses.The damage to critical urban infrastructure and building structures,including highways,railroads,and water supply pipelines,was particularly severe in areas where these structures intersected the seismogenic fault.Critical infrastructure projects that traverse active faults are susceptible to the influence of fault movement,pulse velocity,and ground motions.In this study,we used a unique approach to analyze the acceleration records obtained from the seismic station array(9 strong ground motion stations)located along the East Anatolian Fault(the seismogenic fault of the MW7.8 mainshock of the 2023 Türkiye earthquake doublet).The acceleration records were filtered and integrated to obtain the velocity and displacement time histories.We used the results of an on-site investigation,jointly conducted by China Earthquake Administration and Türkiye’s AFAD,to analyze the distribution of PGA,PGV,and PGD recorded by the strong motion array of the East Anatolian Fault.We found that the maximum horizontal PGA in this earthquake was 3.0 g,and the maximum co-seismic surface displacement caused by the East Anatolian Fault rupture was 6.50 m.As the fault rupture propagated southwest,the velocity pulse caused by the directional effect of the rupture increased gradually,with the maximum PGA reaching 162.3 cm/s.We also discussed the seismic safety of critical infrastructure projects traversing active faults,using two case studies of water supply pipelines in Türkiye that were damaged by earthquakes.We used a three-dimensional finite element model of the PE(polyethylene)water pipeline at the Islahiye State Hospital and fault displacement observations obtained through on-site investigation to analyze pipeline failure mechanisms.We further investigated the effect of the fault-crossing angle on seismic safety of a pipeline,based on our analysis and the failure performance of the large-diameter Thames Water pipeline during the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake.The seismic method of buried pipelines crossing the fault was summarized.

Design spectra including effect of rupture directivity in near-fault region

In order to propose a seismic design spectrum that includes the effect of rupture directivity in the near-fault region, this study investigates the application of equivalent pulses to the parameter attenuation relationships developed for near-fault, forward-directivity motions. Near-fault ground motions are represented by equivalent pulses with different waveforms defined by a small number of parameters （peak acceleration, A, and velocity V; and pulse period, Tv）. Dimensionless ratios between these parameters （e.g., ATv/V, VTv/D） and response spectral shapes and amplitudes are examined for different pulses to gain insight on their dependence on basic pulse waveforms. Ratios of ATv/V, VTv/D, and the ratio of pulse period to the period for peak spectral velocity （Tv-p） are utilized to quantify the difference between rock and soil sites for near-fault forward-directivity ground motions. The ATv/Vratio of recorded near-fault motions is substantially larger for rock sites than that for soil sites, while Tvp/Tv ratios are smaller at rock sites than at soil sites. Furthermore, using simple pulses and available predictive relationships for the pulse parameters, a preliminary model for the design acceleration response spectra for the near-fault region that includes the dependence on magnitude, rupture distance, and local site conditions are developed.

An alternative construction of normalized seismic design spectra for near-fault regions

This paper presents a methodology for constructing seismic design spectra in near-fault regions. By analyzing the characteristics of near-fault pulse-type ground motions, an equivalent pulse model is proposed, which can well represent the characteristics of the near-fault forward-directivity and fling-step pulse-type ground motions. The normalized horizontal seismic design spectra for near-fault regions are presented using recorded near-fault pulse-type ground motions and equivalent pulse-type ground motions, which are derived based on the equivalent pulse model coupled with ground motion parameter attenuation relations. The normalized vertical seismic design spectra for near-fault regions are obtained by scaling the corresponding horizontal spectra with the vertical-to-horizontal acceleration spectral ratios of near-fault pulse-type ground motions. The proposed seismic design spectra appear to have relatively small dispersion in a statistical sense. The seismic design spectra for both horizontal and vertical directions can provide alternative spectral shapes for seismic design codes.

近断层速度脉冲型地震动识别方法研究综述

速度脉冲型地震动对近断层区域工程结构有特殊的破坏作用,是造成近断层区域震害的主要影响因素之一.开展近断层速度脉冲型地震动研究对揭示近断层区域工程结构的地震破坏机理、开展抗震设防以及抗震设计具有重要价值.速度脉冲的有效识别是关键环节,主要历经定性、半定量、定量的过程.其中定量识别方法具有可重复性、可批量处理等优点,越来越受到广泛认可和应用.然而目前定量速度脉冲识别方法尚未有统一的、明确的判别原则.本文从识别条件、基本原理、关键步骤、应用范围等方面系统总结并详细介绍了目前国内外常用的三类定量速度脉冲识别方法,即基于连续小波变换的速度脉冲识别方法、基于能量的速度脉冲识别方法以及多速度脉冲定量识别方法,并推荐了这三类方法中的代表方法,分析了其优缺点.分析指出速度脉冲识别方法的不同,本质是速度脉冲主要特征波形的提取手段以及量化的判别标准的不同.各种方法都有自身的优势,但由于速度脉冲记录波形的不稳定性,没有任何一种方法可以达到百分之百的识别率.此外,现有的定量识别方法都是基于信号处理方法和脉冲特性基本原理,并未考虑速度脉冲产生机制.因此需要综合上述三点来综合判别速度脉冲,形成完善的脉冲判别体系.最后,探讨了定量的速度脉冲识别方法进一步提升的关键问题和研究重点.

高速铁路桥梁方向脉冲型近断层地震反应分析

研究目的:近年来,近断层地震对桥梁响应的影响日益引起研究者的注意,现有铁路规范对近断层效应的考虑较少。为研究方向速度脉冲效应对高速铁路桥梁地震响应的影响,基于Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center(PEER),Next Generation Attenuation Relationships for Western US(NGA West)强震数据库,采用ANSYS分析软件、ANSYS-APDL语言和弯矩曲率关系计算程序,建立了高速铁路桥梁全桥模型,考虑了轨道不平顺的影响,计算了近/远断层地震作用下桥梁的弹塑性地震响应。研究结论:(1)相比于远断层地震以及非脉冲型地震,方向脉冲型近断层地震对短周期结构地震响应影响较大,会增加桥梁位移及内力响应,其滞回特性表现出荷载-变形曲线中间加强的特点,会增加桥梁的结构和非结构损伤;(2)由于近断层地震较大的竖向地震动会改变桥墩轴力,导致梁体竖向挠度比远断层地震增加较多,《铁路工程抗震设计规范》(GB 50111—2006)等规范规定竖向地震为横向的65%,会低估梁体竖向动力响应;(3)本文研究成果可以为高速铁路桥梁抗震设计提供参考,也为今后相关设计规范、标准的修订提供技术支持。

基于希尔伯特-黄变换的近断层地震动脉冲特性研究

近断层地震动中存在的低频、大幅值速度脉冲使得临近断层结构具有更高的强度和延性需求。对近断层地震动脉冲特性的深入研究有利于加深对临近断层结构反应的认识,从而为临近断层结构抗震设计提供理论依据。受强震记录处理及速度脉冲识别和提取方法的限制,目前已有的研究工作主要集中于近断层地震动记录的单脉冲特性,多脉冲特性涉及较少。本文基于希尔伯特-黄变换及其相关理论,针对近断层地震动,提出了涵盖原始强震记录基线校正,至多速度脉冲定量判别及提取的整套脉冲特性研究方法,该方法对多脉冲记录尤为有效;基于提取出的理想化速度脉冲构建了(多)脉冲参数与地震参数的统计关系;以脉冲持时新定义了近断层地震动的有效强震持时,并通过多层结构非线性时程分析进行了验证。新方法中,基线校正过程可以获得稳定的地面峰值位移(PGD)和具有物理意义的基线偏移时程;提出的速度脉冲识别及波形提取方法可以将每个脉冲准确定位于时域,同时自动化获得脉冲相关参数;基于理想脉冲定义的近断层地震动有效强震持时可以良好地表征多脉冲记录的强度。

近断层速度脉冲型地震动相关问题研究

近断层速度脉冲型地震动研究对揭示建筑结构的破坏机理、开展抗震设防以及抗震设计具有重要价值。首先,对速度脉冲成因进行了系统的总结,并探讨了区分方向性效应速度脉冲和滑冲效应速度脉冲的思路;其次,系统地介绍了近断层速度脉冲的识别方法,评述了各种脉冲识别方法的优缺点;然后,基于速度脉冲特性,探讨了前方向性效应对速度脉冲特性的影响以及速度脉冲对反应谱的放大作用;最后,对速度脉冲型地震动输入方法以及对结构响应研究进行了系统总结,探讨了速度脉冲型地震动输入的关键问题。基于丰富的理论研究,未来对于速度脉冲型地震动研究工作应当充分结合实际工程需求,推进理论成果的规范标准化与工程实践。

基于卷积神经网络的速度大脉冲识别方法研究

含速度大脉冲的强地震动具有复杂的特性,人工提取速度大脉冲特征的方法较繁琐,故利用卷积神经网络(CNN)在图像特征自动提取方面的优势,提出基于卷积神经网络图像识别的速度大脉冲识别方法。基于美国太平洋地震工程研究中心NGA-West1数据库提供的强地震动记录,筛选出6000条非脉冲记录和91条含有速度大脉冲的强地震动记录。采用在原始记录中加入高斯噪声和过采样的方法,使2类记录样本数量达到均衡。利用本文建立的卷积神经网络模型对2类记录速度时程图进行特征自动提取和分类识别,结果显示测试集准确率为99%,表明本文卷积神经网络模型能够自动提取速度大脉冲特征,进而复现已有结果。将本文方法与传统方法进行了对比,结果表明,对含有多个速度脉冲的强地震动记录的识别,本文方法优于传统方法,具有较高的可靠性、鲁棒性、灵活性。