Field testing of shear strength of granite residual soils

The characteristics of residual soils are very different from those of sedimentary soils.Although the strength characteristics of sedimentary soils have been studied extensively,the shear strength characteristics of granitic residual soils(GRS)subjected to the weathering of parent rocks have rarely been investigated.In this study,the shear strength characteristics of GRS in the Taishan area of southeast China(TSGRS)were studied by field and laboratory tests.The field tests consisted of a cone penetration test(CPT),borehole shear test(BST),self-boring pressuremeter test(SBPT),and seismic dilatometer Marchetti test(SDMT).The shortcomings of laboratory testing are obvious,with potential disturbances arising through the sampling,transportation,and preparation of soil samples.Due to the special structure of GRS samples and the ease of disturbance,the results obtained from laboratory tests were generally lower than those obtained from situ tests.The CPT and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)results indicated significant weathering and crustal hardening in the shallow TSGRS.This resulted in significant differences in the strength and strength parameters of shallow soil obtained by the BST.Based on the SDMT and SBPT results,a comprehensive evaluation method of shear strength for TSGRS was proposed.The SBPT was suitable for evaluating the strength of shallow GRS.The material index(ID)and horizontal stress index(KD)values obtained by the SDMT satisfied the empirical relationship proposed by Marchetti based on the ID index,and were therefore considered suitable for the evaluation of the shear strength of deep GRS.

Discussion on the Core Strength Training Method for 100-Meter Event in Track and Field Sports

In track and field sports,the 100-meter race is an extremely intense sport that requires effective training of athletes’core strength.From the perspective of adolescents,in order to enhance core strength,it is necessary to effectively fix the pelvic position in the process of exercise,so that the core stability,balance,and coordination of athletes can be improved.The training process of the 100-meter event is mainly an anaerobic metabolic exercise,it is necessary to ensure that athletes maintain a high level of physical readiness during the exercises and concentrate highly on their core strength,so that they can achieve excellent results.This paper analyzes the core strength training for the 100-meter event in track and field sports,discusses its importance,and puts forward specific training methods,hoping to provide guidelines for relevant researchers.

Temperature field calculation of rail flash welding

The forging stage of rail flash welding has a decisive influence on joint strength,and the study of the temperature distribution in the process has an important role in further improving joint strength.In this paper,three calculation methods for the temperature field are given.First,the finite element model of the temperature field before forging rail flash welding is established by using the transient heat module of Ansys software and verified by infrared temperature measurement.Second,the temperature distribution of different parts of the rail before flash welding is obtained by using infrared thermal imaging equipment.Third,Matlab software is used to calculate the temperature of the non-measured part.Finally,the temperature distribution function along the rail axis is fitted through the temperature measurement data.The temperature distribution before the top forging of the rail flash welding can be used to analyze the joint and heat-affected zone organization and properties effectively and to guide the parameter setting and industrial production.

Field tests on mechanical characteristics and strength parameters of red-sandstone

Large-scale field shear tests on ten specimens of the red-sandstone embankment at a highway in Hunan,China,were performed to examine mechanical characteristics and parameters of red-sandstone.The curves of thrust-displacement,failure mode,and shear strength parameters for red-sandstone with different water contents,different compactions,and different grain size distributions were obtained from the tests.A practical procedure of in-situ test for red-sandstone embankment was proposed to normalize the test equipment and test steps.Based on three-dimensional thrust-sliding limit equilibrium method,the formulas for calculating strength parameters of red-sandstone considering three-dimensional sliding surface were inferred.The results show that red-sandstone has typical complete curves of stress-strain,strain softening,which are caused by the special structure of red-sandstone;water content and compaction are important factors for strength and failure mode of red-sandstone;The average value of cohesion and internal friction angle of the specimens calculated by three-dimensional technique are 21.56 kPa and 29.29°,respectively,and those by traditional two-dimensional method are 25.52 kPa and 33.76°,respectively.

The training process： Planning for strength-power training in track and field. Part 2： Practical and applied aspects

Planning training programs for strength-power track and field athletes require an understanding of both training principles and training theory. The training principles are overload, variation, and specificity. Each of these principles must be incorporated into an appropriate system of training. Conceptually, periodization embraces training principles and offers advantages in planning, allowing for logical integration and manipulation of training variables such as exercise selection, intensification, and volume factors. The adaptation and progress of the athlete is to a large extent directly related to the ability of the coach/athlete to create and carry an efficient and efficacious training process. This ability includes： an understanding of how exercises affect physiological and performance adaptation （i.e., maximum force, rate of force development, power, etc.）, how to optimize transfer of training effect ensuring that training exercises have maximum potential for carryover to performance, and how to implement programs with variations at appropriate levels （macro, meso, and micro） such that fatigue management is enhanced and performance progress is optimized.

Measurement of Breakdown Electric Field Strength for Vegetation and Hydrocarbon Flames

A significant number of fire-induced power disruptions are observed in several countries every year. The faults are normally phase-to-phase short circuiting or conductor-to-ground discharges at mid-span region of the high-voltage transmission system. In any case, the wildfire plumes provide a conductive path. The electrical conductivity is due to intense heat in combustion zone of the fire which creates ion and electrons from flame inherent particulates. Increase in the ion concentration increases the electrical conductivity of the fire plume. The main purpose of this study was to measure dielectric breakdown electric field for vegetation and hydrocarbon flames. The experimental data is needed for validation of simulation schemes which are necessary for evaluation of power grid systems reliability under extreme wildfire weather conditions. In this study, hydrocarbon and vegetation fuels were ignited in a cylindrically shaped steel burner which was fitted with type-K thermocouples to measure flame temperature. The fuels consisted of dried weeping wattle (Peltophorum africanum) litter, butane gas and candle wax. Two pinned copper electrodes supported by retort stands were mounted to the burner and energized to a high voltage. This generated a strong electric field sufficient to initiate dielectric breakdown in the flames. Breakdown electric field strength (Ecrit) obtained from the experiment decreased from 10.5 to 6.9 kV/cm for the flames with temperature range of 1003 to 1410 K, respectively.

High-Field-Strength Elements in Mafic Volcanics from North China Craton: Implications for Archean-Proterozoic Boundary and Source Composition

Archean to Cenozoic mafic volcanic rocks from the North China craton are studied. They show Archean Proterozoic (Ar Pt) boundary and geochemical anomalies in Cenozoic basalts. Proterozoic mafic volcanics are enriched in most of the high field strength elements (HFSE) compared with Archean ones. Nb, Ta and Th show a distinct sequence of incompatibility in Archean and Proterozoic. The Cenozoic basalts are enriched in HFSE and Ni and their REEs are strongly differentiated with positive Eu anomalies ( δ (Eu)=1.14). The Ar Pt boundary could be related to change in oxygen fugacity and requires an increasing importance of enriched mantle source. The geochemistry of Cenozoic basalts implies a mantle source similar to OIB. Residuum from subducting partial melting of old basaltic oceanic crust and continental crust is likely to contribute to the formation of the enriched mantle.

Effect of MR Field Strength on the Texture Features of Cerebral T2-FLAIR Images: A Pilot Study

Objective To investigate effect of MR field strength on texture features of cerebral T2 fluid attenuated inversion recovery(T2-FLAIR)images.Methods We acquired cerebral 3 D T2-FLAIR images of thirty patients who were diagnosed with ischemic white matter lesion(WML)with MR-1.5 T and MR-3.0 T scanners.Histogram texture features which included mean signal intensity(Mean),Skewness and Kurtosis,and gray level co-occurrence matrix(GLCM)texture features which included angular second moment(ASM),Contrast,Correlation,Inverse difference moment(IDM)and Entropy,of regions of interest located in the area of WML and normal white matter(NWM)were measured by ImageJ software.The texture parameters acquired with MR-1.5 T scanning were compared with MR-3.0 T scanning.Results The Mean of both WML and NWM obtained with MR-1.5 T scanning was significantly lower than that acquired with MR-3.0 T(P<0.001),while Skewness and Kurtosis between MR-1.5 T and MR-3.0 T scanning showed no significant difference(P>0.05).ASM,Correlation and IDM of both WML and NWM acquired with MR-1.5 T revealed significantly lower values than those with MR-3.0 T(P<0.001),while Contrast and Entropy acquired with MR-1.5 T showed significantly higher values than those with MR-3.0 T(P<0.001).Conclusion MR field strength showed no significant effect on histogram textures,while had significant effect on GLCM texture features of cerebral T2-FLAIR images,which indicated that it should be cautious to explain the texture results acquired based on the different MR field strength.

NEAR-FIELD ACOUSTIC HOLOGRAPHY FOR SEMI-FREE ACOUSTIC FIELD BASED ON WAVE SUPERPOSITION APPROACH

In the semi-free acoustic field, the actual acoustic pressure at any point is composed of two parts： The direct acoustic pressure and the reflected acoustic pressure. The general acoustic holographic theories and algorithms request that there is only the direct acoustic pressure contained in the pressure at any point on the hologram surface, consequently, they cannot be used to reconstruct acoustic source and predict acoustic field directly. To take the reflected pressure into consideration, near-field acoustic holography for semi-free acoustic field based on wave superposition approach is proposed to realize the holographic reconstruction and prediction of the semi-free acoustic field, and the wave superposition approach is adopted as a holographic transform algorithm. The proposed theory and algorithm are realized and verified with a numerical example, and the drawbacks of the general theories and algorithms in the holographic reconstruction and prediction of the semi-free acoustic field are also demonstrated by this numerical example.

Investigation of the Value of Different Field Strength MRI Scans for the Diagnosis of Rotator Cuff in Juries

Objective: A comparison of the difference between the two types of field MR scan in diagnosis of shoulder joint injury. Method: Randomly selected 153 patients with arthroscopic or open arthroplasty who had shoulder pain or dysfunction treated in our hospital from 2014 to 2017 were divided into 1.5 T group and 3.0 according to the field strength of MRI examination. Postoperative pathology was a gold standard. The sensitivity, specificity, consistency, and predictive value of two field-strength MRI examinations in the diagnosis of rotator cuff tears were calculated and compared. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, crude consistency, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the 1.5 T group were 68.75%, 82.35%, 73.47%, 88.00%, and 58.33%, respectively. The 3.0 T group was 72.22%, 89.47%, 78.18%, 92.86% and 62.96%, the differences between the above indicators were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: There was no difference in the authenticity and benefit index of rotator cuff injury diagnosed by 1.5 T and 3.0 T MRI.

HF FIELD STRENGTH MEASUREMENTS OVER THE VERY LONG DISTANCE

It was ascertained that there is a great margin between the theoretical values and experimental medians of the field strength of RWM and RID signals during high solar activity period at Chinese Great Wall Station on Antarctica. The calculated values are, on average, less than the experimental, especially on the propagation path between RID and Antarctica. The field strength by the experiment may be used as the basic data for the research of HF propagation over the very long distance. Because of the large deviation it seems to be necessary to study HF propagation over the very long distance in details, especially the propagation model.

Far-Field Pattern Reconstruction from Positioning Errors Affected Near-Field Data Acquired via Helicoidal Scanning

In this paper, an effective technique to compensate the positioning errors in a near-field—far-field (NF-FF) transformation with helicoidal scanning for elongated antennas is presented and validated both numerically and experimentally. It relies on a nonredundant sampling representation of the voltage measured by the probe, obtained by considering the antenna as enclosed in a cylinder ended in two half-spheres. An iterative scheme is used to reconstruct the helicoidal NF data at the points fixed by the representation from the acquired irregularly spaced ones. Once the helicoidal data have been retrieved, those needed by a classical NF-FF transformation with cylindrical scanning are efficiently evaluated by using an optimal sampling interpolation algorithm. Some numerical tests, assessing the accuracy of the approach and its stability with respect to random errors affecting the data, are reported. Experimental tests performed at the Antenna Characterization Lab of the University of Salerno further confirm the validity of the proposed technique.

Spherical Near-Field - Far-Field Transformation for Quasi-Planar Antennas from Irregularly Spaced Data

An effective near-field - far-field (NF - FF) transformation with spherical scanning for quasi-planar antennas from irregularly spaced data is developed in this paper. Two efficient approaches for evaluating the regularly spaced spherical samples from the nonuniformly distributed ones are proposed and numerically compared. Both the approaches rely on a nonredundant sampling representation of the voltage measured by the probe, based on an oblate ellipsoidal modelling of the antenna under test. The former employs the singular value decomposition method to reconstruct the NF data at the points fixed by the nonredundant sampling representation and can be applied when the irregularly acquired samples lie on nonuniform parallels. The latter is based on an iterative technique and can be used also when such a hypothesis does not hold, but requires the existence of a biunique correspondence between the uniform and nonuniform samples, associ- ating at each uniform sampling point the nearest irregular one. Once the regularly spaced spherical samples have been recovered, the NF data needed by a probe compensated NF - FF transformation with spherical scanning are efficiently evaluated by using an optimal sampling interpolation algorithm. It is so possible to accurately compensate known posi- tioning errors in the NF - FF transformation with spherical scanning for quasi-planar antennas. Some numerical tests assessing the accuracy and the robustness of the proposed approaches are reported.

Incompleted Field Strength Calculation of the Potential Term Adopted from Landau-Ginzberg Theory Applied in Particle Physics

Completion of field strength calculation of the potential term originated in theories of condensed matter applied in particle physics is discussed.

Design Optimization for Generating a High Static Magnetic Field

This paper details the creation of a device capable of generating a powerful and consistent static magnetic field. This apparatus serves the purpose of quantifying the magnetostrictive strain found in materials like annealed cobalt ferrite and Terfenol-D, specifically those shaped as cylindrical rods. In our investigation, the use of static magnetic fields proves most advantageous. This choice is made to mitigate the generation of eddy currents, which would inevitably occur if the magnetic field intensity were varied. The fundamental idea behind this design involves employing a C-shaped iron core constructed from low-carbon mild steel. On this core, three coils are mounted, each capable of producing one-third of the required 9000 Oersted (Oe) magnetic field strength. The test specimen is situated within the “jaws” of the C-shaped core, thus completing the magnetic circuit. To manage the heat generated by each coil, a cooling system consisting of copper tubes is employed. These tubes facilitate the flow of air to dissipate the heat. To model and predict the magnetic field strength produced by the coils, finite element analysis (FEMM) software is utilized, and the results align closely with the anticipated outcomes. This design effectively generates a robust and unchanging magnetic field measuring a stable 9000 Oe in total. Consequently, this equipment finds utility in characterizing the magnetic properties of specific materials.

吸波材料对水泥砂浆力学及升温特性影响研究

针对吸波材料对吸波砂浆升温特性、力学特性影响不明的研究现状,优选铁粉、石墨、碳纤维、钢纤维、磁铁矿粉等吸波材料,制备吸波砂浆,结合使用红外线热成像与循环微波加热的方法,研究了不同材料组成吸波砂浆的力学强度、升温特性、温场分布以及微波循环耐久性能。结果表明:碳纤维对砂浆的微波加热特性的改善作用最优,少量的碳纤维吸波水泥砂浆的升温特性就得到很大程度上的改善,1.5%的碳纤维含量可以提高水泥砂浆1.59倍的升温速率。石墨和钢纤维对砂浆的升温特性改善效果较优,1.5%的石墨和钢纤维含量可以分别提高水泥砂浆1.19和1.16倍的升温速率。不同种类的吸波材料对水泥砂浆的力学性能有着不同的影响,铁粉的掺入会使砂浆的抗折强度降低;石墨的掺入提高了水泥砂浆的抗折强度,但是随着石墨掺量的增多,提高的程度变小;钢纤维在掺入较小比例时强度得到提高;而碳纤维吸波水泥砂浆的抗折强度随着碳纤维掺量的增加而增加,1.5%的碳纤维含量可以提高水泥砂浆1.13倍的抗折强度。研究表明,所选取的多种吸波材料中,碳纤维可以同时提高砂浆的微波升温特性和力学强度,同时使砂浆获得良好的微波循环耐久性,适合作为微波除冰路面的吸波掺加材料。

微波脉冲大气击穿临界场强估计

针对高功率微波在大气传输中可能出现的击穿现象,研究了脉冲序列中首次击穿时的延迟脉冲数,发现其与种子电子、脉冲击穿概率以及微波场强密切相关。研究发现,微波场强可通过作用于种子电子间接影响脉冲击穿概率和延迟脉冲数,由此提出利用延迟脉冲数估计微波击穿临界场强的方法,并定义在脉冲击穿概率大于一定值时的微波临界场强作为击穿阈值。推导了脉冲击穿概率的估计公式,并对估计量的性能进行了分析,随后利用S波段微波大气击穿模拟装置开展了实验验证。实验结果表明,在一定范围内,重复频率微波脉冲击穿延迟脉冲数仅与种子电子产生率和脉宽成反比,能用于估计脉冲击穿概率,进而给出击穿临界场强。

含Y型组合节理花岗岩单轴压缩破坏机理及声发射特征

利用劈裂法在花岗岩试件中预制不同倾角的Y型组合节理,进行单轴压缩实验,分析组合节理倾角对破坏模式、峰值强度、表面变形场、声发射能量释放特征的影响,探究不同破坏模式下的破坏机理.实验结果表明:1)含Y型组合节理岩石随节理倾角变化呈现整体破坏、楔形体弹射破坏和沿主节理面破坏三种主要模式;2)组合节理夹角、主节理倾角均与岩石强度具有负相关关系;3)破坏模式从整体破坏转变到弹射破坏、沿主节理破坏时,滑移变形集中区域由次节理向主节理转变,AE高能级事件诱发原因由主、次节理压密及滑移错动向主节理压密及滑移错动转变;4)随主节理倾角的不断增大,主节理面上释放的能量更高、能量的分布更加不均匀.

TMCP工艺下Q390钢板厚度、温度场与组织演变的关系

采用TMCP工艺制备三种不同厚度的Q390热轧钢板,基于冷却温度场有限元分析揭示了厚度对组织演变和硬度的影响规律。结果表明:在相同冷却条件下,40 mm厚热轧钢板厚度方向组织存在明显差异,即边部以贝氏体为主,而心部为铁素体和珠光体,对应显微硬度差值约40 HV;13、20 mm厚热轧钢板厚度方向组织较为均匀,以贝氏体为主,显微硬度分布也相对均匀。温度场有限元分析表明厚板(40 mm)试样的心部组织铁素体+珠光体主要形成于空冷阶段;而对于其他厚度钢板,在水冷阶段,心部和边部获得较为一致的终冷温度和冷速,且均在贝氏体相变温度区间。

超磁致伸缩换能器磁场强度建模与线圈优化分析

磁场强度是决定换能器性能的关键变量,为了提高超磁致伸缩换能器(GMA)的磁场强度和输出位移,本文提出了一种新型的弓张式发音振子结构,用COMSOL软件建立二维模型,得到超磁致伸缩材料(GMM)棒内部磁场分布情况。由于弓结构内部空间受限,对激励线圈进行优化,讨论了导线经验模型、静态电阻和电感模型的适用性,建立了线圈的平均磁场模型,以线径为决策变量,计算了正弦响应下不同线径的振幅比和相位滞后。结果表明:该模型在计算电阻和电感时的相对误差分别小于5.3%和4.1%。在预测正弦响应时,计算振幅比的误差低于6.6%(在大多数条件下低于1.8%),计算滞后相位的误差低于3.4%。较宽的导线直径对提高磁场振幅有较大的帮助,但对磁场的相位滞后性影响很小。