A historical overview of nano-optics:From near-field optics to plasmonics

Nano-optics is an emergent research field in physics that appeared in the 1980s,which deals with light–matter optical interactions at the nanometer scale.In early studies of nano-optics,the main concern focus is to obtain higher optical resolution over the diffraction limit.The researches of near-field imaging and spectroscopy based on scanning near-field optical microscopy(SNOM)are developed.The exploration of improving SNOM probe for near-field detection leads to the emergence of surface plasmons.In the sense of resolution and wider application,there has been a significant transition from seeking higher resolution microscopy to plasmonic near-field modulations in the nano-optics community during the nano-optic development.Nowadays,studies of nano-optics prefer the investigation of plasmonics in different material systems.In this article,the history of the development of near-field optics is briefly reviewed.The difficulties of conventional SNOM to achieve higher resolution are discussed.As an alternative solution,surface plasmons have shown the advantages of higher resolution,wider application,and flexible nano-optical modulation for new devices.The typical studies in different periods are introduced and characteristics of nano-optics in each stage are analyzed.In this way,the evolution progress from near-field optics to plasmonics of nano-optics research is presented.The future development of nano-optics is discussed then.

Multilevel read-only optical recording methods

The advantages of read-only storage is the predominance of optical recording relative to magnetic and other rewritable methods. Multilevel （ML） read-only technology has been a trend to improve the data capacity and transfer rate. Based on the principle and coding method of ML, this paper demonstrates some ML read-only recording methods, of which a new ML read-only recording is developed. This recording method integrates amplitude modulation achieved by the reaction mechanism of physics and chemistry of photoresist with the run-length-limited technology. The discs can be achieved using standard photoresist mastering and replication techniques with great compatibility to conventional binary read-only discs.

TeO_(x) Thin Films for Write-Once Optical Recording Media

TeO_x thin films were prepared by vacuum evaporation of TeO_2 powder. Structural characteristic and surface mor-phology of the as-deposited films was analyzed by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer and atomic force microscopy. It was found that the films represented a two component system comprising Te particies dispersed in an amorphous TeO2 matrix. The dispersed Te particies were in a crystalline state. The TeOx films showed a finely granular structure and a rough surface. Results of the statie recording test showed that the TeO_x films had good writing sensitivity for short-wavelength laser beam (514.5 nm). Primary results of the dynamic test at 514.5 nm were also reported. The TeO_x films were suitable for using as a blue-green wavelength high density optical storage medium.

Synthesis, Photochromic Property and Application for Optical Recording of a New Asymmetrical Diarylethene

The reversible molecule switching of an assymmetrical photochromic diarylethene 1-[2-methy1-5-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-thienyl]-2-(1,2-dimethy1-3-indol) perfluorocyelopentene (1a) has been prepared for the examination of photo-switching, fluorescence switching. This compound exhibited reversible photochromism, changing from colorless to blue after irradiation with UV light both in solution and in poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) amorphous film. Also, it exhibited remarkable fluorescence switching in the solid state. Using diarylethene 1b/PMMA film as recording medium, polarization optical recording was performed perfectly by a He-Ne laser with 633 nm wavelength. The results demonstrated that it can be potentially used as polarization optical recording medium.

The 2018 M_S 5.9 Mojiang Earthquake:Source model and intensity based on near-field seismic recordings

On September 8, 2018, an M_S 5.9 earthquake struck Mojiang, a county in Yunnan Province, China. We collect near-field seismic recordings(epicentral distances less than 200 km) to relocate the mainshock and the aftershocks within the first 60 hours to determine the focal mechanism solutions of the mainshock and some of the aftershocks and to invert for the finite-fault model of the mainshock.The focal mechanism solution of the mainshock and the relocation results of the aftershocks constrain the mainshock on a nearly vertical fault plane striking northeast and dipping to the southeast. The inversion of the finite-fault model reveals only a single slip asperity on the fault plane. The major slip is distributed above the initiation point, ～14 km wide along the down-dip direction and ～14 km long along the strike direction, with a maximal slip of ～22 cm at a depth of ～6 km. The focal mechanism solutions of the aftershocks show that most of the aftershocks are of the strike-slip type, a number of them are of the normal-slip type, and only a few of them are of the thrust-slip type.On average, strike-slip is dominant on the fault plane of the mainshock, as the focal mechanism solution of the mainshock suggests, but when examined in detail, slight thrust-slip appears on the southwest of the fault plane while an obvious part of normal-slip appears on the northeast, which is consistent with what the focal mechanism solutions of the aftershocks display. The multiple types of aftershock focal mechanism solutions and the slip details of the mainshock both suggest a complex tectonic setting, stress setting, or both. The intensity contours predicted exhibit a longer axis trending from northeast to southwest and a maximal intensity of Ⅷ around the epicenter and in the northwest.

A novel phase-sensitive scanning near-field optical microscope

Phase is one of the most important parameters of electromagnetic waves. It is the phase distribution that determines the propagation, reflection, refraction, focusing, divergence, and coupling features of light, and further affects the intensity distribution. In recent years, the designs of surface plasmon polariton （SPP） devices have mostly been based on the phase modulation and manipulation. Here we demonstrate a phase sensitive multi-parameter heterodyne scanning near-field opti- cal microscope （SNOM） with an aperture probe in the visible range, with which the near field optical phase and amplitude distributions can be simultaneously obtained. A novel architecture combining a spatial optical path and a fiber optical path is employed for stability and flexibility. Two kinds of typical nano-photonic devices are tested with the system. With the phase-sensitive SNOM, the phase and amplitude distributions of any nano-optical field and localized field generated with any SPP nano-structures and irregular phase modulation surfaces can be investigated. The phase distribution and the interference pattern will help us to gain a better understanding of how light interacts with SPP structures and how SPP waves generate, localize, convert, and propagate on an SPP surface. This will be a significant guidance on SPP nano-structure design and optimization.

Standing-wave spectrometry in silicon nano-waveguides using reflection-based near-field scanning optical microscopy

Utilizing reflection-based near-field scanning optical microscopy(NSOM) to image and analyze standing-wave patterns, we present a characterization technique potentially suitable for complex photonic integrated circuits. By raster scanning along the axis of a straight nano-waveguide in tapping mode and sweeping wavelength, detailed information of propagating waves in that waveguide has been extracted from analyses in both space and wavelength domains. Our technique needs no special steps for phase stabilization, thus allowing long-duration and environment-insensitive measurements. As a proof-of-concept test, in a silicon single-mode waveguide with a few of etched holes, the locations and reflection strengths of the inner defects have been quantified. The measurement uncertainty of the reflection amplitude is less than 25% at current stage. Our technique paves the way for non-destructively diagnosing photonic circuits on a chip with sub-wavelength spatial resolution and detailed information extraction.

Optical polarization response at gold nanosheet edges probed by scanning near-field optical microscopy

Optical properties of metallic edge-like structures known as knife-edges are a topic of interest and possess potential applications in enhanced Raman scattering, optical trapping, etc. In this work, we investigate the near-field optical polar- ization response at the edge of a triangular gold nanosheet, which is synthesized by a wet chemical method. A homemade scanning near-field optical microscope （SNOM） in collection mode is adopted, which is able to accurately locate its probe at the edge during experiments. An uncoated straight fiber probe is used in the SNOM, because it s611 preserves the prop- erty of light polarization though it has the depolarization to some extent. By comparing near-field intensities at the edge and glass substrate, detected in different polarization directions of incident light, the edge-induced depolarization is found, which is supported by the finite differential time domain （FDTD） simulated results. The depolarized phenomenon in the near-field is similar to that in the far-field.

Influence of the probe-sample interaction on scanning near-field optical microscopic images in the far field

We have studied the influence of probe-sample interaction in a scanning near-field optical microscopy （SNOM） in the far field by using samples with a step structure. For a sample with a step height of - λ/4, the SNOM image contrast between the two sides of the step changes periodically at different scan heights. For a step height of-λ/2, the image contrast remains approximately the same. The probe-sample interaction determines the SNOM image contrast here. The influence of different refractive indices of the sample has been also analysed by using a simple theoretical model.

Could bright γ-ray burst optical transients have been recorded historically?

The brightest optical flash from a γ-ray burst （GRB） was, briefly, a naked- eye object. Several other GRBs have produced optical transients only slightly fainter. We argue that, based upon the recently accumulated data from hundreds of GRB transients, many such optical events should have been visible to the unaided eye in the course of human history. The most likely repositories of such observations are histor- ical records from the Orient, and we have located and discuss a number of candidates. We also consider the value of such observations, should any very likely ones be uncovered, to modern astrophysics.

ZTE Records Highest Industry Growth for Optical Networking Solutions

ZTE Corporation has the highest industry sales growth in the area of Optical Networking (ON)last year,according tothe report published by

Effect of Initialization Technical Parameters on Optical Absorption of Ge_2Sb_2Te_5 Thin Films

The optical absorption properties of phase-change optical recording thin films subjected to various initialization conditions were investigated. The effects of initialization power and velocity on optical constants of the Ge2Sb2Te5 thin films were also studied. The energy gap of Ge2Sb2Te5 thin films subjected to various initialization conditions was also obtained. It was found that the optical energy gap of the Ge2Sb2Te5 thin films increased with either increasing initialization laser power or decreasing initialization velocity, with peak of 0.908 eV at laser power of 1000 mW or initialization velocity of 4.0 m/s, but the continued increasing initialization laser power or decreasing initialization velocity resulted in the decrease of the optical energy gap. The change of the optical energy gap was discussed on the basis of amorphous crystalline transformation.

Improvement on the magneto-optical Kerr effect of cobalt film with a quadrilayer structure

The magneto-optical Kerr effect of the HfO2/Co/HfO2/A1 multilayer structure is investigated in this work, and an ob- vious cavity enhancement of the Kerr response for the HfO2 semiconductor is found both theoretically and experimentally. Surprisingly, a maximum value of about -3 of the polar Kerr rotation for s-polarized incident light is observed in our experiment. We propose that this improvement on the Kerr effect can be attributed to the multiple reflection and optical interference in the cavity, which can also be proved by simulation using the finite element method.

Polarization readout analysis for multilevel phase change recording by crystallization degree modulation

Four different states of Si15Sb85 and Ge2Sb2Te5 phase change memory thin films are obtained by crystallization degree modulation through laser initialization at different powers or annealing at different temperatures. The polarization characteristics of these two four-level phase change recording media are analyzed systematically. A simple and effective readout scheme is then proposed, and the readout signal is numerically simulated. The results show that a high-contrast polarization readout can be obtained in an extensive wavelength range for the four-level phase change recording media using common phase change materials. This study will help in-depth understanding of the physical mechanisms and provide technical approaches to multilevel phase change recording.

Scanning Head for the Apertureless near Field Optical Microscope

The design and characterization of a tip control unit for an apertureless scanning near field optical microscope (ASNOM) is reported. To make the instrument operation easier, the cantilever control parts (piezo excitation of the cantilever vibration for the dynamic mode feedback and the parts necessary for the optical lever scheme of the vibration control) were placed in a separate detachable assembly. To suppress the influence of vibrations of the setup, the assembly was made lightweight. Good optical access to the ASNOM tip from various directions is provided in the system. High long-term mechanical stability of the system (~50 nm lateral drift in 18 hours) as well as low sensitivity to seismic vibrations (~400 pm RMS) is demonstrated. It is shown that external sound is not a main source of noise in the topography image (~200 pm RMS). The light field distribution (with its amplitude and phase) around the ASNOM tip was acquired by scanning the focal spot around the tip, and a high optical quality of the system is demonstrated.

Magneto-optical Disk Material for Improving the Density of Information Storage

This paper introduces the fundamental principle and features ofmagneto-optical storage technol- ogy, and discuses the trend and aseries of key techniques for increasing the data storage density ofmagneto-opti- cal disk. The three ways including MO media, recordingmethod and readout method for increasing the disk ca- pacity havebeen discussed. Moreover, the importance with the exchange-coupledeffect between the magnetic layers and recording domain morphology isemphasized.

Preparation and Characterization of Rare Earth Metal and Alloy Target Materials for Manufacturing Magneto-Optical Disks

The studies were made on the preparation processes of the rare earth metal and alloy target materials and their characterization. In this work the rare earth metals were prepared by electrolysis of the oxide in molten salt for Nd metal and metallothermic reduction of the fluorides for Gd, Tb, Dy metals. After vacuum refining and distillation purification these rare earth metals were used for manufacturing the element targets, mosaic targets and as the starting materials of preparing the rare earth-transition metal (RE-TM) alloy targets. The four kinds of Dy-FeCo, NdDy-FeCo, Tb-FeCo and GdTb-FeCo alloy targets with diameter of 100 mm and thickness of 3 mm were prepared using powder metallurgical technique. The oxygen content and microstructure of the prepared RE-TM cast alloys and sintered targets were analyzed. The features and requirements of the RE-TM alloy sputtering target materials were also discussed.

Effects of Nd Doping on Magnetic-Optical Properties of GdFeCo Thin Films

The GdFeCo and NdGdFeCo thin films were prepared by sputtering, and their hysteresis loops, the temperature dependence of the saturation magnetization Ms and the magneto-optical Kerr spectrum in the visible light range were measured. By studying the effects of light rare earth element Nd doping on the magneto-optical Kerr rotation angle of GdFeCo thin films, it is found that proper Nd additives in GdFeCo films could enhance Kerr rotation at short wavelengths. So it could be better medium used as the readout layer of center aperture detection magnetically induced super resolution （CAD-MSR）.

基于微信小程序的眼科参数检测系统设计

定期的眼部检查在近视防控及眼疾预测中具有关键作用。随着数字化生活方式的普及,电子屏幕使用时间显著增加,从而对眼睛产生潜在损害。文章设计并实施了一种基于微信小程序的眼球参数自动检测系统。该系统通过对眼科光学生物测量仪的互联网化升级,允许用户自行发起并完成检测,同时将结果同步至数据中心并创建个人眼科健康档案。用户可通过小程序轻松访问这些数据。该系统支持无人干预的自动检测,并已成功集成至LUS_1000Plus眼科光学生物测量仪,系统表现稳定,显著提升了检测效率。

Short-wavelength static optical recording properties of subphthalocyanine thin films

The static optical recording properties of novel bromoboron trinitro-subphthalocyanine (BTN-SubPc) thin films were studied using a self-developed short-wavelength optical disk tester with high NA objective lens. High reflectivity contrast (】30%) was obtained at low writing power (8 mW) and short writing pulsewidth (200 ns) using the Ar+ laser (514.5 nm) irradiation. These results demonstrate thatsubphthalocyanine is not only qualified for red-light recording but also a promising candidate for the recording medium of a green-light DVD-R. The leading edge, just like the falling edge, of the dye’s absorption band can also be used to realize optical disk storage if an appropriate reflector was used. It provides a new clew for double-wavelength writing/reading and choosing short-wavelength recording materials.