Preliminary site classification of free-field strong motion stations based on Wenchuan earthquake records

During the great Wenchuan earthquake, about 460 permanent free-field stations in National Strong Motion Observation Network System （NSMONS） of China captured the main shock acceleration records. These records can be applied to site effect analyses, and then the site classification of those permanent stations can be carried out firstly, which will served as the fundamental information for further research. In this paper, the site of near-fault stations is classified by horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio （HVSR） method according to the site class description of Japan earthquake resistant design code and response spectral shapes （RSS） method following the site class description of the 1997 Uniform Building Code （UBC） provisions. Then based on the detailed borehole data of those free-field stations, the equivalent shear wave velocity and overburden thickness are calculated and the site classifications are given by Chinese code for seismic design of buildings. Furthermore, for the stations having successful microtremor test data, the site dominant periods are computed to verify the results of site classification. Finally, combined with all the above results, the recommended site classes of near-fault permanent free-field stations are given.

Analysis of Digital Strong Motion Records of the M_S 8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake by the Network of Shaanxi Province

Records of the May 12, 2008 Ms8.0 Wenchuan, Sichuan, earthquake from 27 stations of Shaanxi Digital Strong Motion Network are processed and analyzed, including baseline adjustment of acceleration traces, filtering, and calculations of velocities, displacements and acceleration response spectra. The results show that direction energy radiation of the large earthquake and horizontal inhomogeneous medium along the wave traveling path might both have some effect on the scattering degree of the attenuation of PGAH, besides influence of local site conditions. For the same intensity, the ratios of PGA/PGV are commonly small, on average about 5, which indicates that long period components are rich in ground motion. Intensities for most sites of the stations are within V -VII. The larger one among PGAE-W and PGAN-S is quite close to their PGAH, which is less than 10 % in relative deviation. The dominated waves are surface waves. The thicker the soil overburden is, the stronger the surface wave will be and the longer the shaking will last. Local site conditions have strong effects on ground motion, especially those of thick sediment filled-in basins, as they can significantly amplify long-period components.

Strong motion observations and recordings from the great Wenchuan Earthquake

The National Strong Motion Observation Network System （NSMONS） of China is briefly introduced in this paper. The NSMONS consists of permanent free-field stations, special observation arrays, mobile observatories and a network management system. During the Wenchuan Earthquake, over 1,400 components of acceleration records were obtained from 460 permanent free-field stations and three arrays for topographical effect and structural response observation in the network system from the main shock, and over 20,000 components of acceleration records from strong aftershocks occurred before August 1, 2008 were also obtained by permanent free-field stations of the NSMONS and 59 mobile instruments quickly deployed after the main shock. The strong motion recordings from the main shock and strong aftershocks are summarized in this paper. In the ground motion recordings, there are over 560 components with peak ground acceleration （PGA） over 10 Gal, the largest being 957.7 Gal. The largest PGA recorded during the aftershock exceeds 300 Gal.

Improved HVSR site classification method for free-field strong motion stations validated with Wenchuan aftershock recordings

Local site conditions play an important role in the effective application of strong motion recordings.In the China National Strong Motion Observation Network System（NSMONS）,some of the stations do not provide borehole information,and correspondingly,do not assign the site classes yet.In this paper,site classification methodologies for free-field strong motion stations are reviewed and the limitations and uncertainties of the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio（HVSR） methods are discussed.Then,a new method for site classification based on the entropy weight theory is proposed.The proposed method avoids the head or tail joggle phenomenon by providing the objective and subjective weights.The method was applied to aftershock recordings from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,and 54 free-field NSMONS stations were selected for site classification and the mean HVSRs were calculated.The results show that the improved HVSR method proposed in this paper has a higher success rate and could be adopted in NSMONS.

Prediction of near-field strong ground motions for scenario earthquakes on active fault

A method to predict near-field strong ground motions for scenario earthquakes on active faults is proposed. First, macro-source parameters characterizing the entire source area, i.e., global source parameters, including fault length, fault width, rupture area, average slip on the fault plane, etc., are estimated by seismogeology survey, seismicity and seismic scaling laws. Second, slip distributions characterizing heterogeneity or roughness on the fault plane, i.e., local source parameters, are reproduced/evaluated by the hybrid slip model. Finally, the finite fault source model, developed from both the global and local source parameters, is combined with the stochastically synthetic technique of ground motion using the dynamic comer frequency based on seismology. The proposed method is applied to simulate the acceleration time histories on three base-rock stations during the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Comparisons between the predicted and recorded acceleration time histories show that the method is feasible and practicable.

Estimation of the 2010 Mentawai tsunami earthquake rupture process from joint inversion of teleseismic and strong ground motion data

Joint inversion of teleseismic body-wave data and strong ground motion waveforms was applied to determine the rupture process of the 2010 Mentawai earthquake. To obtain stable solutions, smoothing and non-negative constraints were introduced. A total of 33 teleseismic stations and 5 strong ground motion stations supplied data. The teleseismic and strong ground motion data were separately windowed for 150 s and 250 s and bandpass filtered with frequencies of 0.001e1.0 Hz and 0.005e0.5 Hz, respectively. The finitefault model was established with length and width of 190 km and 70 km, and the initial seismic source parameters were set by referring to centroid moment tensor(CMT) solutions. Joint inversion results indicate that the focal mechanism of this earthquake is thrust fault type, and the strike, dip, and rake angles are generally in accordance with CMT results. The seismic moment was determined as 5.814 1020Nm(Mw7.8) and source duration was about 102 s, which is greater than those of other earthquakes of similar magnitude. The rupture nucleated near the hypocenter and then propagated along the strike direction to the northwest, with a maximum slip of 3.9 m. Large uncertainties regarding the amount of slip retrieved using different inversion methods still exist; however, the conclusion that the majority of slip occurred far from the islands at very shallow depths was found to be robust. The 2010 Mentawai earthquake was categorized as a tsunami earthquake because of the long rupture duration and the generation of a tsunami much larger than was expected for an earthquake of its magnitude.

2023年2月6日土耳其M_(w)7.8和M_(w)7.6两次大地震的地震动特征及模拟

2023年2月6日土耳其东南部连续发生M_(w)7.8和M_(w)7.6大地震,强震动观测台网获取到了大量的强震动观测记录,利用两次地震的强震动记录,对比土耳其地区地震动预测方程,分析了地震动的衰减特征,探讨M_(w)7.8地震的震源破裂特征对近断层地震动空间分布、速度脉冲的产生及观测台站方位相关的地震动总残差的影响,采用随机有限断层三维地震动模拟方法给出了基于数值模拟记录的仪器地震烈度图,得到以下结论:(1)两次地震中地震动的震源效应明显强于土耳其地区浅地壳地震的平均震源效应,M_(w)7.8地震对中长周期地震动的震源效应比M_(w)7.6地震更强烈;(2)两次地震中远场地震动的非弹性衰减明显强于土耳其地区的平均水平;(3)M_(w)7.8地震中最强烈的地震动主要集中于卡赫拉曼马拉什—安塔基亚的狭长区域内,该区域观测记录普遍具有双向速度脉冲特征,地震动总残差与台站方位角有明显相关性,推断M_(w)7.8地震沿北东走向的东安纳托利亚断裂向北东向破裂传播,同时沿南南西走向的东安纳托利亚断裂的卡赫拉曼马拉什—安塔基亚段向南南西方向破裂传播;(4)模拟记录能大致反映近断层地震动强度及距离衰减特征,M_(w)7.8和M_(w)7.6地震中破裂面附近地震烈度分别达到Ⅸ和Ⅷ度,烈度分布主要受破裂断层和局部场地条件的影响.

黄土高原地震滑坡与强震动记录数据库管理系统的构建与应用

地震滑坡资料与实际强震动记录是开展地震滑坡成灾机理研究的重要基础数据,如何科学管理这些数据资料,并最大限度地发挥其科学价值仍然是一个值得探索的问题。文章以黄土高原地区7次典型历史地震诱发黄土滑坡和125次地震(2001—2018年)的强震动记录为基础数据,依托开源GIS平台+MySQL数据库,构建黄土高原地震滑坡与强震动记录数据库管理系统。该系统界面规范、友好,参数获取方便,图表展示清晰、流畅,不仅为地震滑坡和强震动记录数据资料的管理与应用提供一个科学便捷的平台,也为黄土地震滑坡成灾机理研究提供坚实的数据基础,亦对黄土高原地区防灾减灾工作的开展具有一定的参考价值。

基于地震动反应谱与傅里叶谱确定场地卓越频率的差异性

强震动记录的HVSR法常用于评估场地卓越频率,计算强震动记录HVSR时常采用加速度反应谱或加速度傅里叶谱,但两者会给出不同的评估值。为揭示反应谱比和傅里叶谱比评估场地卓越频率的差异,本文选取日本KiK-net台网中场地条件可近似为一维场地模型的16个台站,以其获取的强震动记录开展场地卓越频率研究。首先提出了评估场地卓越频率的数据处理方法,主要包括S波截取、Taper预处理、基于高斯拟合的自动寻峰。探讨并给出了阻尼比、平滑的带宽系数取值对场地卓越频率评估的影响规律;对反应谱阻尼比取10%,对傅里叶谱平滑的带宽系数取20~40之间获取的场地卓越频率较为准确。然后对比分析了利用地震动加速度反应谱比和傅里叶谱比得到的场地卓越频率与场地土层模型计算得到的基于传递函数的自振频率。研究结果表明,对大多数台站而言,采用傅里叶谱比计算场地卓越频率具有明显的优势,对于Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类场地上的台站均有如此结论,只有对少数特定台站,采用反应谱比方法效果更好。

全球主要开源数据库强震动记录的基本分布特征

强震动数据是地震工程和工程地震领域研究的基础,为了便于高效选取强震动记录,基于以下全球强震动开源数据库:美国USGS、欧洲ESM、日本K-NET和KiK-net、墨西哥RAII-UNAM和新西兰GeoNet,收集整理5.0级以上地震的强震动记录40余万组,约150万条,通过震级、台站分布、场地条件、反应谱谱型等强震动基本信息对强震动记录进行筛选并分类,采用两套标准对场地进行了分类,对绝对加速度反应谱进行归一化,对比分析5个国家和地区的平均反应谱谱型的相似性与特殊性,结果表明:①美国强震动台站集中分布在西海岸与阿拉斯加地区,较硬的场地占比较高;②日本强震动台站分布密度最高,较软的场地占比较高;③给出了中、美两套规范下的强震动台站场地分类;④从震中距方面考虑,美国为近场强震动记录最为集中和丰富的国家;⑤不同国家和地区相同周期段绝对加速度反应谱具有明显的区域性差异。

2023年甘肃积石山M_(S)6.2地震随机有限断层三分向地震动模拟

2023年12月18日23时甘肃省临夏州积石山县发生M_(S)6.2地震,震中附近造成大量人员伤亡。基于不同数据和方法反演得到的震源破裂过程还有争议,为模拟此次地震的地面运动,分别采用SW倾向与NE倾向的震源破裂模型,利用随机有限断层法模拟三分向地震动。选取震中距约100 km内的57个触发强震台站,模拟其三分向加速度时程、速度时程及5%阻尼比拟加速度反应谱(PSA)。结果表明,模拟的峰值地面加速度(PGA)、峰值地面速度(PGV)能够体现地震动峰值的衰减规律,NE倾向的震源破裂模型会导致更大的地震动。模拟与观测记录的幅值接近、谱形相似,其中SW倾模型的PSA残差更小。基于三分向模拟地震动给出积石山M_(S)6.2地震的仪器烈度分布,SW倾向与NE倾向模型极震区烈度均达Ⅷ度,其中SW倾向模型与应急管理部发布的烈度图更加接近。积石山M_(S)6.2地震的模拟说明随机有限断层法可用于计算三分向地震动,并验证模拟输入震源、路径与场地参数的可靠性。

基于中国强震动数据的PhaseNet网络捡拾P波到时研究

快速和准确捡拾地震P波到时是地震预警技术的基础工作之一。PhaseNet等U形网络已在“谛听”测震数据集上取得良好的震相捡拾结果,旨在提升处理M L3.0以下的地震的能力。目前针对有限中国强震动数据的震相捡拾研究较少,地震预警主要是针对处理M L3.0以上的地震。该研究以在地震预警中快速和准确捡拾地震P波到时为目的,直接迁移和构建PhaseNet的衍生网络,探究利用有限中国强震动数据重训的网络模型是否具有良好的捡拾P波表现。研究结果表明:PhaseNet及其衍生网络模型的精确度、召回率、F 1分数、捡拾误差均值(μ)和标准差(δ)约为0.942、0.930、0.937、-20 ms和200 ms左右,具有良好的捡拾P波到时精度和泛化性能;此外,PhaseNet及其衍生网络在高信噪比条件下捡拾效果良好,但对于低信噪比数据的捡拾效果仍有待提升。

基于KiK-net强震动记录的加速度反应谱规律性偏差

地震动特性受到地震震源、地震波传播介质和局部场地条件等因素的综合影响,虽然地震动反应谱虽然具有统计意义上的共性,但其具体形状又各不相同,特别是部分加速度反应谱与统计平均值之间存在显著的规律性偏差。为了进一步探究加速度反应谱与统计平均值之间的规律性偏差,本文基于日本KiK-net台网获取的8万余条强震动记录,建立了考虑地震震级和震中距影响的地面峰值加速度归一化加速度反应谱,并以预测值+0.5倍方差为界将加速度反应谱分为有、无反应谱规律性偏差的两组。通过有反应谱规律性偏差的反应谱(观测值)与无反应谱规律性偏差的反应谱预测值之间的差值,析出了反应谱的规律性偏差,验证了反应谱规律性偏差的形状与高斯曲线高度吻合,并可用加速度反应谱规律性偏差曲线的中心周期、相对高度和相对宽度等参数进行表征。基于2万余条有反应谱规律性偏差记录的统计分析显示,加速度反应谱规律性偏差主要受控于剪切波速、覆盖层厚度等局部场地条件表征参数,受地震震级、震中距、地震动强度等参数的影响相对较小。基于此,利用多元线性回归建立了加速度反应谱规律性偏差表征参数的经验统计关系,并提出了有加速度反应谱规律性偏差的场地相关加速度反应谱的确定方法。虽有待改进,但本文提出的反应谱规律性偏差概念将有助于改进场地相关地震动反应谱的确定方法。

2024年1月23日乌什7.1级地震强震动记录特征分析

新疆地震台网中心共获取乌什7.1级地震813条仪器烈度信息、496组强震动记录,其中PH002台站峰值加速度280.68 cm·s^(-2)为本次获得的最大峰值加速度。对获取的219个台站的峰值加速度与第五代中国地震动参数区划图衰减关系对比发现两者在100 km范围内比较符合。计算分析5个峰值加速度超过100 cm·s^(-2)的台站加速度反应谱,并与地震动设计反应谱进行比对分析,同时计算出5个台站地震动有效持时,显示200 km内地震能量释放较迅速,体现出地震破坏力较大。

2023年12月18日甘肃积石山6.2级地震强震动记录特征分析

2023年12月18日,甘肃省临夏回族自治州积石山县发生6.2级地震。基于甘肃地震预警台网获取的此次地震强震动记录,完成基线校正、滤波等基本数据处理后计算出地震动相关参数,分析此次地震震中200 km内的幅值、反应谱和持时等重要特征,并绘制峰值加速度等相关参数空间分布图。结果表明:此次地震震中200 km内获取到的峰值加速度范围为1.2~1511.6 cm/s 2,峰值速度范围为0.1~85.9 cm/s,由于地形和场地影响,地震动峰值随着震中距的增大而衰减。将实际观测值与常用的五种衰减模型预测值进行对比,表明YU模型对甘肃积石山6.2级的预测结果要明显优于NGA-West2的四种模型,但五种衰减模型都明显低估了实际观测值的最大峰值。通过对比两个邻近震源台站的5%阻尼比加速度反应谱与设计谱,发现三分向高频成分加速度反应谱均远超过7度罕遇地震的设计谱,且反应谱峰值周期均在0.5 s以内。通过计算5%~75%和5%~95%两种重要持时,发现持时随着震中距的增大而增大,且与Afshari&Stewart 16预测方程均基本吻合。

Ground motion attenuation of M_s8.0 Wenchuan earthquake

The great Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake has been the most destructive earthquake since 1949 in China. The earthquake occurred no more than half a year after the establishment of the National Strong Motion Observation Network System （NSMONS） of China; what is more, the epicenter was located in the area with dense strong motion observation sta- tions so that a large number of strong motion records of the main shock were obtained. In this paper, 501 strong motion re- cords from 167 observation stations are utilized to establish the ground motion attenuation relations in three directions in the range of fault distance less than 600 km. The result shows the difference of seismic motion attenuation in two horizontal di- rections is insignificant. It is the first time that strong-motion records are used to establish the ground motion attenuation relations of the Ms8.0 earthquake in China.

Real-time simulation of ground displacement by digital accelerograph record

With the development of accelerograph, strong ground motion data can be widely applied to many fields. Especially, it is an important milestone for strong motion observation to expand application fields into earthquake monitoring that real-time simulation of ground displacement can be obtained by strong motion records for determining three earthquake parameters. For the purpose of application, on the basis of principle of seismic response of single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system, this paper presents a suit of formula of simulating ground displacement records by using strong ground motion records with the help of simulator of SDOF system. The research results show that the technique is very efficient and can be widely applied to earthquake monitoring.

Catalogs of ground motion parameters for earthquake-prone regions in Kazakhstan

The catalogs of ground motion parameters for earthquake-prone regions of Kazakhstan used for modeling seismic effects in seismic hazard assessment and microzonation are presented.

2022年四川泸定M_(S)6.8地震强震动记录特征

对地震监测台网获取的2022年四川泸定M_(S)6.8地震的1799组强震动记录进行处理后计算地震动参数,利用克里金插值方法得到峰值加速度PGA、峰值速度PGV和加速度反应谱的空间分布图。结果表明:基准站、基本站和一般站记录到的地震动峰值依次增大,反映出局部地形和场地条件对地震动的放大作用。高烈度区仪器地震烈度和调查地震烈度较为一致,Ⅵ度以下区域仪器地震烈度和调查地震烈度等值线方向差异较大,反映出在震害不显著情况下两种烈度的对应关系不太理想。初步震相分析发现,近断层台站垂直方向峰值较大,多个台站记录到水平向速度大脉冲现象。基于基岩地震动峰值统计了本次地震的衰减特性,PGV随距离衰减相比中国地震动参数区划图更慢,综合震相特征认为本次地震更符合浅源地震的特点。为进一步分析地震动与震害的关系,选取了2个震害较为严重乡镇的强震动记录计算5%阻尼比的拟加速度反应谱,在设计地震反应谱特征周期T g取值到1.5 s之间,台站记录反应谱值远超出设计地震反应谱,在部分周期区间还超出了罕遇地震设计反应谱值,体现出反应谱与震害较好的相关性。

新疆喀什原场地地震动频谱特性研究

2020年1月19日和2020年2月21日在新疆喀什地区先后发生MS6.4和MS5.1地震,针对新疆强震动台网收集到的128条强震动记录进行统计分析,研究2次地震记录的幅值及反应谱特性,并与两个现行规范设计反应谱进行对比,结果表明:(1)震级相同时,震中距越小加速度反应谱越大,且加速度反应谱衰减速度越慢;震中距相同时,震级越大加速度反应谱越大,且加速度反应谱衰减速度越慢;(2)震级越大加速度谱值、速度谱值、位移谱值越大;(3)MS6.4、MS5.1地震波加速度反应谱及其平均值曲线相近,与我国现行规范加速度反应谱相比差别很大。建议在新疆喀什地区采用基于当地强震记录的加速度反应谱进行结构抗震设计。