Evidence of the Near-Source Accumulation of the Tight Sandstone Gas in Northern Ordos Basin,North-Central China

The tight sandstone gas in Upper Paleozoic Formation of the northern Ordos Basin is a typical giant unconventional tight gas province. Evidences from geochemistry, reservoir geology and paleotectonic setting all verify that the present-day tight sandstone gas accumulation in the Ordos Basin is the result of near-source accumulation. The evidences are listed as following： tight sandstone gas is mainly distributed in the area with high gas-generating strength; gas composition was not subjected tofractionation; gas saturation significantly decreases with the distance away from the source rocks; gas isotopes suggest their origin is the same and maturity is consistent with in-place source rocks; reservoirs have experienced three types of densification digenesis, including intense compaction, siliceous cementation and calcareous cementation, which took place before the formation of a large amount of tight sandstone gas, forming tight reservoirs with low porosity and permeability, fine pore throat and great capillary resistance; the paleo-structural gradient ratio is small from the main hydrocarbon generation period to present. It is indicated the present distribution of tight sandstone gas in the northern Ordos Basin is the result of near-source and short-distance migration and accumulation.

Necessity and adequacy of near-source factors for not-so-tall fixed-base buildings

Nonlinear response history analyses and use of strong ground motion data including near-field effects has become a common practice in both performance based design of tall buildings and design of base-isolated buildings. On the other hand, ordinary buildings are commonly analysed via response spectrum analysis following the rules of conventional seismic codes, most of which do not take near-field effects into account. This study evaluates the necessity and the adequacy of near-source factors for ordinary fixed-base buildings that are not specifically classified as tall, by comparing dynamic responses of 3, 8, and 15-story benchmark buildings obtained via （1） linear time history analyses using 220 record components from 13 historical earthquakes and 45 synthetic earthquake records of different magnitudes and fault distances and （2） response spectrum analyses in accordance with the Turkish Earthquake Code 2007 -representing seismic codes not taking near-field effects into account- and the Uniform Building Code 1997 which takes near-field effects into account via near-source factors that amplify design response spectrum. It is shown that near-source factors are crucial for the safe design of not-so-tall ordinary fixed-base buildings but those defined in UBC97 may still not be adequate for those located in the vicinity of the fault.

A joint absorbing boundary for the multiple-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method in seismic acoustic wavefield modeling

Conventional seismic wave forward simulation generally uses mathematical means to solve the macroscopic wave equation,and then obtains the corresponding seismic wavefield.Usually,when the subsurface structure is finely constructed and the continuity of media is poor,this strategy is difficult to meet the requirements of accurate wavefield calculation.This paper uses the multiple-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method(MRT-LBM)to conduct the seismic acoustic wavefield simulation and verify its computational accuracy.To cope with the problem of severe reflections at the truncated boundaries,we analogize the viscous absorbing boundary and perfectly matched layer(PML)absorbing boundary based on the single-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann(SRT-LB)equation to the MRT-LB equation,and further,propose a joint absorbing boundary through comparative analysis.We give the specific forms of the modified MRT-LB equation loaded with the joint absorbing boundary in the two-dimensional(2D)and three-dimensional(3D)cases,respectively.Then,we verify the effects of this absorbing boundary scheme on a 2D homogeneous model,2D modified British Petroleum(BP)gas-cloud model,and 3D homogeneous model,respectively.The results reveal that by comparing with the viscous absorbing boundary and PML absorbing boundary,the joint absorbing boundary has the best absorption performance,although it is a little bit complicated.Therefore,this joint absorbing boundary better solves the problem of truncated boundary reflections of MRT-LBM in simulating seismic acoustic wavefields,which is pivotal to its wide application in the field of exploration seismology.

Moment tensor inversion of near-source broadband data

Moment tensor inversion was carried out for small and moderate earthquakes with near-source broadband data recorded by a temporal small-aperture network consisting of three component accelerographs. Accelerograms were integrated twice to produce displacement seismograms and filtered by a Butterworth band-pass filter. Green's functions were calculated for a homogeneous semi-infinite elastic medium in the inversion. Direct P,S and converted SP phases were identified for the inversion with reference to the synthetic seismograms. Through the moment tensor inversion it is demonstrated that with very simple structure model and selected phases, one is able to retrieve the source mechanism and the seismic moment for small events, andthe source mechanism for moderate events. It is also demonstrated that the technique described in this studyis convenient for the determination of source mechanismal and stress state in dealing with numbers of small andmoderate earthquakes without detailed knowledge about the structure. As an application of the present technique, moment tensors of 15 aftershocks of the Ms 6. 1 earthquake occurred on April 18, 1985 in Luquan,Yunnan Province, China were retrieved. The inversion results show that these events can be reasonably modeled by a predominant double couple. It can be found from the distribution of principal stress axes and the average moment tensor that the pressure axis in this area lies horizontally in the NNW direction, which is consistent with the results obtained from previous studies. It implies that the occurrence of the Luquan earthquake sequence is tectonically related to the relative collision motion between the Indian and Eurasian Plates.

Proper orthogonal decomposition based seismic source wavefield reconstruction for finite element reverse time migration

The large storage requirement is a critical issue in cross-correlation imaging-condition based reverse time migration(RTM),because it requires the operation of the source and receiver wavefields at the same time.The boundary value method(BVM),based on the finite difference method(FDM),can be used to reconstruct the source wavefield in the reverse time propagation in the same way as the receiver wavefield,which can reduce the storage burden of the RTM data.Considering that the FDM cannot well handle models with discontinuous material properties and rough interfaces,we develop a source wavefield reconstruction strategy based on the finite element method(FEM),using proper orthogonal decomposition(POD)to enhance computational efficiency.In this method,we divide the whole time period into several segments,and construct the POD basis functions to get a reduced order model(ROM)for the source wavefield reconstruction in each segment.We show the corresponding quantitative analysis of the storage requirement of the POD-FEM.Numerical tests on the homogeneous model show the effectiveness of the proposed method,while the layered model and part of the Marmousi model tests indicate that the POD-FEM can keep an excellent balance between computational efficiency and memory usage compared with the full-stored method(FSM)and the BVM,and can be effectively applied in imaging.

基于广义Curvelet变换和相空间特征聚类的VSP波场分离方法

垂直地震剖面(Vertical Seismic Profiling,VSP)蕴含大量的地层地质信息,是连接地震反射数据与测井资料之间的桥梁.VSP数据分辨率高,资料丰富,包括上行波、下行波、转换波等多种类型的波场,常被用于地层反射界面标定、介质衰减参数反演等.其中,如何有效地分离波场是将VSP资料应用于油气勘探的关键之一.广义Curvelet变换是一种具有多尺度、多角度的相空间变换,能够进行相空间域波场特性的提取.本文聚焦于VSP波场的上下行波分离问题,提出一种基于广义Curvelet变换和相空间特征聚类方法.首先,采用广义Curvelet变换对VSP波场进行特征提取,构造融入相空间角度信息的特征数据集;然后,利用K-means聚类算法在相空间对波场特征进行分类;最后,对分类结果进行反变换,完成VSP上下行波波场的自适应分离.为了验证方法的有效性,本文将所提出的方法用于合成数据和实际VSP数据的波场分离,并与常用的基于F-K变换的波场分离方法进行对比.处理结果表明,本文方法角度分辨率高、抗噪能力强,波场分离结果的保真保幅性好,这为后续的成像与地层的特征分析提供了重要基础资料.

三维各向异性TI介质中的P/S波快速解耦技术及在弹性波逆时偏移中的应用

随着多分量采集技术的发展,弹性波逆时偏移技术在三维各向异性介质复杂地质构造成像中得到了广泛的应用.然而耦合的P波场和S波场,会在传播过程中产生串扰噪声,降低弹性波逆时偏移的成像精度.为了解决这一问题,本研究针对具有倾斜各向异性对称轴的三维横向各向同性(Transverse Isotropy,TI)介质,提出了一种矢量弹性波场快速解耦方法,可以有效提高偏移剖面的成像质量.该方法首先通过坐标转换,将观测系统坐标系的垂直轴旋转到TI介质的对称轴方向,在新坐标系下,根据具有垂直对称轴的三维横向各向同性(Vertical Transverse Isotropy,VTI)介质中的分解算子,推导出三维TI介质解耦算子表达式.接着引入一种在空间域快速计算分解波场的方法,来实现空间域矢量P波场和S波场分离,极大地提高了计算效率.最后,通过点积成像条件,将提出的P/S波分解方法引入到三维TI介质弹性波逆时偏移中,得到高精度的PP和PS成像.与以往的波场分解方法相比,本文方法具有数值稳定和计算效率高的特点.数值算例表明,应用上述三维TI分解算子得到的偏移剖面有效压制了噪声,提高了成像质量.

采用非稳相偏振滤波的DAS-VSP数据P/S波分离方法及其应用

分布式光纤声学传感(DAS)因成本低、易布设以及高密度采样等优势正成为重要的地震观测技术,尤其是越来越多地与垂直地震剖面(VSP)结合,用于主动地震勘探或被动地震监测.DAS传感器通过感知弹性波场产生的轴向应变或应变速率来观测地震波场振动.然而,目前单分量DAS-VSP数据未完整地记录地下弹性波场的三维矢量振动信号,因此如何从中分离出P波或S波用于后续地震成像与参数反演是重要且很有挑战的课题.以弹性波传播理论为基础,本文根据P波和S波的频散关系估算接收点处各自的偏振方向,通过随频率和空间位置变化的偏振滤波实现DAS-VSP数据的P/S波分离.理论模型合成数据与东海实际DAS-VSP数据实验结果表明,该方法能有效地将P波和S波信号从单分量DAS-VSP数据中分离出来,可为后续纵横波速度反演、PP与PS波成像提供关键的数据预条件处理.

电性源瞬变电磁法虚拟波场解析推导

瞬变电磁场至虚拟波场的转换是瞬变电磁拟地震处理的基础,瞬变电磁场满足扩散方程,而虚拟波场满足波动方程,二者之间通过Q变换相互转换。将瞬变电磁数据转换成虚拟波场属于积分反变换,具有典型的不适定特性,以往主要采用数值方法求解该积分反变换。在数值求解中,需对求解方法和参数进行优化,以获得最佳求解效果。为此,本文推导了电性源瞬变电磁法电场响应的虚拟波场解析解。从均匀半空间电磁场响应的解析解出发,借助于拉普拉斯变换对,得到了阶跃响应和脉冲响应的解析表达式,从而建立起瞬变电磁场和虚拟波场的解析变换对。该解析变换对能够用于测试数值求解方法的准确性和稳定性,还能用于检验虚拟波场特性,从而形成有效的虚拟波成像方法。

Symplectic partitioned Runge-Kutta method based onthe eighth-order nearly analytic discrete operator and its wavefield simulations

We propose a symplectic partitioned Runge-Kutta （SPRK） method with eighth-order spatial accuracy based on the extended Hamiltonian system of the acoustic waveequation. Known as the eighth-order NSPRK method, this technique uses an eighth-orderaccurate nearly analytic discrete （NAD） operator to discretize high-order spatial differentialoperators and employs a second-order SPRK method to discretize temporal derivatives.The stability criteria and numerical dispersion relations of the eighth-order NSPRK methodare given by a semi-analytical method and are tested by numerical experiments. We alsoshow the differences of the numerical dispersions between the eighth-order NSPRK methodand conventional numerical methods such as the fourth-order NSPRK method, the eighth-order Lax-Wendroff correction （LWC） method and the eighth-order staggered-grid （SG）method. The result shows that the ability of the eighth-order NSPRK method to suppress thenumerical dispersion is obviously superior to that of the conventional numerical methods. Inthe same computational environment, to eliminate visible numerical dispersions, the eighth-order NSPRK is approximately 2.5 times faster than the fourth-order NSPRK and 3.4 timesfaster than the fourth-order SPRK, and the memory requirement is only approximately47.17% of the fourth-order NSPRK method and 49.41% of the fourth-order SPRK method,which indicates the highest computational efficiency. Modeling examples for the two-layermodels such as the heterogeneous and Marmousi models show that the wavefields generatedby the eighth-order NSPRK method are very clear with no visible numerical dispersion.These numerical experiments illustrate that the eighth-order NSPRK method can effectivelysuppress numerical dispersion when coarse grids are adopted. Therefore, this methodcan greatly decrease computer memory requirement and accelerate the forward modelingproductivity. In general, the eighth-order NSPRK method has tremendous potential value forseismic exploration and seismology research.

An inverse Q-filter algorithm based on stable wavefield continuation

Stability is the key to inverse Q-filtering. In this paper we present a stable approach to inverse Q-filtering, based on the theory of wavefield downward continuation. It is implemented in a layered manner, assuming a layered-earth Q model. For each individual constant Q layer, the seismic wavefield recorded at the surface is first extrapolated down to the top of the current layer and a constant Q inverse filter is then applied to the current layer. When extrapolating within the overburden, a stable wavefield continuation algorithm in combination with a stabilization factor is applied. This avoids accumulating inverse Q-filter errors within the overburden. Within the current constant Q layer, we use Gabor spectral analysis on the signals to pick time-variant gain-constrained frequencies and then deduce the corresponding gain-constrained amplitudes to stabilize the inverse Q-filtering algorithm. The algorithm is tested and verified application to field data.

A normalized wavefield separation cross-correlation imaging condition for reverse time migration based on Poynting vector

Prestack reverse time migration（PSTM） is a common imaging method; however low-frequency noises reduce the structural imaging precision. Thus, the suppression of migration noises must be considered. The generation mechanism of low-frequency noises is analyzed and the up-, down-, left-, and right-going waves are separated using the Poynting vector of the acoustic wave equation. The computational complexity and memory capacitance of the proposed method are far smaller than that required when using the conventional separation algorithm of 2D Fourier transform. The normalized wavefield separation crosscorrelation imaging condition is used to suppress low-frequency noises in reverse time migration and improve the imaging precision. Numerical experiments using the Marmousi model are performed and the results show that the up-, down-, left-, and right-going waves are well separated in the continuation of the wavefield using the Poynting vector. We compared the imaging results with the conventional method, Laplacian filtering, and wavefield separation with the 2D Fourier transform. The comparison shows that the migration noises are well suppressed using the normalized wavefield separation cross-correlation imaging condition and higher precision imaging results are obtained.

Wavefield simulation in porous media saturated with two immiscible fluids

Wavefields in porous media saturated by two immiscible fluids are simulated in this paper.Based on the sealed system theory,the medium model considers both the relative motion between the fluids and the solid skeleton and the relaxation mechanisms of porosity and saturation（capillary pressure）.So it accurately simulates the numerical attenuation property of the wavefields and is much closer to actual earth media in exploration than the equivalent liquid model and the unsaturated porous medium model on the basis of open system theory.The velocity and attenuation for different wave modes in this medium have been discussed in previous literature but studies of the complete wave-field have not been reported.In our work,wave equations with the relaxation mechanisms of capillary pressure and the porosity are derived.Furthermore,the wavefield and its characteristics are studied using the numerical finite element method.The results show that the slow P3-wave in the non-wetting phase can be observed clearly in the seismic band.The relaxation of capillary pressure and the porosity greatly affect the displacement of the non-wetting phase.More specifically,the displacement decreases with increasing relaxation coefficient.

基于闭循环单程传播算子的地震波场正演模拟

海面与海底存在的强波阻抗界面,导致海洋地震资料中普遍发育多次波与鬼波.广泛使用的双程波方程有限差分正演方法无法分离不同阶次的多次波及鬼波,不能在偏移和反演迭代中利用多次波,限制了多次波成像方法的推广应用.为实现多次波和鬼波的模拟及分离,本文提出一种基于闭循环单程传播算子的地震波场正演模拟方法.首先,通过推导单程传播算子,得到传统一次反射波传播模型.其次,在水面或不同深度加载上一轮模拟的反射波信号,利用多次闭循环迭代计算,得到表面和层间多次波传播模型,实现不同阶次的多次波模拟与分离.然后,将震源置于水面以下,改变震源信号加载顺序,提出了海洋地震数据的鬼波传播模型及公式.通过透镜体模型,验证了所提出方法的有效性,实现不同阶次表面多次波、层间多次波和鬼波的模拟与分离.并利用Marmousi模型对所提方法与传统有限差分方法进行对比,结果显示两类方法具有相当的精度.本文所提方法能够有效获得任意阶次的多次波及鬼波,可较好融入后续偏移成像和反演迭代过程,以提高成像照明度和分辨率.

GPR绕射波与反射波分离的变分模态分解方法研究

针对传统绕射波与反射波分离方法易造成有效信号丢失的问题,本文利用二维变分模态分解(2D-VMD)进行探地雷达(GPR)数据的绕射波与反射波分离。对二维GPR数据进行2D-VMD分解后,可得到包含从低频低波数到高频高波数的各阶模态分量及各阶模态分量的F-K谱。通过分析绕射波与反射波在频率-波数域的差异,分别重构绕射波与反射波对应的模态分量,得到分离后的绕射波与反射波数据。数值模拟与实测数据处理结果表明,相比于传统方法,该方法可以有效分离绕射波与反射波,并且不损失任何有效信号。

频率—波数域水陆检数据上、下行波场分离方法

随着海洋油气勘探开发的发展,OBC/OBN水陆检海底接收的应用日趋广泛,上、下行波场分离作为水陆检数据处理的关键技术,决定了资料处理品质及应用效果。常规方法分离出来的上行波场中包含下行波场,下行波场中包含上行波场,即不能实现上行波场与下行波场的完全分离。为此,提出在频率—波数域利用包含直达波和切除直达波后的水陆检数据,直接计算水陆检数据标定滤波因子,实现水陆检数据标定和上、下行波场分离。分离后的上行波场数据中既消除了虚反射多次波干扰,又提高了地震数据信噪比和分辨率,为后续联合反褶积和偏移成像等处理提供了高保真的上行波场和下行波场数据。数据实例表明了所提方法的有效性和实用性。

应用保幅逆散射成像条件的全波场偏移方法

地震波传播机制与成像机理逐渐成熟化、系统化,对于多次散射波的处理不再局限于噪声去除,而是将其用于高精度地震成像。不同于基于单次散射的常规成像方法,全波场偏移是一种基于多次散射假设与反演理论的数据驱动成像方法。基于逆散射成像理论,对现有全波场偏移的成像条件进行改进,发展了一种保幅逆散射成像条件,实现了高精度地震成像。该成像条件是通过对已有的直达波估计与下行格林函数互相关成像条件添加拉普拉斯滤波和照明项,衰减后向散射并补偿深部能量。相较于原有成像条件,改进后的保幅逆散射成像条件对于复杂构造具有更高的成像精度和更强的适应性。数值测试验证了方法的有效性和适用性。

黏声波方程波场模拟的通用格式自适应系数频域有限差分方法

黏声波方程常被用于描述地下介质的黏弹性及波的传播现象,频域有限差分(finite difference frequency domain,FDFD)方法是黏声波和黏弹性波波场模拟的常用工具.目前FDFD黏声波模拟常用的二阶五点方法和优化九点方法在一个波长内的网格点数小于4时误差较大.通过令FDFD系数随一个波长内的网格点数自适应从而提高FDFD方法的精度,本文针对黏声波波场模拟发展了一种适用于不同空间采样间隔之比的通用格式自适应系数FDFD方法.同时,为了验证自适应系数FDFD方法对一般黏声波模型的有效性,本文针对三个典型的黏声波模型,分别采用解析解和基于高阶FDFD的参考解验证了所提出方法的有效性.本方法的FDFD格式通过在传统的二阶FDFD格式的基础上引入相关校正项得到,其中校正项按网格点与中心点的距离进行分类选取,同时校正项对应的自适应FDFD系数不仅和空间采样间隔之比相关,还和一个波长内的采样点数相关.所需的自适应FDFD系数可通过声波方程的数值频散关系和查找表高效给出.数值频散分析表明,在空间采样间隔相等或不等的情况下,以相速度误差不超过1%为标准,通用格式自适应系数FDFD方法所需的一个波长内的采样点数均小于2.5.数值模拟实验表明,对于不同的空间采样间隔之比,相对于常用的二阶五点FDFD方法和优化九点FDFD方法,通用格式自适应系数FDFD方法均可在相似的计算量和内存需求下,有效提高黏声波模拟的精度.

基于逐元和轴对称谱元的混合方法及远震波场模拟

远震波形成像是研究地球内部结构和动力学过程的重要手段.然而,由于巨大的计算需求,当前在全球尺度(包含震源-台站)数值模拟高频(频率到2 Hz)地震波传播并不现实.谱元法是一种高有效性的数值模拟算法,具有高精度和网格剖分灵活的优点,并且已经成功应用于弹性波方程求解中.但缺点是求解远震问题时计算量和存储量较大.为了克服上述难题,本文发展了一种基于逐元并行谱元法与轴对称谱元法相结合的混合方法:即在全球尺度层状模型下使用具有快速计算效率的轴对称谱元法模拟远震背景波场,而在研究区域内使用逐元并行谱元法精确计算非均匀介质中远震波场传播.该方法减少了非均匀介质中远震波场模拟的计算量与存储量,并保持了逐元并行谱元法高精度、低存储量、易并行的优点.数值实验验证了该混合方法的可行性和精确性,并有望进一步应用于实际地震数据远震波形成像研究中.

Helmholtz decomposition with a scalar Poisson equation in elastic anisotropic media

P-and S-wave separation plays an important role in elastic reverse-time migration.It can reduce the artifacts caused by crosstalk between different modes and improve image quality.In addition,P-and Swave separation can also be used to better understand and distinguish wave types in complex media.At present,the methods for separating wave modes in anisotropic media mainly include spatial nonstationary filtering,low-rank approximation,and vector Poisson equation.Most of these methods require multiple Fourier transforms or the calculation of large matrices,which require high computational costs for problems with large scale.In this paper,an efficient method is proposed to separate the wave mode for anisotropic media by using a scalar anisotropic Poisson operator in the spatial domain.For 2D problems,the computational complexity required by this method is 1/2 of the methods based on solving a vector Poisson equation.Therefore,compared with existing methods based on pseudoHelmholtz decomposition operators,this method can significantly reduce the computational cost.Numerical examples also show that the P and S waves decomposed by this method not only have the correct amplitude and phase relative to the input wavefield but also can reduce the computational complexity significantly.