ADAPTIVE PREDICTIVE CONTROL OF NEAR-SPACE VEHICLE USING FUNCTIONAL LINK NETWORK

A novel nonlinear adaptive control method is presented for a near-space hypersonic vehicle （NHV） in the presence of strong uncertainties and disturbances. The control law consists of the optimal generalized predictive controller （OGPC） and the functional link network （FLN） direct adaptive law. OGPC is a continuous-time nonlinear predictive control law. The FLN adaptive law is used to offset the unknown uncertainties and disturbances in a flight through the online learning. The learning process does not need any offline training phase. The stability analyses of the NHV close-loop system are provided and it is proved that the system error and the weight learning error are uniformly ultimately hounded. Simulation results show the satisfactory performance of the con- troller for the attitude tracking.

Accurately tracking hypersonic gliding vehicles via an LEO mega-constellation in relay tracking mode

In order to effectively defend against the threats of the hypersonic gliding vehicles(HGVs),HGVs should be tracked as early as possible,which is beyond the capability of the ground-based radars.Being benefited by the developing megaconstellations in low-Earth orbit,this paper proposes a relay tracking mode to track HGVs to overcome the above problem.The whole tracking mission is composed of several tracking intervals with the same duration.Within each tracking interval,several appropriate satellites are dispatched to track the HGV.Satellites that are planned to take part in the tracking mission are selected by a new derived observability criterion.The tracking performances of the proposed tracking mode and the other two traditional tracking modes,including the stare and track-rate modes,are compared by simulation.The results show that the relay tracking mode can track the whole trajectory of a HGV,while the stare mode can only provide a very short tracking arc.Moreover,the relay tracking mode achieve higher tracking accuracy with fewer attitude controls than the track-rate mode.

Adaptive functional link network control of near-space vehicles with dynamical uncertainties

The control law design for a near-space hypersonic vehicle（NHV） is highly challenging due to its inherent nonlinearity,plant uncertainties and sensitivity to disturbances.This paper presents a novel functional link network（FLN） control method for an NHV with dynamical thrust and parameter uncertainties.The approach devises a new partially-feedback-functional-link-network（PFFLN） adaptive law and combines it with the nonlinear generalized predictive control（NGPC） algorithm.The PFFLN is employed for approximating uncertainties in flight.Its weights are online tuned based on Lyapunov stability theorem for the first time.The learning process does not need any offline training phase.Additionally,a robust controller with an adaptive gain is designed to offset the approximation error.Finally,simulation results show a satisfactory performance for the NHV attitude tracking,and also illustrate the controller＇s robustness.

Coupled dynamic model of state estimation for hypersonic glide vehicle

Aiming at handling complicated maneuvers or other unpredicted emergencies for hypersonic glide vehicle tracking,three coupled dynamic models of state estimation based on the priori information between guidance variables and aerodynamics are presented. Firstly, the aerodynamic acceleration acting on the target is analyzed to reveal the essence of the target’s motion.Then three coupled structures for modeling aerodynamic parameters are developed by different ideas: the spiral model with a harmonic oscillator, the bank model with trigonometric functions of the bank angle and the guide model with the changing rule of guidance variables. Meanwhile, the comparison discussion is concluded to show the novelty and advantage of these models.Finally, a performance assessment in different simulation cases is presented and detailed analysis is revealed. The results show that the proposed models perform excellent properties. Moreover, the guide model produces the best tracking performance and the bank model shows the second; however, the spiral model does not outperform the maneuvering reentry vehicle(MaRV) model markedly.

High-precision analytical solutions for Earth coverage of constellation equipped with reentry glide vehicles

To efficiently and accurately design satellite constellations equipped with Reentry Glide Vehicles(RGVs),new analytical solutions are developed for calculating their coverage perfor-mance.Specifically,a new coverage model is established by approximating the Reentry Reachable Domain(RRD).However,the computation of real-time relative distances between satellites and targets,which is essential for coverage analysis based on this model,imposes a significant compu-tational burden.To address this challenge,a coverage analysis method based on two-dimensional map theory is proposed.This method represents the coverage conditions of a target as a fixed area on a two-dimensional map and transforms the satellite trajectory into a series of parallel lines.By determining the intersection points between these lines and the area boundaries,the coverage ana-lytical solutions for a target point are derived.On this basis,coverage theorems are presented for rapid calculation of the constellation coverage performance for an area.Simulation results demon-strate the effectiveness and high precision of the proposed analytical solutions.

Optimal trajectory and heat load analysis of different shape lifting reentry vehicles for medium range application

The objective of the paper is to compute the optimal burn-out conditions and control requirements that would result in maximum down-range/cross-range performance of a waverider type hypersonic boost-glide(HBG) vehicle within the medium and intermediate ranges,and compare its performance with the performances of wing-body and lifting-body vehicles vis-a-vis the g-load and the integrated heat load experienced by vehicles for the medium-sized launch vehicle under study.Trajectory optimization studies were carried out by considering the heat rate and dynamic pressure constraints.The trajectory optimization problem is modeled as a nonlinear,multiphase,constraint optimal control problem and is solved using a hp-adaptive pseudospectral method.Detail modeling aspects of mass,aerodynamics and aerothermodynamics for the launch and glide vehicles have been discussed.It was found that the optimal burn-out angles for waverider and wing-body configurations are approximately 5° and 14.8°,respectively,for maximum down-range performance under the constraint heat rate environment.The down-range and cross-range performance of HBG waverider configuration is nearly 1.3 and 2 times that of wing-body configuration respectively.The integrated heat load experienced by the HBG waverider was found to be approximately an order of magnitude higher than that of a lifting-body configuration and 5 times that of a wing-body configuration.The footprints and corresponding heat loads and control requirements for the three types of glide vehicles are discussed for the medium range launch vehicle under consideration.

多高超声速滑翔飞行器协同避障轨迹规划研究

建立高超声速滑翔飞行器动力学模型和考虑复杂多约束条件的协同轨迹规划模型,着重考虑对雷达探测区、火力场覆盖区等禁飞区的避障和弹群内避碰问题,构造安全距离函数对禁飞区避障和弹群内避碰约束进行描述,采用自适应hp-Radau伪谱法将上述多约束条件下的复杂最优控制问题转化为非线性规划问题求解。提出协同避障轨迹规划流程,针对某通用大气飞行器(common aero vehicle,CAV)开展“异地出发,同时到达”的协同避障轨迹规划仿真,并进一步探究禁飞区位置和协同飞行时间对最优性能指标的影响。研究结果表明:本文提出的多高超声速滑翔飞行器协同避障轨迹规划方法有效处理了各种复杂约束条件,得到了满足各类约束条件和性能指标要求的多飞行器协同飞行轨迹。

基于滚动时域估计的高超声速飞行器轨迹跟踪

针对高超声速飞行器高精度轨迹跟踪问题,提出一种将滚动时域估计与交互式多模型算法相结合的强机动目标轨迹跟踪算法。给出了半速度系下的高超声速飞行器滑翔段运动模型及量测模型。利用滚动时域估计方法将状态估计问题转化为有约束的优化问题,并充分考虑飞行器滑翔段物理约束。在此基础上,为应对目标不同机动模式,借助交互式多模型算法思想建立模型集对其进行近似。分别在机动模式不变和机动模式突变的情况下对算法进行了验证。结果表明,新算法采用多个模型并行估计,即时调整模型概率后进行融合输出,能够有效避免目标跟踪模型失配,可显著提高对于高超声速飞行器这类强机动目标的轨迹跟踪精度。

基于新特征参数的再入滑翔飞行器机动模式智能辨识

再入滑翔飞行器的机动模式辨识问题是拦截方实现对其轨迹预测的关键。提出了一组与飞行器轨迹机动特点贴合的特征参数,根据构建的RGV机动模式轨迹库,搭建了LSTM深度学习神经网络,实现了对RGV机动模式的智能辨识。与传统模式辨识方法和其他典型特征参数的辨识网络进行对比,结果显示文中所提特征参数在LSTM机动模式辨识网络训练中具有收敛速度快、辨识精度高和鲁棒性好的特点。

拦截高超声速滑翔飞行器:制导进展与展望

聚焦于临近空间拦截制导关键技术,围绕中制导、中末制导交班及末制导等关键问题对临近空间拦截制导技术前景进行展望。首先对临近空间高超声速滑翔飞行器飞行特性进行仿真与分析,并给出防御系统在滑翔段拦截的优势所在;其次,围绕临近空间拦截系统面对高超声速滑翔飞行器时存在的瓶颈进行探讨,并对中制导离线弹道生成与在线弹道生成、中末制导交班及末制导等关键技术相关研究进展进行梳理与总结;最后,结合当前研究进展、面临的挑战及未来临近空间拦截需求,研究分析临近空间拦截制导技术的发展趋势,为后续防御系统的发展提供参考。

面向高超声速滑翔目标的多模型多意图融合轨迹预测

针对高超声速滑翔目标速度快、机动强导致轨迹预测精度低且窗口有限的问题,提出了一种多模型多意图融合轨迹预测方法。首先从目标的控制规律出发,构建了纵向、侧向解耦的时变预测模型集,以升力参数、阻力参数与倾侧角幅值为特征参数,通过最小二乘法与高斯假设设计纵向模型;以倾侧角符号为特征参数,针对攻击意图、规避禁飞区以及C/S型机动等典型动作设计侧向模型。然后考虑意图距离、航向角与规避禁飞区等因素设计意图代价函数,基于贝叶斯理论推导预测模型与意图的后验概率递推公式,通过多机动模式、多意图的双层次融合提高轨迹预测准确性与鲁棒性。仿真结果表明,该方法能够应对高超声速滑翔目标的复杂机动,有效提高了长时轨迹预测精度。

一种高超声速飞行器固定时间滑模控制方法

针对高超声速飞行器再入滑翔段的姿态控制问题,提出了一种存在外部扰动、模型不确定和输入饱和约束情况下的固定时间收敛终端滑模控制器。首先,针对固定时间收敛的超螺旋二阶滑模扰动观测器,给出了一个更加精确的固定收敛时间上界。随后,构造了一种改进的变指数系数快速非奇异多变量终端滑模面。进而,基于固定时间观测器和改进的滑模面,提出了一种可以使高超声速飞行器模型在受到外部扰动、模型存在不确定参数和输入饱和约束的情况下,能够实现固定时间收敛的再入滑翔段姿态控制终端滑模控制器,并证明了其在观测器收敛前后的固定时间稳定性。该方法能够在不引入额外测量的前提下,有效避免输入饱和。最后,通过数值仿真验证了所提出的控制方法的有效性。

高速飞行器编队通信保持控制与协同制导技术研究综述

在高速武器平台网络化的背景下,对于高速滑翔飞行器(以下简称“高速飞行器”)的研究不再局限于多约束下的制导方法,而是亟须破解多飞行器协同制导控制技术难题。通过总结部分军事大国研制高速飞行器的发展历程,分析了目前多飞行器协同作战的发展现状与趋势,进而引出研究多飞行器协同制导控制技术的必要性。随后分别对编队通信保持控制技术、带飞行时间约束的协同制导控制技术以及带飞行角度约束的协同制导控制技术的研究现状进行了梳理,为多高速飞行器协同作战探索解决思路,最后对多飞行器协同制导控制技术的未来发展方向进行了展望。

高超声速飞行器改进阻力加速度剖面设计

针对高超声速飞行器在滑翔段标称轨迹制导过程中的阻力加速度剖面设计问题,提出了一种改进的阻力加速度剖面设计方法。为增大飞行器滑翔段航程,改善飞行状态参数,设计了以能量倒数为自变量的二次函数形式剖面,通过改变剖面中点处阻力加速度值的方式对剖面形状进行调整,以满足高超声速飞行器各项约束。仿真结果表明,与传统二次函数阻力加速度剖面进行对比,该阻力加速度剖面能够增加最大滑翔距离,并改善飞行状态参数,能支持飞行器完成禁飞区绕飞任务。

助推滑翔变体飞行器弹道方案多目标近似优化

针对助推滑翔变体飞行器弹道方案最优变形求解难、多设计指标相互矛盾等问题,开展助推滑翔变体飞行器弹道方案多目标设计优化研究。首先构建了助推滑翔变体飞行器全程弹道方案优化框架,通过内外层分别优化控制参数及弹道方案参数,并建立了以起飞质量最小、射程最大为优化目标的弹道方案多目标优化模型。在弹道建模中,基于牛顿迭代法建立助推段弹道模型,基于伪谱法建立最优变体再入滑翔段弹道模型。此外,提出了基于差分进化的多目标近似约束优化方法(MACO-DE),实现助推滑翔变体飞行器弹道方案优化。对比初始方案,在射程不变情况下,起飞质量至多降低3.81%,在起飞质量不变情况下,射程至多提升6.62%,从而验证了全程弹道模型的合理性与MACO-DE方法的有效性。

基于解析解的高超声速滑翔飞行器的机动弹道设计

为了提高高超声速滑翔飞行器机动突防能力,本文研究了飞行器典型机动弹道的设计方法。首先,推导了高精度的高度-速度解析解,作为纵向弹道设计的基础。其次,基于高程解析解和横程解析解,设计了纵向机动模式和横向机动模式,实现飞行器纵向跳跃机动和横向摆动机动,分析了这两种模式对飞行器过载的影响,为实际突防中机动模式的选择提供依据;通过合理设计横向机动模式和纵向机动模式中弹道的幅值、频率和相位,实现飞行器空间螺旋机动和空间钟摆机动。最后,通过仿真验证了本文机动弹道设计方法具有较高精度,可满足实际突防设计的需求。

高超声速飞行器主动增阻的时间一致协同方法

针对三维空间中高超声速飞行器无动力滑翔段协同拦截运动目标的问题,提出了一种基于一致性理论的主动增阻时间协同方法。首先,给出三维空间的飞行器与目标相对运动方程,估计飞行器的剩余飞行时间。然后,基于多智能体一致性理论,设计了有限时间偏置一致性协议,使各飞行器的剩余飞行时间与指定飞行器一致。同时,设计了一种主动增阻的方法,可降低对运动目标的信息需求,不与视线法向制导律耦合。最后,对多飞行器协同打击机动目标的任务场景进行了仿真验证,结果证明了所提方法的有效性。

落速约束条件下滑翔飞行器制导律设计

针对滑翔飞行器末端速度约束条件下的制导问题,本文在分析侧向过载对速度的控制作用后提出了两种制导方法。首先,建立侧向机动模型,分析侧向机动运动对飞行器能量耗散的作用,提出利用侧向机动控制飞行器落速;其次,为准确控制飞行器末端速度,分别提出基于速度修正和神经网络的制导方法,并进行了六自由度仿真计算。仿真结果表明:本文所提出的制导方法能够在落角约束条件下准确控制飞行器末端速度;基于速度修正的制导方法在工程上易于实现,基于神经网络的制导方法具有更好的速度控制效果,具备在线实施的能力。本文所提出的落速约束制导方法具有较好的工程实用性,对此类飞行器的制导系统设计具有一定的参考意义。

滑翔飞行器速度约束条件下制导律设计

针对滑翔飞行器速度约束条件下的制导问题,提出一种基于神经网络的制导方法。首先,建立滑翔飞行器弹道优化模型,给出基于高斯伪谱法的弹道优化方法和基于神经网络的制导律模型;其次,为进一步满足速度约束条件,提出了速度控制策略;最后,将高斯伪谱法获得的最优控制量离散后作为标签数据,利用反向传播(BP)神经网络进行训练,将训练好的网络模型嵌入弹道仿真环境中进行数值计算,并与定攻角剖面和高斯伪谱法离线优化的计算结果进行对比分析。仿真结果表明:提出的制导方法能够在满足速度约束条件下实现制导飞行,具备在线实施的能力和较好的工程适用性,对此类飞行器的制导律设计具有一定的参考意义。

重型商用车辆燃料消耗量测定与分析

为确定重型商用车辆燃油消耗量,采用车辆道路滑行测试方法探究滑行阻力系数对燃油消耗量的影响,以提高测试结果的准确性。为此,提出采用高精度惯性导航测试系统对某品牌不同吨位的4辆燃油货车开展道路滑行试验,依据最小二乘法拟合原理得到实测阻力系数A、B、C,并得到滑行阻力计算公式,运用Microsoft Excel软件结合滑行阻力计算公式,设计出了滑行数据分析和处理的计算软件。通过比对分析实测阻力值与GB/T 27840-2011推荐阻力值及底盘测功机油耗试验,结果表明,实测阻力值与查表推荐阻力值误差约9%,实际道路滑行试验测得燃油消耗量更能反应车辆实际情况,且经实例验证设计的数据计算软件能高效可靠的完成数据处理,具有较高的实用性。