Domain Reversal Characteristics of Near-Stoichiometric LiNbO3 Crystals

The domain reversal characteristics of near-stoichiometric LiNbO3 ([Li]/[Li+Nb]=0.496) single crystals, which are grown by the Czochralski method with K2O tlux, are investigated. The switch tield for 180° ferroelectric domain reversal in the near-stoichiometric LiNbO3 crystal is 8.0±0.5kV/mm, which is only one third of the switching field required for the congruent LiNbO3 crystals. We have successfully achieved 180° domain reversal in near-stoichiometric LiNbO3 samples of 1.0mm thickness.

Near-stoichiometric Ti:LiNbO3 strip waveguide with varied substrate refractive index in waveguide layer

We report the near-stoichiometric Ti：LiNbO3 strip waveguides fabricated by vapour transport equilibration （VTE） at 1060~^{／circ}C for 12 h and co-diffusion of 4--8~／mu m wide, 115-nm thick Ti-strips. Optical studies show that these waveguides are monomode at 1.5~／mu m and have losses of 1.3 and 1.1~dB/cm for the TM and TE modes, respectively. In the waveguide width/depth direction, the mode field follows a Gauss/Hermite--Gauss profile. A secondary ion mass spectrometry study reveals that the Ti profile follows a sum of two error functions along the width direction and a complementary error function in the depth direction. Micro-Raman analysis shows that the Li-composition in the depth direction also follows a complementary error function. The mean Li/Nb ratio in the waveguide layer is about 0.98. The inhomogeneous Li-composition profile results in a varied substrate index in the guiding layer, and the refractive index profile in the guiding layer is given.

Growth and Optical Spectra of Zn∶Er∶LiNbO_3 Crystals Using Bridgman Method

The growth of LiNbO3 single crystal with Er^3＋ and Zn^2＋ co-doped using Bridgman method and its characteristic absorption spectra and fluorescence spectra were reported. Large-size crystals initially containing Zn^2＋ （3%） and Er^3＋ （0.6%） with good optical quality were obtained using optimized conditions such as a growth rate of 0.8- 1.5 mm·h^-1 and a temperature gradient of about 30 - 35℃·cm^-1 across the solid-liquid interface and the sealed platinum crucible. X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis （DTA） were used to characterize the crystals. The results indicate that the concentration of Er^3＋ ions in crystals, their absorption intensity, and their fluorescence intensity decrease from the bottom to the top in the crystals. However, for the upper part of the crystal, the up-conversion fluorescence intensity is higher than that of the lower part excited by an 800 or 970 nm pump. The effects of the crystal lattice, their structural defect and their effective segregation of Er^3＋ ions were discussed with respect to the variations of the up-conversion fluorescence intensity.

Transmission Spectral Characteristics of Photonic Crystals Milled in Annealed Proton-Exchange LiNbO_3 Waveguide

Transmission spectra of triangular lattice photonic crystals milled in the top surface of an annealed proton- exchange waveguide are numerically simulated. The effects of the finite depth, conical shape, trapezoidal shape and hybrid shape of holes are theoretically analyzed. Due to the difficulty of milling high aspect-ratio cylindrical holes in lithium niobate （LiNbO3 ）, a compromised solution is proposed to improve the overlap between shallow holes and the waveguide mode, and useful transmission spectra with strong contrast and sharp band edges are achieved.

Improvement of photorefractive properties in Hf:Fe:LiNbO_3 crystals with various [Li]/[Nb] ratios

Photorefractive properties of Hf：Fe：LiNbO3 crystals with various [Li]/[Nb] ratios have been investigated at 488 nm wavelength based on the two-wave coupling experiment. High diffraction efficiency and large recording sensitivity are observed and explained. The decrease in Li vacancies is suggested to be the main contributor to the increase in the photoconductivity and subsequently to the induction of the improvement of recording sensitivity. The saturation diffraction efficiency is measured up to 80.2%, and simultaneously the recording sensitivity of 0.91 cm/J is achieved to in the Hf：Fe：LiNbO3 crystal grown from the melt with the [Li]/[Nb] ratio of 1.20, which is significantly enhanced as compared with those of the Hf：Fe：LiNbO3 crystal with the [Li]/[Nb] ratio of 0.94 in melt under the same experimental conditions. Experimental results definitely show that increasing the [Li]/[Nb] ratio in crystal is an effective method＇for Hf：Fe：LiNbO3 crystal to improve its photorefractive properties.

OH^- absorption and nonvolatile holographic storage properties in Mg:Ru:Fe:LiNbO_3 crystal as a function of Mg concentration

Mg：Ru：Fe：LiN-bO3 crystals with various concentrations of MgO （in mole） and fixed content of RuO2 and Fe203 （in mass） are grown with the Czochralski method from the congruent melt. Their infrared transmission spectra are mea- sured and discussed to investigate the defect structure. With the increase of Mg2＋ concentration the blue nonvolatile holographic storage capability is enhanced. The nonvolatile holographic storage properties of dual-wavelength recording of Mg（7 mol%）：Ru：Fe：LiNbO3 nonvolatile diffraction efficiency, response time, and nonvolatile sensitivity reach 59.8%, 70 s, and 1.04 cm/J, respectively. Comparing Mg（7 mol%）：Ru：Fe：LiNbO3 with Ru：Fe：LiNbO3 crystal, the response time is shortened apparently. The nonvolatile diffraction efficiency and sensitivity are raised largely. The mechanism in blue photorefractive nonvolatile holographic storage is discussed.

Studies of Photorefractive Crystals of Double-Doped Ce,Fe:LiNbO_3

In this paper, photorefractive crystals of Ce, Fe:LiNbO 3 are systematically studied. The crystals have been grown by Czochralski method. The samples with different doping concentrations and oxidation/reduction treatments have been fabricated. Their photorefractive properties were experimentally investigated by using two beam coupling. The results show that the photorefractive efficiency depends on the dopant concentration, oxidation/reduction treatment, and light wavelength. The doping mechanism is also discussed here.

Ultraviolet laser-induced photovoltaic effects in miscut ferroelectric LiNbO_3 single crystals

This paper investigates the photovoltaic properties of miscut LiNbO3 single crystal with different thicknesses under irradiation of a 248 nm ultraviolet laser pulse with 20 ns duration without an applied bias. Nanosecond photovoltaic response is observed and faster rise time is obtained in thinner samples. In accord with the 248 nm laser duration, the full width at half maximum of the photovoltaic signals keeps a constant of ~ 20 ns. With decrease of the crystal thickness, the photovoltaic sensitivity was improved rapidly at first and then decreased, and the maximum photovoltage occurred at 0.38 mm-thick single crystal. The present results demonstrate that decreasing the LiNbO3 single crystal thickness can obtain faster response time and improve the photovoltaic sensitivity.

Growth and Optical Spectra of Zn∶Er∶LiNbO_3 Crystals by Bridgman Method

The growth of LiNbO3 single crystal with Er^3＋/Zn^2＋ co-doped by the bridgman method and the characteristics of absorption spectra and fluorescence spectra were reported. By means of the optimized con- ditions such as growth rate of 0.8 - 1.5 mm · h^- 1, temperature gradient about 30 - 35℃ ·cm^-1 across the solid-liquid interface and sealed platinum, large size crystals containing Zn^2＋ （3%） and Er^3＋ （0.6%） with good optical quality were obtained. X-ray diffraction and DTA were used to characterize the crystals. The results indicate that the concentration of Er^3＋ ions in crystals decrease along the growth direction, the absorption intensity and the fluorescence intensity ions also decrease along the growth direction. of Er^3＋ However, for the upper part crystal, the upconversion fluorescence intensity is higher than that of the lower part crystal excited with 800 or 970 nm pump. The effects of crystal lattice, structure defect and effective segregation of Er^3＋ ions were discussed in respect to the variations were discussed of upconversion fluorescence intensity.

Effect of Hf^(4+) doping on structure and enhancement of upconversion luminescence in Yb:Tm:LiNbO_3 crystals

A series of Yb：Tm：LiNbO_3 crystals doped with x mol% Hf^（4＋）ions（x = 2, 4, and 6） were grown by the Czochralski method. The dopant occupancy and defect structure of Hf：Yb：Tm：LiNbO_3 crystals were investigated by x-ray diffraction and infrared transmission spectra. The influence of Hf^（4＋）ions concentration on UV–VIS–NIR absorption spectra of Hf：Yb：Tm：LiNbO_3 crystals was discussed. The upconversion luminescence of Hf：Yb：Tm：LiNbO_3 crystals was obtained under 980 nm excitation. Strong emissions were observed at 475 nm in the blue wavelength range and 651 nm in the red wavelength range. Remarkably, enhancement of the red and blue upconversion luminescence was achieved by tridoping Hf^（4＋）ions.

Influence of Oxidation and Reduction Treatments on the Photorefractive Properties of Mg:In:Fe:LiNbO_3 Crystals

A series of Mg：In：Fe：LiNbO3 crystals were grown by Czochralski technique; their absorption spectra and photo scattering resistance ability after oxidation or reduction treatment were measured by light spot distortion method, and their response time and exponential gain coefficient were tested by two-beam coupling experiment. Besides, the effective carrier concentration has been calculated. The results showed that the absorption edges of reduced and oxidized crystals are respectively shifted to violet and Einstein compared with those of the growth state crystal. From oxidation state to growth state to reduction state of the samples, the photo scattering resistance ability and response time decrease while the exponential gain coefficient and concentration of effective carriers increase. The reduction treatment was necessary for the Mg：In：Fe：LiNbO3 crystals to enhance their photorefractive properties.

Study on the Growth and Photorefractive Properties of In:Fe:Cu:LiNbO_3 Crystals

Fe（0.2 mol%）：Cu（0.04 mol%）：LiNbO3 crystals with different doping concentration of In^3＋ （0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0mol%） were grown by Czochralski method, and then oxidized and reduced. The infrared transmittance spectra of crystals were measured to investigate the location of doping ion and its threshold concentration. The photorefractive properties of the crystals were tested by two beam coupling experiment. The results showed that the threshold concentration of In ions is 2.0～ 3.0 mol% and In ions take the place of NbLi^4＋ to form （ InLi^2＋） before reaching its threshold concentration, and then the location of normal Nb ions. In the （2.0 mol%）：Fe：Cu：LiNbO3 crystal with the oxidation treatment having the highest diffraction efficiency （η = 45.8%）, the photo-damage resistance threshold value R of In（3.0 mol%）：Fe：Cu：LiNbO3 was 3.67×10^4 W/cm^2 which was two orders of magnitude higher than that of Fe：Cu：LiNbO3 crystal （4.30×10^2 W/cm^2）. And the photo-damage resistance ability was enhanced by oxidized treatment. The In（2.0～3.0 mol%）：Fe：Cu：LiNbO3 crystals with oxidized treatment have the best photorefractive properties.

Optical Property of LiNbO_3 Crystal Codoped with In, Mg and Fe

In 2O 3, MgO and Fe 2O 3 were doped in LiNbO3 and Czochralski method was used to grow In:Mg:Fe:LiNbO 3 crystals. The OH - extension transmission spectra, light scattering resistance ability, two wave coupled diffraction efficiency and response time of the crystal were measured. Codoping In and Mg in crystal will improve its light scattering resistance ability and response time. Doping In can increase the ability to replace antisite Nb and decrease the doping quantity of Mg. All these are propitious to improve the optical homogeneity of crystal. Doping Fe can improve the photorefractive sensitivity for LiNbO 3 crystal. We discussed the site of In, Mg and Fe in LiNbO 3 crystals and the influence of the absorption peak of OH - transmission spectra on photorefractive property for LiNbO 3 crystal.

Holographic Storage Properties of In:Fe:Mn:LiNbO_3 Crystals

In：Fe：Mn：LiNbO3（LN） crystals were grown in air atmosphere by Czochralski method with different concentration of In （0, 1, 2, 3 mol%） in the melts, while the contents of Fe2O3 and MnO were 0.1 and 0.5 mol%, respectively. The location of doping ions was analyzed by Ultravioletvisible absorption spectra and differential thermal analysis. The diffraction efficiency （η）, writing time （τw） and erasure time （τe） of the crystals were measured by two-beam coupling experiment. The dynamic range and photorefractive sensitivity have also been calculated. The results showed that with the increase of In ions in the melt, the absorption edge of In：Fe：Mn：LN crystal shifts to the violet firstly and then makes the Einstein shift, the Curie temperature of crystal increases firstly and then decreases, the storage ratio speeds up, diffraction efficiency decreases, and dynamic range and photorefractive sensitivity increase. The mechanism of holographic storage properties of In：Fe： Mn：LN crystal with different doping concentration of In^3＋ was investigated, suggesting the In： Fe：Mn：LN crystals are excellent holographic storage materiel with better synthetical properties than Fe：Mn：LN crystals.

The Effect of Oxidation/Reduction Disposing on Optical Properties of Mg:Fe:Mn:LiNbO_3 Crystals

The congruent tri-doped Mg:Mn:Fe:LiNbO 3 crystal has been grown by Czochralski method. Some crystal samples are reduced in Li 2CO 3 powder at 500 ℃ for 24 hours or oxidized for 10 hours at 1100 ℃ in Nb 2O 5 powder. Compared with As-grown Mg:Mn:Fe:LiNbO 3, the absorption edge in UV-Vis. absorption spectrum of the oxidized sample and the reduced shifts to the violet and the red, respectively. Reduction increases the absorption of crystals in visible light region. In two-wave coupling experiments, the writing time, maximum diffraction efficiency and the erasure time of crystal samples in the same conditions are determined. The results indicate that oxidation and reduction disposing has great effect on the holographic recording properties of these crystals. The reduced crystal exhibits the fastest response time of 160 s among the crystal series. The mechanism of post-disposing effect on the holographic recording properties of Mg:Mn:Fe:LiNbO 3 crystals are investigated.

A Study on the Raman Spectrum of the LiNbO_3－doped Mg Crystal at Low Temperature

The Raman Spectra of LiNbO3:MgO(6.7mol%) at both lowtemperature and room temperature were studied. The results showed that the crystal structure had changed little after doping Mg++. At room temperature the lattice distorted a litlte, which caused the appearance of couping phenomenon of some individual scattering peaks. As the temperature decreased, the coupling reduced gradually.

LiNbO_3∶Fe晶体中光写入阵列平面光波导的实验实现

采用两束相干平行光形成的干涉光场辐照LiNbO3 ∶Fe晶体 ,通过光折变效应在晶体中写入了阵列平面光波导 分别采用马赫 -曾德干涉仪光路和光栅衍射法测量了阵列平面光波导的横向折射率分布和周期 ,并对所写入的阵列平面光波导进行了初步的导光测试 实验结果表明 。

Mg^(2+)对Fe∶LiNbO_3晶体光折变响应时间的影响

在 Fe∶Li Nb O3 中掺进 3 mol%和 6mol% Mg O,生长了 Mg∶Fe∶L i Nb O3 晶体 .测试了 Mg∶Fe∶Li Nb O3 晶体抗光致散射能力、衍射效率、响应时间和光电导 .推导响应时间与光电导之间的关系 .在 Fe∶Li Nb O3 晶体中掺进 6mol%的 Mg2 + ,它的抗光致散射能力比Fe∶L i Nb O3 晶体提高一个数量级 ,响应速度比 Fe∶Li Nb O3

Mg∶Fe∶LiNbO_3晶体的生长及光学性能研究

在Fe∶LiNbO3中掺进MgO和Fe2 O3以提拉技术生长Mg∶Fe∶LiNbO3晶体 对晶体进行极化和还原处理 测试晶体的吸收光谱 ,Mg∶Fe∶LiNbO3晶体吸收边相对Fe∶LiNbO3晶体发生紫移 测试晶体的红外光谱 ,Mg∶(5mol % )Fe∶LiNbO3晶体OH 吸收峰由Fe∶LiNbO3晶体的 3482cm- 1移到35 34cm- 1 采用锂空位模型阐述Mg∶Fe∶LiNbO3晶体 ,吸收边和OH- 吸收峰移动的机理 测试晶体的抗光致散射能力 Mg∶(5mol% )Fe∶LiNbO3晶体抗光致散射能力比Fe∶LiNbO3晶体提高一个数量级以上 测试晶体的衍射效率和响应时间

Eu∶Zn∶LiNbO_3晶体全息存储性能的研究

在ＬｉＮｂＯ３中掺进Ｅｕ２Ｏ３和ＺｎＯ生长Ｅｕ∶Ｚｎ∶ＬｉＮｂＯ３晶体。采用二波耦合光路测试晶体的指数增益系数和衍射效率。以Ｅｕ∶Ｚｎ∶ＬｉＮｂＯ３晶体作为存储元件，实现了全息关联存储。