Growth and Holographic Storage Properties of Sc, Fe Co-Doped Lithium Niobate Crystals

The holographic storage properties of Fe （0.03% （mass fraction） Fe2O3）：LiNbO3 doped with Sc at different levels （0, 1%, 2%, 3%） were investigated. The Sc threshold concentration in Fe：LiNbO3 was implied to be about 3% （mole fraction） because O-H vibration absorption peak of Sc （3%）：Fe：LiNbO3 was at 3508 cm^-1, compared with 3484 cm^-1 of crystals with lower Sc doping level. Sc（3%）：Fe：LiNbO3 exhibited higher optical damage resistance ability. The threshold intensity （wavelength 488 nm） of Sc （3%）：Fe：LiNbO3 was 2.2 ×10^2 W ·cm^-2, two orders of masnitude higher than that of Fe：LiNbO3. Holographic storage properties of the crystals were determined in an extraordinary polarized laser of wavelength 632.8 nm by a two-wave coupling method. It was found that in terms of holographic storage properties, the optimal doping concentration of Sc was 2% （mole fraction） among this crystal series.

The two photorefractive centres in iron doped nearly stoichiometric lithium niobate crystals

This paper investigates the photorefractive properties of iron doped lithium niobate with different [Li]/[Nb] ratios The experimental results show two photorefractive centres for iron doped near-stoichiometric lithium niobate crystal Besides Fe^2＋ and Fe^3＋ ions, small polarons and bipolarons are considered as another photoactive centre.

Formation Enthalpy Calculation of Oxygen Vacancy Defect in Doped Lithium Niobate Crystals

The relationship between temperature and oxygen vacancy concentration is deduced in this paper. Based on the data of thermal weight-loss experiment, the formation enthalpies of congruent and several doped LN crystals have been calculated. It was found that the formation enthalpy of oxygen vacancies can be decreased evidently by doping valence-changeable ions. The experimental results were discussed and a new reduction process of the photorefractive LN crystal at a relatively low temperature was proposed, and the reduced crystals showed a good effect in practical use.

Continuous-wave mid-infrared intracavity singly resonant optical parametric oscillator based on periodically poled lithium niobate

This paper reports a continuous-wave （CW） mid-infrared intracavity singly resonant optical parametric oscillator based on periodically poled lithium niobate （PPLN） pumped by a diode-end-pumped CW Nd：YVO4 laser. Considering the thermal lens effects, it adopted an optical ballast lens and the near-concentric cavity for better operation. At the PPLN＇s grating period of 28.5 μm and the temperature of 140℃, the maximum idler output power of 155 mW at 3.86 μm has been achieved when the 808 nm pump power is 8.5 W, leading to an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 1.82%.

High efficiency continuous-wave tunable signal output of an intracavity singly resonant optical parametric oscillator based on periodically poled lithium niobate

In this paper we report on a continuous-wave （CW） intracavity singly resonant optical parametric oscillator （ICSRO） based on periodically poled LiNbO3 （PPLN） pumped by a diode-end-pumped CW Nd：YVO4 laser. Considering the thermal lens effects and diffraction loss, an optical ballast lens and a near-concentric cavity are adopted for better operation. Through varying the grating period and the temperature, the tunable signal output from 1406 nm to 1513 nm is obtained. At a PPLN grating period of 29 pm and a temperature of 413 K, a maximum signal output power of 820 mW at 1500 nm is achieved when the 808 nm pump power is 10.9 W, leading to an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 7.51%.

Generation of hyperentangled photon pairs based on lithium niobate waveguide

Generation of hyperentangled photon pairs is investigated based on the lithium niobate straight waveguide.We propose to use the nonlinear optical process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion(SPDC)and a well-designed lithium niobate waveguide structure to generate a hyperentangled(in the polarization dimension and the energy-time dimension)two-photon state.By performing numerical simulations of the waveguide structure and calculating the possible polarization states,joint spectral amplitudes(JSA),and joint temporal amplitudes(JTA)of the generated photon pair,we show that the generated photon pair is indeed hyperentangled in both the polarization dimension and the energy-time dimension.

Recent progress in thin-film lithium niobate photonic crystal[Invited]

Lithium niobate is a material that exhibits outstanding electro-optic,nonlinear optical,acousto-optic,piezoelectric,photorefractive,and pyroelectric properties.A thin-film lithium niobate photonic crystal can confine light in the sub-wavelength scale,which is beneficial to the integration of the lithium niobate on-chip device.The commercialization of the lithium niobate on insulator gives birth to the emergence of high-quality lithium niobate photonic crystals.In order to provide guidance to the research of lithium niobate photonic crystal devices,recent progress about fabrication,characterization,and applications of the thin-film lithium niobate photonic crystal is reviewed.The performance parameters of the different devices are compared.

Reconfigurable directional coupler in lithium niobate crystal fabricated by three-dimensional femtosecond laser focal field engineering

For crystals, depressed cladding waveguides have advantages such as preservation of the spectroscopic as well as non-linear properties and the capability to guide both horizontal and vertical polarization modes, but fabrication is always quite time consuming. In addition, it is usually difficult to couple modes propagating in different depressed cladding waveguides through evanescent field overlap, so it is often required to dynamically reconfigure photonic waveguide devices using external fields for classical or quantum applications. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the single-scan femtosecond laser transverse writing of depressed cladding waveguides to form a 2 × 2 directional coupler inside lithium niobate crystal, which is integrated with two deeply embedded microelectrodes on both sides of the interaction region to reconfigure the coupling. By focal field engineering of the femtosecond laser, we specially generate a three-dimensional longitudinally oriented ring-shaped focal intensity profile composed of 16 discrete spots to simultaneously write the entire cladding region. The fabricated waveguides exhibit good single guided modes in two orthogonal polarizations at 1550 nm. By applying voltage to the deeply embedded microelectrodes fabricated with the femtosecond laser ablation followed by selective electroless plating, we successfully facilitate the light coupling from the input arm to the cross arm and thus actively tune the splitting ratio. These results open new important perspectives in the efficient fabrication of reconfigurable complex three-dimensional devices in crystals based on depressed cladding waveguides.

Light-Induced Photorefractive Waveguides in Iron-Doped Lithium Niobate Crystals

Waveguides were fabricated in lithium niobate crystals solely by light irradiation using binary optical masks and SLM-prepared optical masks. Arrayed-waveguides were also obtained by once or twice irradiations of an interferogram of two plane waves.

Broadband and lossless lithium niobate valley photonic crystal waveguide [Invited]

We investigate the influences of structure parameters and interface shapes on the bandwidth of the edge state of lithium niobate valley photonic crystals. By increasing the size difference of two air holes in the same unit cell, we find that the bandwidth of the lossless nontrivial edge state possesses a peak value of 0.0201(a/λ), which can be used to construct broadband valley photonic crystal waveguides. Mode field distributions verify that the waveguide is robust against sharp bends and exhibits chirality. When the unit cell is arranged in a bearded interface with the top and bottom components showing negative and positive valley Chern numbers, respectively, we find that the lithium niobate valley photonic crystal is more likely to exhibit a lossless edge state, which is difficult to be realized in valley waveguides with low refractive index materials. This work can provide guidance on the design of the high-performance topological waveguide.

Characterization of lithium niobate single crystal diffused with magnesium by DTA

Based on the report given by J. E. Midwinter that the refractive indices no and ne oflithium niobate doped with magnesium （MgO:LiNbo3） are lower than those of LiNbO3,S.Sudo et al. achieved for the first time the core-cladding wave guide structure of LiNbO3

Mg-ion indiffusion of lithium niobate single crystal fiber

A core-cladding waveguide structure of lithium niobate single crystal fiber with different refractive index profiles has been obtained by using an Mg-ion indiffusion process. The propagation loss of the dadded crystal fiber is measured to be 14 times as low as that of the undadded crystal fibers. Mechanisms of Mg-ion indiffusion and reasons of lattice distortion are analyzed and discussed. It is found by X-ray diffraction analysis as well as scanning electron microscopy that MgO-rich layer in the magnesium diffused surface exhibits the crystal structure of a new compound from the Li-Mg-Nb-O ternary system. It is proposed, for the first time, that this new compound in MgO-rich layer is the real source of Mg-ion indiffusion lithium niobate.

坩埚底角形状对提拉法生长同成分铌酸锂晶体的影响

铌酸锂晶体集压电、非线性、电光、光折变等效应于一身,同时其物理化学性质稳定,在集成光学领域极具应用潜力。然而,大尺寸铌酸锂晶体生长的热场设计难度大,其中坩埚形状作为热场设计的重要因素,对晶体生长的影响显著。坩埚直径和高度受制于装料量和晶体直径等硬性约束,因此通常通过改变坩埚局部的形状以改善热场。针对坩埚底角形状对大尺寸同成分铌酸锂晶体生长的影响,本研究使用两种底角形状的坩埚进行了四英寸同成分铌酸锂晶体生长实验。通过数值模拟,分析了坩埚底角形状对固液界面附近晶体内和熔体内轴向温度梯度的影响,以及对固液界面下方熔体内温度分布的影响,进而结合晶体生长结果分析了坩埚底角形状对晶体生长的影响。研究表明:坩埚底角形状的变化会引起坩埚侧壁上温差的变化和熔体内温度梯度的变化,并改变熔体自然对流的强弱;与底部斜角坩埚相比,使用底部弧角坩埚时,固液界面附近晶体内和熔体内的轴向温度梯度较大,固液界面下方熔体内的轴向温度梯度较大,自然对流更强。这一研究结果有助于解决晶体生长脊展宽和胞状界面生长等问题。

铌酸锂晶体电光系数的误差分析

电光系数是铌酸锂晶体的重要性能参数,密切关系着电光器件的设计和应用.然而由于铌酸锂晶体的合成条件不相同使得晶体的电光系数没有理论值,给电光系数测量值的误差分析带来困难.本文从数值分析的角度,利用开源的Python程序包拟合实验数据,得到拟合参数及其不确定度,再由误差传递理论推导出晶体的电光系数及其误差.本文利用半波电压法测量晶体电光系数的相对误差小于2%,具有很高的精度.文中还给出了当前广泛使用的Python程序的拟合源代码,欢迎相关科研人员参考使用.

应用于1064 nm倍频实验的啁啾周期极化铌酸锂晶体的结构设计与角度鲁棒性测试

通过倍频技术产生的532 nm固体激光器是目前应用最广泛的激光器之一,其最常用的倍频晶体三硼酸锂(LBO)在角度鲁棒性与倍频效率上仍有不足.为获得具有较好的角度鲁棒性的倍频晶体,实现激光器结构复杂度的降低与稳定性的提升,本文从角度鲁棒性的理论分析出发,对啁啾周期极化铌酸锂(CPPLN)晶体的结构进行设计,并对其进行理论仿真与实验测试.模拟仿真的结果表明,该设计结构的CPPLN晶体具有良好的角度鲁棒性,在-3°至+3°的范围内倍频效率一直维持在最高倍频效率的60%以上.倍频实验的结果显示可以达到LBO晶体的11倍以上.同时CPPLN晶体的倍频光功率关于入射角度的半高宽可以达到6°以上,并且出射光斑为标准的高斯光斑,几乎不受入射角度的影响.研究表明,CPPLN晶体具有远高于LBO晶体的倍频效率,且角度鲁棒性优于LBO晶体的角度鲁棒性.

飞秒激光直写铌酸锂晶体半包层光波导

本文采用飞秒激光微纳加工技术在铌酸锂(LiNbO_(3))晶体中成功制备了直径为30、40和50μm的半包层波导,并通过端面耦合技术对其导波性能进行测试,得出半包层波导在633、1550 nm波长下具有优良的传输性能,且仅支持TM偏振方向传输,具有单偏振性;通过计算波导的传输损耗,得出了30μm直径的波导在633及1550 nm波长下传输性能最佳。并且通过Rsoft软件理论计算,证明了实验结果的合理性。本研究结果为光波导设计和性能优化提供了重要的参考,具有一定的实验和理论价值。

Cu∶Co∶Mg∶LiNbO_(3)晶体电子结构和光学性质

基于第一性原理研究了LiNbO_(3)晶体及不同Mg浓度下的Cu∶Co∶LiNbO_(3)晶体的电子结构和光学性质。Cu∶LiNbO_(3)和Co∶LiNbO_(3)晶体禁带宽度分别为3.279 eV和3.333 eV,在带隙中出现的杂质能级主要由Cu 3d和Co 3d轨道贡献。在抗光折变Mg离子物质的量浓度达到阈值(约6%)时,光折变掺杂离子在3.069 eV和2.363 eV处表现出较好的光吸收。研究表明,与低浓度Mg离子掺杂晶体相比,Mg离子物质的量浓度达到阈值浓度(约6%)时,存储参量中的衍射效率增强、动态范围增加和灵敏度增高,在双光存储应用中更有优势。

近化学计量比LiNbO_3晶体的生长及其组分测定

铌酸锂晶体 (LiNbO3)是一种典型的非化学计量比晶体 ,通常所使用的同成分LiNbO3晶体中的锂铌比 ([Li]/ [Nb])约为 4 8.6 / 51.4。我们利用提拉法 ,从掺入 11mol%k2 O的同成分LiNbO3熔体中生长出了高光学质量的近化学计量比LiNbO3单晶。与同成分LiNbO3晶体相比 ,其吸收边向短波方向移动 ;E模 (153cm- 1)喇曼谱线宽从 9.4cm- 1降低到了 7.0cm- 1,A1模 (876cm- 1)喇曼谱线宽从 2 5.5cm- 1降低到了 2 0 .0cm- 1;产生 532nm～ 10 6 4nm 2次谐波的相匹配温度从室温增加到了155.5℃ ;OH- 红外吸收谱线宽明显变窄 ,波形也有明显的变化。这些结果表明这种LiNbO3晶体中的LiO2 含量为 4 9.6mol% ,即 [Li]/ [Nb]为 0 .984 ,接近其化学计量比。

铌酸锂晶体及其应用概述

铌酸锂晶体历史悠久,物理效应最为齐全,被用于制备声学滤波器、谐振器、延迟线、电光调制器、电光调Q开关、相位调制器等器件,在电子技术、光通信技术、激光技术等领域得到了广泛应用,并且在第五代无线通信技术、微纳光子学、集成光子学及量子光学等近期快速发展的领域中展示了重要的应用前景。本文简要综述了铌酸锂晶体的基本性质、晶体制备以及应用情况,对铌酸锂晶体未来的应用发展进行了简要分析。

等径控制系统的改进及在光学级铌酸锂生长中的应用

分析了提拉法晶体生长过程中影响滞后变化的因素 ,采用传统PID调节器和计算机辅助控制相结合的办法 ,解决了铌酸锂晶体生长过程中的精确等径控制问题 ,并在大直径铌酸锂晶体生长应用中取得了满意的效果。生长的 76mm直径的铌酸锂晶体 ,生长条纹问题得到很大改善 ,光学均匀性提高了一个量级以上。