Analysis of Global CCS Technology,Regulations and Its Potential for Emission Reduction with Focus on China

This paper introduces the development of Carbon Capture and Storage （CCS） technology, the progress in CCS demonstration projects, and regulations and policies related to CCS. Barriers and limitations for the large-scale deployment of CCS are discussed. CCS and different technological solutions for emission reduction （e.g., energy conservation and renewable energy） are compared. The analysis shows that China should carefully evaluate the negative impacts of CCS deployment and needs to enhance the research and development input in CCS in order to master core technologies of CCS systems. Furthermore, CCS incentives should depend on actual CCS development. Based on the current situation, China may need to focus on retrofitting existing thermal power plants with CCS technology, so CCS can be promoted for future large-scale application.

Near-Zero Air Pollutant Emission Technologies and Applications for Clean Coal-Fired Power

Coal is the dominant energy source in China,and coal-fired power accounts for about half of coal consumption.However,air pollutant emissions from coal-fired power plants cause severe ecological and environmental problems.This paper focuses on near-zero emission technologies and applications for clean coal-fired power.The long-term operation states of near-zero emission units were evaluated,and synergistic and special mercury(Hg)control technologies were researched.The results show that the principle technical route of near-zero emission,which was applied to 101 of China’s coal-fired units,has good adaptability to coal properties.The emission concentrations of particulate matter(PM),SO2,and NOx were below the emission limits of gas-fired power plants and the compliance rates of the hourly average emission concentrations reaching near-zero emission in long-term operation exceeded 99%.With the application of near-zero emission technologies,the generating costs increased by about 0.01 CNY∙(kW∙h)-1.However,the total emissions of air pollutants decreased by about 90%,resulting in effective improvement of the ambient air quality.Furthermore,while the Hg emission concentrations of the near-zero emission units ranged from 0.51 to 2.89μg∙m^-3,after the modified fly ash(MFA)special Hg removal system was applied,Hg emission concentration reached as low as 0.29μg∙m^-3.The operating cost of this system was only 10%-15%of the cost of mainstream Hg removal technology using activated carbon injection.Based on experimental studies carried out in a 50000 m^3∙h^-1 coal-fired flue gas pollutant control pilot platform,the interaction relationships of multi-pollutant removal were obtained and solutions were developed for emissions reaching different limits.A combined demonstration application for clean coal-fired power,with the new“1123”eco-friendly emission limits of 1,10,20 mg∙m^-3,and 3μg∙m^-3,respectively,for PM,SO2,NOx,and Hg from near-zero emission coal-fired power were put forward and realized,providing engineering and technical support for the national enhanced pollution emission standards.

How does government environmental regulation "unlock" carbon emission effect?——evidence from China

The disordered emission of carbon dioxide is an important sign of market failure, making it a must to "unlock" the high emission effect of carbon dioxide by effective means. From the perspective of technological innovation, on the basis of the data of time series from 1985 to 2014 in Beijing, China,this article empirically analyzed the relationship between environmental regulation and carbon emissions through VAR model, impulse response function, and variance decomposition. It is concluded that in a short term, environmental regulation has an inhibitory effect on carbon emissions and technological innovation and has a positive effect on industrial structure. In a long term,environmental regulation can enhance the technological innovation and reduce the effect of carbon emissions, which may even eliminate it. Generally, environmental regulation and technological innovation have a greater impact on carbon dioxide emissions, while the industrial structure has a relatively small effect. Finally, the targeted countermeasures and suggestions are put forward.

Spatial Effect of Environmental Regulation on Carbon Emissions

Based on Chinese provincial panel data from 2003 to 2014,the spatial dependence between the environment regulation and carbon emissions is tested by spatial autocorrelation analysis. Besides,spatial lag model and spatial error model are built to empirically test the marginal effect of environmental regulation on carbon emissions and its spatial effect. The result shows that the influence trajectory of environmental regulation on carbon emissions performances inverted ＂ U＂ type. It is ＂ green paradox effect＂ before the inflection point and ＂ reversed transmission reduction effect＂ after the inflection point. Moreover,the carbon emissions show significant spatial spillover effect. In order to achieve the desired effect of environmental regulation and promote carbon reduction,we should increase the environmental regulation intensity reasonably,select rational environmental regulation policy tools,and sufficiently consider the spatial spillover effect of carbon emissions.

Regulated and Speciated Hydrocarbon Emissions from a Dual Fuel Light Duty Vehicle with and Without a Three-Way Catalyst

The regulated pollutants （CO,HC and NOx） and unregulated pollutants （volatile organic compounds and carbonyl compounds）,emitted from a dual fuel vehicle fueled with gasoline and E10 fuel,are measured under a transient cycle and steady modes.The impacts of a three-way catalyst （TWC） are investigated for the two types of fuels.The measured results show that NOx and acetaldehyde emitted from the E10-fueled car are much more than that from the gasoline-fueled car under the same modes.On the basis of maximum incremental reactivity （MIR） factors and emissions of organic gases,the ozone specific reactivity of the tailpipe gases are evaluated.

Optimization and Regulation Policy for Land Use Changes Based on Low-carbon Emission in Developed Regions of China

Land use and cover change(LUCC) is one of the important causes of the Earth’s carbon cycle imbalances resulting from failure in optimizing land use. The solution to this problem has been the hotspot of research in land and environmental science. We took 'low carbon', 'energy saving' and 'high-efficiency' as the goals of land use optimization,and integrated Markov-CA(Cellular Automaton),the Grid-Fractal model and GIS,in order to study carbon emission objective function,to establish a simulation method for land use spatial allocation optimization,to evaluate the effect of the method on carbon emissions. Regulation policy on three types of land use spatial allocation was proposed,including 'low-carbon type', 'low-carbon-economic type' and 'economic type'. We applied the method to analyze the land use spatial allocation in Taixing City of the 'Yangtze River Delta' regions in China,and obtained the following results:(i) The three optimization types would improve carbon emissions by 3. 21%,1. 80% and 0. 36% respectively in 2020,compared with 2010;(ii) The actual planning for 2020 was close to the 'low-carbon-economic type';(iii) The optimization method and regulation policy,combining local optimization and global control,could meet the sustainable multi-objective requirements for low-carbon constraints of land use spatial allocation. The result of this research could also serve as a reference for exploration into patterns of regional low-carbon land use and measures for energy saving and emission reduction.

Analysis of Emissions Profiles of Hydraulic Fracturing Engine Technologies

Today, the oil and gas industry, and in particular hydraulic fracturing operations, have come under increasing pressure from regulators and the public to reduce emissions. As the industry evolves, oil and gas producers are in the position of evaluating alternative technologies which will support their objectives of reducing their overall emissions profile and carbon footprint. As a response, the deployment of technology and solutions to reduce emissions related to hydraulic fracturing applications has recently accelerated, creating various options to address these industry challenges. BJ Energy Solutions and West Virginia University have been working on the application and emissions characterization of various hydraulic fracturing technologies. A study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency and resultant emissions from various technologies, including natural gas reciprocating engines, diesel-natural gas dual-fuel engines, large (>24 MW) gas turbines, and direct drive turbines. The study involved the development of an emissions model with the purpose of estimating total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and exhaust methane (CH4) slip, all Greenhouse Gases (GHGs), and converted to tons of CO2 equivalent emissions per day of operation. The model inputs are the required Hydraulic Horsepower (HHP) based on pumping rate and pressure for various shale play scenarios. The model calculates emissions from the TITAN, which is a direct-drive turbine model fielded by BJ, using data collected following U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) testing protocols. The model also calculates and compares other hydraulic fracturing technologies utilizing published Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) data. Relevant EPA-regulated criteria emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Particulate Matter (PM) are also reported. Modeling results demonstrated that in most cases, the TITAN gas turbine system has lower total GHG emissions than conventional diesel and other next-generation technologies, and also has lower criteria emissions. The benefits of the TITAN gas turbine system compared to the other technologies stems from significantly lower methane slip, and the high-power transfer efficiency resulting from directly connecting a turbine to a reciprocating pump, despite the comparatively lower thermal efficiency.

How Does Environmental Regulation Affect Carbon Emissions? —Evidence from China

In this paper, the increment of CO2 emissions from 285 prefecture-level cities in China from 2004 to 2013 is decomposed into scale effect, composition effect and technique effect. Based on the decomposition results, the effects of different environmental regulation on carbon emission increment and its decomposition effect were studied by using multiple regression methods. The results show that carbon emission environmental regulation, sulfur dioxide emission environmental regulation and electricity prices also significantly reduce the city’s carbon emissions, in which carbon emission reduction environmental regulation has the best effect, followed by sulfur dioxide emission reduction environmental regulation. Different environmental regulations do not significantly reduce urban carbon emissions in terms of composition effects, and even increase carbon emissions of cities. In addition, the impacts of different environmental regulations on the cities in the two control zones and the non-control zone were studied. Compared with non-control zone cities, environmental regulations for carbon emission and SO2 have a better effect on carbon emission reduction in cities of two control zones.

Ammonia Emissions in EuropemCosts, Regulation and Targets with Focus on Denmark

The NEC （National Emission Ceiling） directive has set targets for the 2010 ammonia emissions from a number of European countries. The target will be reached by most EU-countries and the total emission for EU-27 has been reduced by 22% from 1990 to 2007. Denmark is one of the countries with the largest reductions since 1990 and the article aims at the measures and costs involved. The conclusion is that the costs have been under 3ε per kg NH3-N. Measures in several countries are under 5ε per kg NH3-N, which is a likely minimum for the benefits of reducing NH3-N. The findings suggest that the same measures might be cheaper in the Netherlands and Denmark than in the UK and the USA due to technology advances and stricter regulations in the past. The new Danish application procedure, when increasing the animal production, has tried to make the acceptance procedure quicker and dynamic ensuring that new technology is adopted quicker and that the farm has the right location. It is concluded that the new application process so far has not lived up to the high expectations at the outset. Despite this, the paper concludes that Denmark is likely to reduce emission by 50% from 1990 to 2020 and reach the likely 2020 NEC ceiling.

Methodological Approach to Regulating CO_(2eq)Emissions from Major Energy Transition Projects in Sub-Saharan Africa:The Case of Hydroelectricity

The energy transition,validated by 194 countries at the end of CoP21 in Paris,requires new development design methods.This requirement,for the sub-Saharan African countries(SAC),could be an opportunity to finance their development.Following the mixed results of the Clean Development Mechanism(CDM),partly due to its rather restrictive selection criterion,the desire to implement carbon asset transfer mechanisms is proposed by many countries including Cameroon.However,the success of such a mechanism would be guaranteed by encouraging policies to regulate emissions.It is in this perspective that our work falls.It aims at proposing a regulation approach for major projects.We have dwelt on hydroelectric projects.To do this,we ordered considering their quantitative feature,113 projects or visions proposed by 37 countries.Subsequently,a classification of projects according to compartments and trends was made.We finally pointed out 6 visions,including the mitigation in production,mitigation in distribution or service,adaptation in production,mitigation in transport,adaptation in distribution or service,and the adaptation in transport.The regulation methodology proposed for mitigation projects in the hydroelectric sector on a variable threshold hypothesis has led us to three trends in regulation.

Activated aggregation-induced emission therapeutics agents for triggering regulated cell death

The induction of regulated cell death(RCD)through photo/ultrasound sensiti-zation therapeutic agents has gained significant attention as a vital approach to combat drug resistance in tumors.Aggregation-induced emission(AIE)therapeutic agents generate reactive oxygen species through photo/ultrasound activation,which can synergize with RCD inducers or directly induce RCD,ultimately resulting in the death of tumor cells.The presented comprehensive review delves into recent advancements in AIE therapeutic agents designed to trigger RCD or synergize with RCD inducers,encompassing apoptosis,necroptosis,pyroptosis,immunogenic cell death,autophagy,ferroptosis,and cuproptosis.Additionally,the intricate regula-tory mechanisms through which activatory-AIE therapeutics influence distinct RCD pathways are examined.A forward-looking perspective on future developments and pertinent challenges within this exciting realm is presented,anticipating the con-tinued evolution of activatable AIE therapeutics as a transformative approach to enhance tumor therapy.

The impact of carbon emission trading policy on firms’green innovation in China

This study aims to examine the green innovation effect of the carbon emissions pilot policy in China.First,using the difference-in-differences method and regressions of instrumental variables using the data from Chinese listed firms,we verify that the policy promotes green innovation among regulated firms and is more pronounced among state-owned enterprises,firms in the eastern region,and those with lower financing constraints.Furthermore,this positive effect spreads downstream relative to the regulated firms through input–output linkages,but reduces green innovation to upstream firms.Accordingly,such diffusion of innovation is achieved through the price mechanism.The results necessitate the introduction of various derivatives to mobilize the market to reduce the speculative volatility of carbon prices.In addition,relevant supporting policies must be established to encourage corporate innovation to reduce the crowding-out effect owing to emission reduction and the nonmarket factors.

Research on the effects of command-and-control and market-oriented policy tools on China's energy conservation and emissions reduction innovation

The impact of environmental regulation on technology innovation is a hot spot in current research where a large number of empirical studies are based on Porter Hypothesis(PH). However, there are still controversies in academia about the establishment of "weak" and "narrow" versions of PH. Based on the panel data of application for patent of energy conservation and emission reduction(ECER) technology of Chinese city scale during 2008-2014, comprehensive energy price, pollutant emission, etc., mixed regression model and systematic generalized method of moments method were adopted, respectively,to study the impact of market-oriented and command-and-control policy tool on China's ECER technology innovation. The results show that the environmental regulation hindered the technological innovation in the immediate phase; however, it turned out to be positive in the first-lag phase. Hence, the establishment of "weak" PH is time-bounded. The command-and-control policy tool played a more positive role in promoting technological innovation in the first-lag phase than market-oriented policy tool. Therefore, "narrow" PH is not tenable. The reason is that the main participants of China's ECER technology innovation are state-owned companies and public institutions. Regionally speaking, the impact which command-and-control policy tool has on technological innovation at sight was nonsignificant in the eastern, the central, and the western regions of China whilst market-oriented policy tool had a negative effect. And market-oriented policy tool in the central region had strongest negative effect, which would diminish in the eastern region and become weakest in the western region. This was related to regional energy consumption level and the market economic vitality.

A decomposition model to analyze effect of SO_2 emission density of China

A decomposition model was applied to study the resource-saving and environment-friendly effects of air pollutant emissions(taking industrial SO2 emission as an example) in China.From the results,it is found that 38.93% and 61.07% are contributed to environment-friendly and resource-saving effects,respectively,by the dramatic decrease in industrial SO2 emission density(nearly 70% from 2001 to 2010).This indicates that China has achieved important progress during the 11th FYP(five-year plan) compared with the 10th FYP.A simultaneous equations model was also employed to analyze the influencing factors by using data from 30 provinces in China.The results imply that the influence of environmental regulation on environment-friendly effect is not obvious during the 10th FYP but obvious during the 11th FYP.Thus,the government should continue promoting the environment-friendly effect by further enhancing environmental regulation and strengthening the role of environmental management.

Influence of constricted air distribution on NO_x emissions in pulverized coal combustion boiler

This paper reports a field testing of full scale PCC (Pulverized Coal Combustion) boiler study into the influence of constricted air distribution on NO x emissions at unit 3 (125 MW power units, 420 t/h boiler) of Guixi power station, Jiangxi and puts forward the methods to decrease NO x emissions and the principle of boiler operation and regulation through analyzing NO x emissions state under real running condition. Based on boiler constricted air distribution, the experiment mainly tested the influence of primary air, excessive air, boiler load and milling sets (tertiary air) on NO x emissions and found its influence characteristics. A degraded bituminous coal is simply adopted to avoid the test results from other factors.

农业产业集聚对农业碳排放的影响——基于环境规制的调节效应研究

利用2003—2020年中国31个省份的面板数据,通过构建回归方程模型并运用协整检验、系统GMM方法研究了农业产业集聚对农业碳排放的影响以及环境规制所发挥的调节效应。结果发现:在国家层面,农业碳排放受到农业产业集聚的影响显现出“非线性关系”,即随着农业产业集聚程度的上升,农业碳排放总量呈先上升后下降的倒“U”型特征,并且在农业产业集聚对农业碳排放的影响中显著受到了环境规制的调节效应;而在地区层面,东部、中部和西部地区的农业碳排放均受到农业产业集聚的影响显现出先上升后下降的倒“U”型特征,但环境规制在农业产业集聚对农业碳排放的影响中的调节效应仅在东部和西部地区显著存在。

“双碳”目标下城市群环境规制的减排效应——兼论“波特假设”与“污染天堂假说”

以成渝城市群16个城市2010—2020年面板数据为样本,采用空间计量模型和非线性门槛模型考察环境规制对碳排放的影响,结果表明:成渝城市群碳排放具有空间极化性,多为高-高聚集(H-H)与低-低聚集(L-L)型;环境规制对城市碳排放的空间效果呈异质性,本地城市符合“绿色悖论”、周边城市为“示范效应”;分别以能源强度与贸易开放度作为门槛值时,环境规制对碳排放均存在显著的双重门槛效应;在门槛值较低时,环境规制对碳排放的抑制效果最强;随着门槛值增大,环境规制对碳排放的影响从抑制转为促进。因此,应充分考虑各地区差异、控制环境规制强度以保证企业利润、推动产业低碳转型,为城市群利用环境规制降低碳排放提供新的思路。

中国数字经济发展对碳排放的影响

基于扩展的Cobb-Douglas生产函数,利用中国城市面板数据解析数字经济发展对碳排放的影响。结果表明,数字经济发展能够显著降低碳排放水平,且该结果在经过一系列稳健性检验后仍然成立。就其作用机制而言,数字经济能够通过强化环境规制、提升人力资本水平和促进产业集聚的方式降低碳排放。进一步考虑数字经济减排效应的空间关联特征后发现,数字经济发展不仅可以促进本地区碳减排,还有助于降低邻近地区的碳排放。异质性检验表明,在中心城市和高创新能力城市数字经济发展显著降低了碳排放,但在外围城市数字经济的碳减排效应不显著,在低创新能力城市数字经济发展显著增加了碳排放;东部和中西部地区城市数字经济发展均显著降低了碳排放,且碳减排效应从中西部地区到东部地区呈递减趋势。据此提出大力支持中国数字经济发展,促进产业集聚、做好环境规制和提升人力资本水平,为数字经济发展降低碳排放提供畅通渠道,推进本地区和邻近地区协同碳减排等政策建议。

论碳排放权交易合规中行政监管的制度优化

在双碳目标下引导碳交易企业积极主动地开展自我合规,是健全碳排放权交易市场的重要路径,亦是国家行政监管模式发展成功的关键。规制理论为我国碳排放权交易合规中的行政监管提供了规范性启示和有益性借鉴。我国碳排放权交易合规管理的行政监管不断优化的过程,是回应型规制、智慧型规制和后设规制从理论逻辑转化为实践逻辑的过程。目前,我国碳排放权交易合规管理的行政监管存在立法规范相对滞后,风险管理明显不足以及配套机制付之阙如等问题,可从三个方面来推动我国碳排放权交易合规中行政监管的优化:完善协同性“碳合规”法律体系,提升碳排放权交易相关法律位阶,发布碳排放权交易合规管理指引;加强多元性“碳合规”风险管理,事前采取源头预防,事中贯穿风险沟通,事后加大处罚力度;结合我国“碳合规”管理的现状,建立行政执法和解、处罚裁量规则激励和社会声誉型激励等激励性“碳合规”监管机制,力图为实现双碳目标贡献思路与方案。

中国全球价值链地位、环境规制与碳排放绩效

努力实现全球价值链地位攀升与低碳经济发展双目标是中国面临的关键问题。基于2000-2014年中国制造业行业数据,考察全球价值链地位攀升对碳排放绩效的影响与作用机制,可发现:全球价值链地位攀升有助于碳排放绩效改善,其赋能效应在不同类型、技术水平以及污染密集度的行业中存在差异性;能源利用效率与能源消费结构是全球价值链地位作用于碳排放绩效的主要路径,同时环境规制强度的提高可以进一步增强其对碳排放绩效改善的正向作用。我国制造业应全方位、多层次融入全球价值链体系,深化链条间行业的上下游合作,推动制造业内部的能源技术溢出效应转换,对不同行业进行差异化政策支持,同时地方政府也应加强适时监督,规制行业的短视行为。