Crosstalk among mitophagy,pyroptosis,ferroptosis,and necroptosis in central nervous system injuries

Central nervous system injuries have a high rate of resulting in disability and mortality;however,at present,effective treatments are lacking.Programmed cell death,which is a genetically determined fo rm of active and ordered cell death with many types,has recently attra cted increasing attention due to its functions in determining the fate of cell survival.A growing number of studies have suggested that programmed cell death is involved in central nervous system injuries and plays an important role in the progression of brain damage.In this review,we provide an ove rview of the role of programmed cell death in central nervous system injuries,including the pathways involved in mitophagy,pyroptosis,ferroptosis,and necroptosis,and the underlying mechanisms by which mitophagy regulates pyroptosis,ferroptosis,and necro ptosis.We also discuss the new direction of therapeutic strategies to rgeting mitophagy for the treatment of central nervous system injuries,with the aim to determine the connection between programmed cell death and central nervous system injuries and to identify new therapies to modulate programmed cell death following central nervous system injury.In conclusion,based on these properties and effects,interventions targeting programmed cell death could be developed as potential therapeutic agents for central nervous system injury patients.

MiR-204-3p overexpression inhibits gastric carcinoma cell proliferation by inhibiting the MAPK pathway and RIP1/MLK1 necroptosis pathway to promote apoptosis

BACKGROUND Gastric carcinoma(GC)is the third most frequent cause of cancer-related death,highlighting the pressing need for novel clinical treatment options.In this regard,microRNAs(miRNAs)have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy.Studies have shown that miRNAs can regulate related signaling pathways,acting as tumor suppressors or tumor promoters.AIM To explore the effect of miR-204-3p on GC cells.METHODS We measured the expression levels of miR-204-3p in GC cells using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,followed by the delivery of miR-204-3p overexpression and miR-204-3p knockdown vectors into GC cells.CCK-8 was used to detect the effect of miR-204-3p on the proliferation of GC cells,and the colony formation ability of GC cells was detected by the clonal formation assay.The effects of miR-204-3p on GC cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry.The BABL/c nude mouse subcutaneous tumor model using MKN-45 cells was constructed to verify the effect of miR-204-3p on the tumorigenicity of GC cells.Furthermore,the study investigated the effects of miR-204-3p on various proteins related to the MAPK signaling pathway,necroptosis signaling pathway and apoptosis signaling pathway on GC cells using Western blot techniques.RESULTS Firstly,we found that the expression of miR-204-3p in GC was low.When treated with the lentivirus overexpression vector,miR-204-3p expression significantly increased,but the lentivirus knockout vector had no significant effect on miR-204-3p.In vitro experiments confirmed that miR-204-3p overexpression inhibited GC cell viability,promoted cell apoptosis,blocked the cell cycle,and inhibited colony formation ability.In vivo animal experiments confirmed that miR-204-3p overexpression inhibited subcutaneous tumorigenesis ability in BABL/c nude mice.Simultaneously,our results verified that miR-204-3p overexpression can inhibit GC cell proliferation by inhibiting protein expression levels of KRAS and p-ERK1/2 in the MAPK pathway,as well as inhibiting protein expression levels of p-RIP1 and p-MLK1 in the necroptosis pathway to promote the BCL-2/BAX/Caspase-3 apoptosis pathway.CONCLUSION MiR-204-3p overexpression inhibited GC cell proliferation by inhibiting the MAPK pathway and necroptosis pathway to promote apoptosis of GC cells.Thus,miR-204-3p may represent a new potential therapeutic target for GC.

Necroptosis抑制剂及相关病症的研究进展

Necroptosis是一类除细胞凋亡、细胞自噬之外的程序性细胞死亡方式,其在癌症治疗中可能触发和增强抗肿瘤免疫。TNF-α-RIPK1/3-MLKL是necroptosis最经典的信号通路。该文主要从TNF-α信号通路对一系列与necroptosis相关的疾病和necroptosis两类主要的受体相关蛋白抑制剂的研究现状进行综述,旨在从天然药物着手,通过中医药突破现有抑制剂的不足,为necroptosis的科学研究和临床治疗提供参考。

Protocatechuic acid and quercetin attenuate ETEC-caused IPEC-1 cell inflammation and injury associated with inhibition of necroptosis and pyroptosis signaling pathways

Background:Necroptosis and pyroptosis are newly identified forms of programmed cell death,which play a vital role in development of many gastrointestinal disorders.Although plant polyphenols have been reported to protect intestinal health,it is still unclear whether there is a beneficial role of plant polyphenols in modulating necroptosis and pyroptosis in intestinal porcine epithelial cell line(IPEC-1)infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC)K88.This research was conducted to explore whether plant polyphenols including protocatechuic acid(PCA)and quercetin(Que),attenuated inflammation and injury of IPEC-1 caused by ETEC K88 through regulating necroptosis and pyroptosis signaling pathways.Methods:IPEC-1 cells were treated with PCA(40μmol/L)or Que(10μmol/L)in the presence or absence of ETEC K88.Results:PCA and Que decreased ETEC K88 adhesion and endotoxin level(P<0.05)in cell supernatant.PCA and Que increased cell number(P<0.001)and decreased lactate dehydrogenases(LDH)activity(P<0.05)in cell supernatant after ETEC infection.PCA and Que improved transepithelial electrical resistance(TEER)(P<0.001)and reduced fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran(FD4)flux(P<0.001),and enhanced membrane protein abundance of occludin,claudin-1 and ZO-1(P<0.05),and rescued distribution of these tight junction proteins(P<0.05)after ETEC infection.PCA and Que also declined cell necrosis ratio(P<0.05).PCA and Que reduced mRNA abundance and concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin(IL)-6 and IL-8(P<0.001),and down-regulated gene expression of toll-like receptors 4(TLR4)and its downstream signals(P<0.001)after ETEC infection.PCA and Que down-regulated protein abundance of total receptor interacting protein kinase 1(t-RIP1),phosphorylated-RIP1(p-RIP1),p-RIP1/t-RIP1,t-RIP3,p-RIP3,mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein(MLKL),p-MLKL,dynamin-related protein 1(DRP1),phosphoglycerate mutase 5(PGAM5)and high mobility group box 1(HMGB1)(P<0.05)after ETEC infection.Moreover,PCA and Que reduced protein abundance of nod-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3),nod-like receptors family CARD domain-containing protein 4(NLRC4),apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD(ASC),gasdermin D(GSDMD)and caspase-1(P<0.05)after ETEC infection.Conclusions:In general,our data suggest that PCA and Que are capable of attenuating ETEC-caused intestinal inflammation and damage via inhibiting necroptosis and pyroptosis signaling pathways.

Resveratrol Prevents Vibrio vulnificus-Induced Sepsis by Attenuating Necroptosis

Objective This study investigated how the natural phytophenol and potent SIRT1 activator resveratrol(RSV)regulate necroptosis during Vibrio vulnificus(V.vulnificus)-induced sepsis and the potential mechanism.Methods The effect of RSV on V.vulnificus cytolysin(VVC)-induced necroptosis was analyzed in vitro using CCK-8 and Western blot assays.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,western blot,and immunohistochemistry and survival analyses were performed to elucidate the effect and mechanism of RSV on necroptosis in a V.vulnificus-induced sepsis mouse model.Results RSV relieved necroptosis induced by VVC in RAW264.7 and MLE12 cells.RSV also inhibited the inflammatory response,had a protective effect on histopathological changes,and reduced the expression level of the necroptosis indicator pMLKL in peritoneal macrophages,lung,spleen,and liver tissues of V.vulnificus-induced septic mice in vivo.Pretreatment with RSV downregulated the mRNA of the necroptosis indicator and protein expression in peritoneal macrophages and tissues of V.vulnificusinduced septic mice.RSV also improved the survival of V.vulnificus-induced septic mice.Conclusion Our findings collectively demonstrate that RSV prevented V.vulnificus-induced sepsis by attenuating necroptosis,highlighting its potency in the clinical management of V.vulnificus-induced sepsis.

Necroptosis plays a crucial role in the exacerbation of retinal injury after blunt ocular trauma

Retinal injury after blunt ocular trauma may directly affect prognosis and lead to vision loss.To investigate the pathological changes and molecular mechanisms involved in retinal injury after blunt ocular trauma,we established a weight drop injury model of blunt ocular trauma in male Beagle dogs.Hematoxylin-eosin staining,immunofluorescence staining,western blotting,and TUNEL assays were performed to investigate retinal injury within 14 days after blunt ocular trauma.Compared with the control group,the thicknesses of the inner and outer nuclear layers,as well as the number of retinal ganglion cells,gradually decreased within 14 days after injury.The number of bipolar cells in the inner nuclear layer began to decrease 1 day after injury,while the numbers of cholinergic and amacrine cells in the inner nuclear layer did not decrease until 7 days after injury.Moreover,retinal cell necroptosis increased with time after injury;it progressed from the ganglion cell layer to the outer nuclear layer.Visual electrophysiological findings indicated that visual impairment began on the first day after injury and worsened over time.Additionally,blunt ocular trauma induced nerve regeneration and Müller glial hyperplasia;it also resulted in the recruitment of microglia to the retina and polarization of those microglia to the M1 phenotype.These findings suggest that necroptosis plays an important role in exacerbating retinal injury after blunt ocular trauma via gliosis and neuroinflammation.Such a role has important implications for the development of therapeutic strategies.

Role of necroptosis in spinal cord injury and its therapeutic implications

Spinal cord injury(SCI),a complex neurological disorder,triggers a series of devastating neuropathological events such as ischemia,oxidative stress,inflammatory events,neuronal apoptosis,and motor dysfunction.However,the classical necrosome,which consists of receptor-interacting protein(RIP)1,RIP3,and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein,is believed to control a novel type of programmed cell death called necroptosis,through tumour necrosis factor-alpha/tumour necrosis factor receptor-1 signalling or other stimuli.Several studies reported that necroptosis plays an important role in neural cell damage,release of intracellular pro-inflammatory factors,lysosomal dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress.Recent research indicates that necroptosis is crucial to the pathophysiology of a number of neurological disorders and SCIs.In our review,we summarize the potential role of programmed cell death regulated by necroptosis in SCI based on its molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms.We also summarize the targets of several necroptosis pathways,which provide a more reliable reference for the treatment of SCI.

Polo-like kinase 1 suppresses lung adenocarcinoma immunity throughnecroptosis

Polo-like kinase 1(PLK1)plays a crucial role in cell mitosis and has been associated with necroptosis.However,the role of PLK1 and necroptosis in lung adenocarcinoma(LA)remains unclear.In this study,we analyzed The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)and Genotype-Tissue Expression databases to evaluate the prognostic value and mechanistic role of PLK1 in LA.PLK1 was found to be highly expressed in LA and was positively associated with advanced disease staging and poor survival outcomes.Functional enrichment analysis showed that PLK1 was involved in cell mitosis,neurotransmitter transmission,and drug metabolism.Further analysis using single-sample gene set enrichment analysis and ESTIMATE algorithm revealed a correlation between PLK1 expression and immune infiltration in LA.Silencing of PLK1 using miRNA transfection in LA cells reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis,as well as upregulating the expression of necroptosis-related proteins,such as RIPK1,RIPK3,and MLKL.Additionally,nude mouse transplantation tumor experiments demonstrated that silencing PLK1 reduced the growth capacity of LA cells.These findings suggest that PLK1 plays a critical role in LA progression by regulating necroptosis and immune infiltration,and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for immunotherapy.Furthermore,PLK1 expression can be used as a prognostic biomarker for LA patients.

Identification of necroptosis-related lncRNAs for prognosis prediction and screening of potential drugs in patients with colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND Tumor recurrence and metastasis lead to a poor prognosis in colorectal cancer(CRC).Necroptosis is closely related to the tumor microenvironment(TME)and affects tumor recurrence and metastasis.We aimed to stratify CRC patients according to necroptosis-related long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs),which can be used to not only evaluate prognosis and improve precision medicine in clinical practice but also screen potential immunotherapy drugs.AIM To stratify CRC patients according to necroptosis-related lncRNAs(NRLs),which can be used to not only evaluate prognosis and improve precision medicine in clinical practice but also screen potential immunotherapy drugs.METHODS LncRNA expression profiles were collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas.NRLs were identified by coexpression analysis.Cox regression analysis identified a NRL signature.Then,the value of this signature was comprehensively and multidimensionally evaluated,and its reliability for CRC prognosis prediction was assessed with clinical CRC data and compared with that of six other lncRNA were also performed according to the risk score(RS)of the signature.RESULTS An 8-lncRNA signature significantly associated with overall survival(OS)was constructed,and its reliability was validated with clinical CRC data.Most of the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves(AUCs)values for 1-,3-and 5-year OS for this signature were higher than those for the other six lncRNA signatures.OS,disease-specific survival and the progression-free interval were all significantly poorer in the high-risk group.The RS of the signature showed good concordance with the predicted prognosis,with AUCs for 1-,3-and 5-year OS of 0.79,0.81 and 0.77,respectively.Additionally,the calibration plots for this signature combined with clinical factors showed that this combination could effectively improve the ability to predict OS.The RS was correlated with tumor stage,lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis.Most of the enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology terms were tumor metastasis-related pathways in the high-risk group;these patients showed greater infiltration of immunosuppressive cells,such as cancer-associated fibroblasts,hematopoietic stem cells and M2 macrophages,but less infiltration of infiltrating antitumor effector immune cells,such as cluster of differentiation 8+T cells and regulatory T cells(Tregs).We explored additional potential immune checkpoint genes and potential immunotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic drugs with relatively low IC_(50) values.CONCLUSION We identified an NRL signature with strong fidelity that could stably predict prognosis and might be an indicator of the TME of CRC.Furthermore,additional potential immunotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic drugs were explored.

Research progress of necroptosis and ferroptosis in knee osteoarthritis

Knee osteoarthritis,as a chronic disabling disease,not only brings trouble to the patients,but also brings great psychological and economic burden to their families.Although there are various treatment methods,the curative effect is not good,mainly relieving symptoms,and cannot intervene the disease progression.Necroptosis and ferroptosis are two new pathways of programmed cell death discovered in recent years,they play a key role in the occurrence and development of knee osteoarthritis and also provide a new opportunity for the prevention and treatment of knee osteoarthritis.This article reviews necroptosis and ferroptosis and their related studies in knee osteoarthritis.

Study on medication rules of Chinese herbs in the regulation of necroptosis based on network pharmacology and data mining

Objective:To analyze the basis and medication rules of Chinese herbs in the regulation of necroptosis.Methods:With the help of GeneCards,DrugBank,TTD,DisGeNET,OMIM database to collect the action targets of necroptosis,the TCMSP database to obtain the target‑related compounds and Chinese herbs,and the ADME criteria and Lipinski rule as the conditions for screening,to build the target‑compound,target‑compound‑Chinese herbs network.The information of Chinese herbal medicine's sexual taste and meridian was collected,and the drug use pattern was analyzed.The information on the property,flavor and channel tropism of Chinese herbs was collected to analyze the medication laws.Molecular docking of core targets and compounds in the network with AutoDockTools software,and PyMOL software was used to display the combinations with good docking results.Results:A total of 12 potential targets acting on necroptosis were obtained,matching to 191 candidate compounds and 366 herbal medicines.Quercetin,wogonin,triptolide,licochalcone a,ellipticine are more important and may be the main small molecule substances underlying the regulation of necroptosis.The more important Chinese herbs are Licorice,Forsythia,Salivae Miltiorrhizae,Ginkgo Leaf,Eucommia ulmoides Oliv,etc.The herbal medicines are mainly bitter and pungent,with cold and warm taste,which were attributed to the liver and lung meridians.BCL2‑beta‑sitosterol、MAPK14‑luteolin、MAPK14‑formononetin、TP53‑formononetin are better molecular docking results,which have strong docking activity.Conclusion:The study systematically analyzes the material basis of regulating necroptosis and summarizes the general rule of regulating necroptosis in Chinese medicine,which provides ideas for clinical development of agents to interfere with necroptosis.

Necroptosis-一种新的程序性死亡的研究进展

Necroptosis is a newly found type of programmed cell death.It is elicited by death receptor ligands under the condition of apoptotic inhibition,and can be specifically blocked by necrostatin-1,a small-molecule compound.The pathway of necroptosis starts from the activation of death receptors by death receptor ligands,and is relayed in turn with aggregation and activation of RIP1 and RIP3,activation of energy metabolism-related enzymes including glycogen phosphorylase,glutamate-ammonia ligase as well as glutamate dehydrogenase 1.The process increases the substrates of tricarboxylic acid cycle,enhances the mitochondria respiratory chain,and induces excessive production of OFR.OFR destroys the cellular membranes,resulting in cease of ATP production and leakage of lysoenzymes.Consequently,cell necrosis happens. Necroptosis may be one of the main types of cell necrosis in diseases.Necroptosis and apoptosis convert to each other.Necroptosis may be important to cure of two kinds of diseases.One involves acute critical diseases such as acute ischemia,acute inflammation and acute organ failure,etc.The other includes malignant tumors and virus infections.Prevention from necroptosis is beneficial to the therapy for the former.On the contrary,promotion to necroptosis is beneficial to that for the latter.Collectively,the findings of necroptosis make modulation of necrosis possible.The research on necroptosis will certainly promote our understanding in cell death and disease mechanisms as well as clinical therapy.

Necroptosis——一种新型程序性死亡机制的研究进展

坏死在众多生理和病理进程中都扮演着重要的作用.最近,一种新型的被称为"necroptosis"的细胞坏死程序受到了人们的普遍关注.从形态学上来讲,necroptosis表现出和坏死相同的特征;然而,它却有自己独特的信号通路,这种通路需要受体相互作用蛋白激酶RIP1和RIP3的参与,形成诱导死亡信号复合体,从而促进细胞程序性坏死,但可以被necrostatins特异性地抑制.Necroptosis有助于免疫系统的调节,癌症的治疗以及多种压力下细胞的应答.本篇综述中我们将总结这种特殊的程序性死亡的信号通路、生物学效应和病理学意义.

活性氧自由基在肾小管上皮细胞necroptosis中的作用

目的:探讨活性氧自由基(ROS)在肾小管上皮细胞necroptosis中的作用。方法:构建肾小管上皮细胞HK-2细胞necroptosis模型,检测其ROS升高程度。并使用NADPH酶抑制剂Apocynin抑制HK-2细胞necroptosis模型中ROS的生成,通过流式细胞计数及检测necroptosis的关键蛋白观察HK-2细胞necroptosis的变化。结果:使用肿瘤坏死因子α、苄氧羰酰-缬氨酰-丙氨酰-天冬氨酰-氟甲基酮及抗霉素A成功建立了HK-2细胞necroptosis模型,并观察到HK-2细胞发生necroptosis时ROS显著升高(43.29±2.49 vs 25.90±1.27,P<0.001),而使用necrostatin-1抑制necroptosis后ROS生成受到抑制(35.58±1.08 vs 43.29±2.49,P=0.002)。当对necroptosis模型使用Apocynin干预时,HK-2细胞ROS明显下降(30.71±2.82 vs 43.29±2.49,P<0.001),并且流式细胞计数结果显示坏死细胞比例减少(2.00%±0.30%vs 6.99%±2.79%,P<0.001),同时受体相关蛋白3和混合系列蛋白激酶样结构域的磷酸化水平降低。结论:ROS参与了HK-2细胞的necroptosis,并且通过抑制ROS的生成可减少necroptosis发生,提高损伤状态下HK-2细胞存活率,减轻急性肾小管坏死。

缺血再灌注损伤脑微血管内皮细胞Necroptosis模型的建立

目的:采用拟缺血再灌注损伤结合z-VAD-FMK(Benzyloxyearbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone,z-VAD-FMK)干预,探索一种脑微血管内皮细胞(Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells,BMECs)Necroptosis模型。方法:首先利用原代大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞,采用氧糖剥夺及复氧复糖方法,筛选出拟缺血再灌注损伤时间点。在拟缺血再灌注模型基础上,予Casepase抑制剂z-VAD-FMK 20μmol/L干预,采用CCK-8检测细胞活性;透射电镜观察细胞超微结构;Annexin V-FITC/PI(Propidium Iodide)双染色法检测细胞死亡方式。结果:确定氧糖剥夺2 h复氧复糖8 h,作为拟缺血再灌注时间点;z-VADFMK作用于拟缺血再灌注损伤BMECs后,细胞活性无统计学意义;z-VAD-FMK干预组在电镜下呈现明显的Necroptosis特征;流式检测显示,各象限细胞比率无明显变化,但Necroptosis特异性抑制剂Nec-1可显著降低Q2象限细胞比率,提示z-VAD-FMK干预抑制了细胞晚期凋亡,诱导了Necroptosis的发生。结论:z-VAD-FMK可诱导拟缺血再灌注脑微血管内皮细胞发生Necroptosis,为以后研究缺血性脑中风necroptosis机制提供了细胞实验模型。

PARK7通过调控Trx2对缺糖缺氧诱导的大鼠皮质神经元Necroptosis的保护机制

目的探讨帕金森病蛋白7(PARK7)在缺糖缺氧诱导的大鼠皮质神经元Necroptosis信号通路中调控硫氧还蛋白2(Trx2)对NOD样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)炎性小体介导的炎性反应的抑制作用。方法①实验一:分为正常对照组、缺糖缺氧+Caspase抑制剂组、DNCB组。SD大鼠皮质神经元细胞培养至12 d,缺糖缺氧+Caspase抑制剂组、DNCB组均给予Caspase抑制剂预处理,DNCB同时给予DNCB预处理,缺氧2 h/复氧12 h,Western blot检测线粒体中Trx2蛋白表达情况,全自动生化分析仪检测培养基中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)水平。②实验二:分为正常对照组、缺糖缺氧+Caspase抑制剂组、慢病毒敲减PARK7组(sh PARK7组)、慢病毒扩增PARK7组(OE-PARK7组),各组给予相应处理后,Western blot检测PARK7、Trx2、NLRP3、IL-1β蛋白表达情况,全自动生化分析仪检测培养基中LDH水平。③实验三:TrxR活性检测分为正常对照组、缺糖缺氧+Caspase抑制剂组、DNCB组、sh PARK7组、OE-PARK7组、sh PARK7+DNCB组、OE-PARK7+DNCB组,各组给予相应处理后检测TrxR活性;神经元受损程度实验分为正常对照组、缺糖缺氧+Caspase抑制剂组、DNCB组、OE-PARK7组和OE-PARK7+DNCB组,各组给予相应处理后,检测缺氧2 h和复氧2 h、6 h、12 h、24 h后LDH水平。结果①DNCB组Trx2表达水平与缺糖缺氧+Caspase抑制剂组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),LDH水平明显高于缺糖缺氧+Caspase抑制剂组(P<0.05)。②OE-PARK7组PARK7、Trx2蛋白相对表达量均明显高于缺糖缺氧+Caspase抑制剂组和sh PARK7组(P均<0.05),sh PARK7组均明显低于缺糖缺氧+Caspase抑制剂组(P均<0.05);OE-PARK7组NLRP3、IL-1β蛋白相对表达量及LDH水平均明显低于缺糖缺氧+Caspase抑制剂组和sh PARK7组(P均<0.05),sh PARK7组均明显高于缺糖缺氧+Caspase抑制剂组(P均<0.05)。③缺糖缺氧+Caspase抑制剂组、sh PARK7组、OE-PARK7组TrxR活性均明显增高于正常对照组(P均<0.05),3组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05);sh PARK7+DNCB组、OE-PARK7+DNCB组TrxR活性均明显低于sh PARK7组、OE-PARK7组(P均<0.05)。随着复氧时间延长,各组LDH水平均升高,且DNCB组LDH水平均明显高于缺糖缺氧+Caspase抑制剂组和OE-PARK7组(P均<0.05),OE-PARK7+DNCB组LDH水平均明显高于OE-PARK7组(P均<0.05)。结论缺糖缺氧诱导的大鼠皮质神经元Necroptosis信号通路中,PARK7可通过下调Trx2抑制NLRP3介导的炎性反应,该过程中TrxR是PARK7抗氧化应激保护作用必需的细胞因子。

Necroptosis在中枢神经系统损伤修复中作用的研究进展

Necroptosis是一种新发现的程序性细胞死亡方式,由死亡受体与其配体的结合所启动,通过特定的信号通路执行。Necroptosis已被证实参与了多种疾病的病理进程,包括肿瘤、免疫性疾病、脑外伤及脑部缺血再灌注损伤等。

HIF-1α在缺糖缺氧诱导的原代皮质神经元necroptosis中的表达

目的 探讨低氧诱导因子-1α（hypoxia-inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α）是否参与缺糖缺氧诱导的原代皮质神经元necroptosis.方法 原代皮质神经元培养14天,予caspase抑制剂Z-VAD-FMK（20 μmol/L）预保护30 min,缺糖缺氧2 h,再灌注0、2、6、12、24、48 h,进行LDH测定;RT-PCR测HIF-1α RNA表达;Western blot检测总HIF-1α蛋白表达情况;分别提取细胞质和细胞核蛋白,Western blot分别检测胞质、胞核内HIF-1α蛋白表达情况.结果 caspase抑制剂Z-VAD-FMK预作用30 min、缺糖缺氧2 h、再灌注2 h后培养基中LDH增加（P＜0.05）,再灌注12 h达高峰;缺糖缺氧后HIF-1α RNA表达无变化（P＞0.05）;HIF-1α总蛋白表达增加（P＜0.05）,再灌注12 h达高峰;再灌注6 h时细胞质HIF-1α蛋白表达达高峰（P＜0.05）,随后降低;再灌注12 h时,细胞核HIF-1α蛋白表达达高峰（P＜0.05）,随后降低.结论 HIF-1α参与缺糖缺氧诱导的原代皮质神经元necroptosis.

Do pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis (PANoptosis) exist in cerebral ischemia? Evidence from cell and rodent studies

Some scholars have recently developed the concept of PANoptosis in the study of infectious diseases where pyroptosis,apoptosis and necroptosis act in consort in a multimeric protein complex,PANoptosome.This allows all the components of PANoptosis to be regulated simultaneously.PANoptosis provides a new way to study the regulation of cell death,in that different types of cell death may be regulated at the same time.To test whether PANoptosis exists in diseases other than infectious diseases,we chose cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury as the research model,collected articles researching cerebral ischemia/reperfusion from three major databases,obtained the original research data from these articles by bibliometrics,data mining and other methods,then integrated and analyzed these data.We selected papers that investigated at least two of the components of PANoptosis to check its occurrence in ischemia/reperfusion.In the cell model simulating ischemic brain injury,pyroptosis,apoptosis and necroptosis occur together and this phenomenon exists widely in different passage cell lines or primary neurons.Pyroptosis,apoptosis and necroptosis also occurred in rat and mouse models of ischemia/reperfusion injury.This confirms that PANoptosis is observed in ischemic brain injury and indicates that PANoptosis can be a target in the regulation of various central nervous system diseases.

Necroptosis:An emerging type of cell death in liver diseases

Cell death has been extensively evaluated for decades and it is well recognized that pharmacological interventions directed to inhibit cell death can prevent significant cell loss and can thus improve an organ’s physiological function.For long,only apoptosis was considered as a sole form of programmed cell death.Recently necroptosis,a RIP1/RIP3-dependent programmed cell death,has been identified as an apoptotic backup cell death mechanism with necrotic morphology.The evidences of necroptosis and protective effects achieved by blocking necroptosis have been extensively reported in recent past.However,only a few studies reported the evidence of necroptosis and protective effects achieved by inhibiting necroptosis in liver related disease conditions.Although the number of necroptosis initiators is increasing;however,interestingly,it is still unclear that what actually triggers necroptosis in different liver diseases or if there is always a different necroptosis initiator in each specific disease condition followed by specific downstream signaling molecules.Understanding the precise mechanism of necroptosis as well as counteracting other cell death pathways in liver diseases could provide a useful insight towards achieving extensive therapeutic significance.By targeting necroptosis and/or other parallel death pathways,a significant cell loss and thus a decrement in an organ’s physiological function can be prevented.