Evaluation and Influencing Factors on Particle Agglomeration in RAP

Asphalt extraction test and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) were used for analysis of agglomerations of reclaimed asphalt pavement(RAP) particles. In order to quantify the agglomeration degree of RAP, the fineness modulus ratio(FMR) and the percentage loss index(PLI) were proposed. In addition, grey correlation analysis was conducted to discuss the relationship between particle agglomerations and RAP size,asphalt content(AC), and surface area. Two indexes indicate that the agglomeration degree increases in general as the RAP size reduces. This can be attributed to that particles are prone to agglomeration in the case of higher AC. Based on the SEM images and the material composition of RAP, the particle agglomeration in RAP can be classified into weak agglomeration and strong agglomeration. Grey correlation analysis shows that AC is the crucial factor affecting the agglomeration degree and RAP variability. In order to produce consistent and stable reclaimed mixtures, disposal measures of RAP are suggested to lower the AC of RAP.

Continuous Separation of Multiple Size Microparticles using Alternating Current Dielectrophoresis in Microfluidic Device with Acupuncture Needle Electrodes

The need to continuously separate multiple microparticles is required for the recent development of lab-on-chip technology. Dielectrophoresis（DEP）-based separation device is extensively used in kinds of microfluidic applications. However, such conventional DEP-based device is relatively complicated and difficult for fabrication. A concise microfluidic device is presented for effective continuous separation of multiple size particle mixtures. A pair of acupuncture needle electrodes are creatively employed and embedded in a PDMS（poly-dimethylsiloxane） hurdle for generating non-uniform electric field thereby achieving a continuous DEP separation. The separation mechanism is that the incoming particle samples with different sizes experience different negative DEP（n DEP） forces and then they can be transported into different downstream outlets. The DEP characterizations of particles are calculated, and their trajectories are numerically predicted by considering the combined action of the incoming laminar flow and the n DEP force field for guiding the separation experiments. The device performance is verified by successfully separating a three-sized particle mixture, including polystyrene microspheres with diameters of 3 μm, 10 μm and 25 μm. The separation purity is below 70% when the flow rate ratio is less than 3.5 or more than 5.1, while the separation purity can be up to more than 90% when the flow rate ratio is between 3.5 and 5.1 and meanwhile ensure the voltage output falls in between 120 V and 150 V. Such simple DEP-based separation device has extensive applications in future microfluidic systems.

Effects of particle size and content of RDX on burning stability of RDXbased propellants

Particle size and content of RDX are the two main factors that affect the burning stability of RDX-based propellants. However, these effects and the corresponding mechanisms are still controversial. In this work, we investigated the physicochemical processes during burning and the corresponding mechanisms through the technologies of structure compactness analysis on the base of voidage measurement and theoretical interfacial area estimation, apparent burning rate measurement using closed vessel(CV)and extinguished burning surface characterization relying on interrupted closed vessel(ICV) and scanning electron microscope(SEM). The results indicate that the voidage increased with the increase of RDX content and particle size due to the increasing interfacial area and increasing interface gap size,respectively. The apparent burning rate increased with the increase of RDX particle size because of the decreasing RDX specific surface area on the burning surface, which could decrease the heat absorbing rates of the melting and evaporation processes of RDX in the condensed phase. Similarly, the apparent burning rate decreased with the increase of RDX content at pressures lower than around 55 MPa due to the increasing RDX specific surface area. Whereas, an opposite trend could be observed at pressures higher than around 55 MPa, which was attributed to the increasing heat feedback from the gas phase as the result of the increasing propellant energy. For propellants containing very coarse RDX particles, such as 97.8 and 199.4 μm average size, the apparent burning rate increased stably with a flat extinguished surface at pressures lower than around 30 MPa, while increased sharply above around 30 MPa with the extinguished surface becoming more and more rugged as the pressure increased. In addition, the turning degree of u-p curve increased with the increase of coarse RDX content and particle size, and could be reduced by improving the structure compactness.

Comparison of Liquid Water Content Retrievals for Airborne Millimeter-Wave Radar with Different Particle Parameter Schemes

In the application of the physical iterative method to retrieve millimeter-wave radar liquid water content(LWC)and liquid water path(LWP),particle parameter scheme is the main factor affecting retrieval performance.In this paper,synchronous measurements of an airborne millimeter-wave radar and a hot-wire probe in stratus cloud are used to compare the LWC retrievals of the oceanic and continental particle parameter scheme with diameter less than 50μm and the particle parameter scheme with diameter less than 500μm and 1500μm(scheme 1,scheme 2,scheme 3,and scheme4,respectively).The results show that the particle parameter scheme needs to be selected according to the reflectivity factor when using the physical iterative method to retrieve the LWC and LWP.When the reflectivity factor is less than-30 d BZ,the retrieval error of scheme 1 is the minimum.When the reflectivity factor is greater than-30 d BZ,the retrieval error of scheme 4 is the minimum.Based on the reflectance factor value,the LWP retrievals of scheme 4 are closer to the measurements,the average relative bias is 5.2%,and the minimum relative bias is 4.4%.Compared with other schemes,scheme 4 seems to be more useful for the LWC and LWP retrieval of stratus cloud in China.

Formation of diffuse and spark discharges between two needle electrodes with the scattering of particles

The development of a nanosecond discharge in a pin-to-pin gap filled with air at atmospheric pressure has been studied with high temporal and spatial resolutions from a breakdown start to the spark decay.Positive and negative nanosecond voltage pulses with an amplitude of tens of kilovolts were applied.Time-resolved images of the discharge development were taken with a fourchannel Intensified Charge Coupled Device(ICCD)camera.The minimum delay between the camera channels could be as short as≈0.1 ns.This made it possible to study the gap breakdown process with subnanosecond resolution.It was observed that a wide-diameter streamer develops from the high-voltage pointed electrode.The ionization processes near the grounded pin electrode started when the streamer crossed half of the gap.After bridging the gap by the streamer,a diffuse discharge was formed.The development of spark leaders from bright spots on the surface of the pointed electrodes was observed at the next stage.It was found that the rate of development of the spark leader is an order of magnitude lower than that of the wide-diameter streamer.Long thin luminous tracks were observed against the background of a discharge plasma glow.It has been established that the tracks are adjacent to brightly glowing spots on the electrodes and are associated with the flight of small particles.

An evaluation method for internal erosion potential of gravelly soil based on particle size distribution

Internal erosion occurs when fine particles escape from the soil driven by seepage flow,which is considered to be the crucial factor causing the failure of earth structures filled with gravelly soil.The objective of this paper is to suggest an appropriate method to assess internal erosion potential of gravelly soil.By analyzing the sensitivity of soil material to internal erosion,the variable(Dc15/df85)max and the content of coarse particles(Pc)are selected as the evaluation indexes(Dc15 and df85 are the diameters of 15%mass passing in the coarse component and 85%mass passing in the fine component,respectively).A series of gravelly soils with different particle size distributions are tested for internal erosion by the self-made permeameter.Based on the test results,an evaluation method for the internal erosion of gravelly soil is proposed.Gravelly soil is prone to internal erosion when 60%≤Pc<95%and(Dc15/df85)max≥9.5.The proposed method shows good accuracy in evaluating the internal erosion of 36 soil samples from other studies,which confirms the reliability of the method.The proposed method makes it possible to accurately assess internal erosion of gravelly soil,and an alternative method is provided for engineers to determine whether there is a risk of internal erosion in earth structures consisting of gravelly soil.

STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IWC AND Z FOR NONSPHERICAL ICE PARTICLES AT MILLIMETER WAVELENGTH

Ice water content(IWC) plays important roles in weather and climate change.Determining the IWCs of cirrus clouds with millimeter-wavelength radar can be problematic due to influences of ice particle rotation on their backscattering cross sections.We here introduce models to describe the radiation patterns of six nonspherical particles of specific sizes.Simulations using HFSS software were applied to describe the differences resulting from different orientations and equivalent spheres.A double exponential function was used for fitting to describe the relationship between the particles' maximum sizes and backscattering cross sections.The backscattering cross sections of nonspherical ice particles were computed by the method of moment,and those of the equivalent spherical particles were computed by Lorenz-Mie theory for three different orientations:fixed,horizontal,and random.Assuming that a mixture of nonspherical ice particles follows the B-H mixing model,the size distribution of cirrus particles obeys the exponential distribution measured by NASA in 2007.By computing the IWCs of cirrus clouds,which follows the above mentioned B-H model and exponential distribution,the radar reflectivity factors of nonspherical ice particles and equivalent spheres at three different orientations can be computed.Subsequently,the IWC results can be acquired by inputting the radar reflectivity variables into the well-known IWC-Z formula.The analysis described here demonstrates that when using the radar reflectivity Z,the orientation must be considered in order to determine the IWC.Using equivalent sphere theory,the derived IWCs underestimate the actual IWCs.These results are important for accurately retrieving the microphysical parameters of cirrus clouds.

Reflectance features of water stressed Larix gmelinii needles

In recent years, Xing＇an larch （Larix gmelinii） has been seriously infected by pests and drought. In order to improve the accuracy of monitoring the damage to larch by remote sensing （RS） and to predict the health of the larch, We studied fire reflectance features of larch needles under different water conditions at the needle level by using the LIBERTY （Leaf Incorporating Biochemistry Exhibiting Reflectance and Transmittance Yields） model. Before applying the LIBERTY model, we recalibrated it for the needles of L. gmelinii based on ten field-measured spectral curves. After recalibration, LIBERTY can accurately model the needle reflectance spectra of L. gmelinii. Based on the recalibrated LIBERTY model, we extracted and analyzed the sensitive bands to needle water content by simulating the needle reflectance spectra under different drought conditions. Then, we established mathematical equations between the spectral indices （MSI, NDWI, and GVMI） and needle water content. Results show that the variations of larch needle water content can significantly change the needle spectra at the near-infrared and short-wave infrared bands. The higher the water content is, the higher the absorption peak is. We believe that our study will provide the theoretical basis and an optional method to investigate the forest water stress using multi-spectral or hyper-spectral remote sensing data.

Influences of Organic Solvents on Particle Size and Drug-loading Efficiency for 5-Fluorouracil Poly(lactic acid)Nanoparticles

The objective of this study was to investigate the influences of organic solvents on particle size, drug content, loading efficiency and yield for 5 Fluorouracil Poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles . The 5 Fluorouracil was entrapped into poly(lactic acid)(PLA) nanoparticles using a water in oil in water solvent evaporation technique. During the preparation process, ethyl acetate and acetone were used as organic solvents since they are less toxic than the more commonly used dichloromethane. The effect of the three solvents on particle size, drug content, loading efficiency and yield of nanopartcles was compared. When the solvent of the oil phase was acetone, the highest drug content, smallest particle size and lowest yield were obtained for the PLA nanoparticles.

无机填料对水泥固化泥炭土强度的影响

通过无侧限抗压强度和扫描电镜试验,研究了无机填料种类和粒径对水泥固化泥炭土强度的影响.结果表明:水泥固化泥炭土强度随着石英砂掺量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,20%石英砂掺量下水泥固化泥炭土强度最高;当石英砂粒径d>1.0 mm时,水泥固化泥炭土强度提升有限,而当d<0.5 mm时,水泥固化泥炭土强度提升明显;高岭土颗粒可有效填充泥炭土孔隙,有利于水泥联结无机填料和泥炭土颗粒,且水泥联合高岭土固化泥炭土的强度明显优于水泥联合石英砂;当泥炭土含水率为600%,高岭土掺量从5%增至30%时,28d龄期水泥固化泥炭土强度的增幅为58.5%~116.6%.

砂-粉混合料颗粒接触状态的临界条件确定

砂-粉混合料被广泛应用于高速铁路路基、人工筑岛及海底沉管隧道垫层等重大工程,如何科学地表征砂-粉混合料复杂的颗粒接触状态及连续演变的力学行为特征,并深入揭示其对混合料静/动力学特性的影响已是一项紧迫的基础性科学研究任务。本文基于代表性砂-粉混合料的基本物理性能指标及力学特性指标试验数据,验证Rahman等提出的区分“细粒填充砂粒”和“砂粒悬浮细粒”的阈值细粒含量FCth半经验公式预测能力。基于理想二元介质材料的理论最小孔隙比计算方法,提出确定中间性态土颗粒接触状态临界条件参量FC_(in-min)和FC_(in-max)的方法,分析各参数对FC_(in-min)和FC_(in-max)的影响规律,建立基于基本物理性能指标的FC_(in-min)和FC_(in-max)预测方法,最终提出全FC范围(FC=0~100%)的砂-粉混合料各颗粒接触状态临界条件参量的有效评价方法。

立式粉体干燥器内二元湿颗粒气-固逆流过程的数值模拟

【目的】为了研究二元湿颗粒在立式粉体干燥器干燥单元气-固逆流过程中的流动特性,分析不同条件下二元湿颗粒的空间分布情况,实现二元湿颗粒在气-固逆流过程中的优化设计。【方法】采用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)与离散元(discrete element method,DEM)耦合液桥力模块的分析方法,分别探讨颗粒含水质量分数、粒径比和质量比对二元湿颗粒流动特性的影响及液桥力变化规律。【结果】在气-固逆流过程中,颗粒质量分数在径向和轴向分布上呈现“边壁大中心小”“上大下小”的规律;颗粒速度随着轴向高度的增加而增大,从边壁区域到中心区域的颗粒速度呈现减小趋势;随着颗粒含水质量分数和粒径比的增加,颗粒的运动由接触力和液桥力共同控制逐渐变成液桥力占主导,干燥单元顶部容易堵塞;随着质量比的增加,接触力对颗粒运动的控制进一步加强,在颗粒含水质量分数较小的情况下占主导作用。【结论】较大的质量比可以缓解干燥单元顶部堵塞,同时要选取适当的颗粒含水质量分数,才能削弱颗粒结块对流动特性研究的干扰。

筑坝堆石料颗粒破碎及分形特性试验研究

为探究筑坝堆石料颗粒破碎现象,选取不同粗粒含量和含水量的堆石料作为研究对象,开展室内击实试验,分析土体的压实特性、颗粒破碎特性及分形特征,并揭示其力学响应机理。试验结果表明:随含水量的增加,堆石料的干密度先增大后减小。而最大干密度和最优含水量分别与粗粒含量呈现正相关和负相关。堆石料中出现明显的颗粒破碎现象,随粗粒含量和含水量的增加其颗粒破碎率随之增大。粗粒含量与含水量分别与分形维数成反比和正比关系,相较于含水量,粗粒含量对分形维数的影响更显著。

不同温度和胁迫时长下蓝云杉的光合响应

[目的]全球气候持续变暖将不利于蓝云杉生长,研究蓝云杉在高温胁迫下的生长、光合响应机制,为蓝云杉引种栽培提供参考。[方法]以五年生蓝云杉苗为试验材料,设定45、50、55℃3种温度,处理6 h;其中45℃处理还有12、18、和24 h不同时长,常温(25℃)作为对照。研究处理后、恢复7和28 d的生长表型、针叶含水量和叶绿素荧光参数,分析高温、胁迫时长对蓝云杉生长和光合作用的影响。[结果]45℃处理6 h蓝云杉基本可以恢复正常生长,而50℃和55℃处理的蓝云杉整株针叶都变黄,干枯掉落,伴随着相对含水量的降低,且光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)有效量子产量实际光化学效率(Y(Ⅰ))、PSⅠ相对电子传递速率(ETR(Ⅰ))、由供体侧限制引起的PSI处非光化学能量耗散的量子产量(Y(ND))、受体侧非光化学能量耗散产生的量子产量(Y(NA))、光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)有效量子产量实际光化学效率(Y(Ⅱ))、PSⅡ相对电子传递速率(ETR(Ⅱ))、PSⅡ的最大光化学效率(F_(v)/F_(m))和用于电子传递的量子产额(φE_(o))均显著低于45℃处理和对照。尽管45℃处理6、12、18、24 h后从表型上看不出蓝云杉的形态发生明显变化,但是恢复期发现12、18 h针叶继续失水、变黄,24 h处理整株针叶都变黄,基本干枯掉落,针叶相对含水量降至最低。恢复28 d时,18、24 h的荧光参数φE_(o)几乎为0,电子传递受到了抑制。[结论]胁迫时长为6 h,蓝云杉可以耐45℃高温处理,不耐50、55℃高温。45℃高温处理时长超过12 h苗木失水严重,针叶干枯,对光合特性产生了显著影响,难恢复正常生长。

泥石流物源土体标度分布参数与粘聚力的关系

颗粒级配影响土体力学性质(如粘聚力)。细颗粒(尤其是粘粒)含量对粘聚力起着决定性作用。颗粒级配可用土体特殊粒径(如D50等)来表征,但并不能避免同参异效等问题。采用土体标度分布μ和Dc两个参数,可准确地描述土体颗粒组成特征,但该分布参数的物理意义,以及特征参数与土体力学参数之间的关系尚不明确。本文实施室内试验测试,采用标度分布表征土体颗粒组成,研究在不同含水率和标度参数条件下土体粘聚力的变化特征,探讨土体颗粒组成、含水率和粘聚力之间的关系。结果表明:(1)标度分布参数μ随着细颗粒含量的增加而增大,并呈现指数函数关系;(2)随着细颗粒含量的增加,粘聚力先迅速增大后缓慢增加并趋于稳定,且粘聚力c与标度分布参数μ呈现对数函数关系;(3)粘聚力随着含水率的增大先增大后减小,即存在一个使得土体粘聚力达到最大值的含水率阈值,在达到此阈值之前,细颗粒含量对粘聚力的影响较为显著,达到该阈值之后,含水率成为更主要的影响因素;(4)基于试验结果,得到土体粘聚力随含水率及标度参数共同影响下的二元模型。研究可为明确标度分布参数的物理意义以及确定土体力学参数提供试验依据。

不同粒组含量下堰塞坝溃决过程的试验研究

【目的】堰塞坝结构松散、颗粒级配范围宽,易发生漫顶溃决,严重威胁上下游人民的生命财产安全。为进一步探究相同粒径范围内不同粒组含量条件下堰塞坝的溃决过程,【方法】以“11.3”金沙江白格堰塞坝为参考原型,开展了溃决模型水槽试验。【结果】结果显示,堰塞坝的溃决过程可以划分为渗流与过流、溯源侵蚀、溃口发展及衰减平衡四个阶段。溃口流速与溃决流量均呈现先增大后减小的过程,但峰值流量滞后于峰值流速。另外,溃决水流冲击力在溃口发展阶段持续增大,在衰减平衡阶段开始下降,而水流重度在溃口发展阶段表现出一定范围内的波动。随着中值粒径的增大,溃决流量峰值减小、峰现时间延迟、溃决水流冲击力峰值减小,下游泥沙淤积区长度变短、厚度变大。【结论】研究结果进一步揭示了相同粒径范围内的不同粒组含量对堰塞坝稳定性、溃决过程和溃决参数的影响,可为堰塞坝灾害的风险评估和应急处置提供参考。

不同炮制方法对黄精草酸钙针晶形态及含量的影响研究

目的研究黄精不同炮制品的草酸钙针晶形态差异以及测定不同炮制品的草酸钙含量。方法于2021年7月至2022年8月,利用显微镜观察净制、清蒸、酒蒸、酒炖、黑豆制等5个生黄精的炮制品中草酸钙针晶形态,采用高效液相色谱法测定草酸钙的含量。结果不同黄精炮制品的草酸钙针晶呈束状,离散、碎裂程度不同;炮制后,清蒸黄精的草酸钙针晶所受破坏程度最小,酒蒸黄精的最大。草酸钙含量:酒蒸黄精1.95%>酒炖黄精1.70%>黑豆制黄精1.56%>清蒸黄精0.99%>生黄精0.83%。结论与生品相比,不同炮制方法均对黄精草酸钙针晶有一定破坏,但破坏程度不同;酒蒸黄精的草酸钙含量在四种黄精炮制品中最高,清蒸黄精最低。

泥水盾构高含水率超高黏粒含量废弃泥浆絮凝脱水试验研究

针对江阴第二过江通道工程中泥水盾构产生的高含水率超高黏粒含量废弃泥浆泥水分离困难、处理效率低的问题,采用阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺(APAM)、聚合氯化铝(PAC)和聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)3种絮凝剂开展泥浆絮凝试验,研究不同絮凝剂的絮凝脱水效果,选取底泥等效含水率、界面沉降速率、上清液浊度、泥浆脱水率以及Zeta电位作为评价指标,分析絮凝剂类型、用量、复配形式等对絮凝效果的影响,并探讨不同絮凝剂的絮凝机制。试验结果表明:1)不同絮凝剂对应的泥浆脱水效果排序为APAM>PAFC+APAM≥PAC+APAM>PAFC≥PAC,上清液浊度去除效果排序为PAFC>PAC>PAFC+APAM>PAC+APAM>APAM;2)有机絮凝剂APAM的最适投加量与其分子量密切相关,且不同分子量APAM的极限脱水率不尽相同,药剂分子量保持在1200万~1400万时,脱水效果最佳;3)PAFC+APAM复配絮凝剂对本依托工程中高含水率超高黏粒含量废弃泥浆调理效果最好,PAFC溶液和APAM溶液的最适投加量分别为33 g·L^(-1)和233 g·L^(-1),对应的PAFC和APAM干物质投加量分别为1.6 g·L^(-1)和0.466 g·L^(-1),在此条件下,泥浆90 min脱水率为29.6%,上清液浊度可降低至62.0 NTU;4)复配絮凝剂的脱水效果主要由有机絮凝剂APAM长链的吸附架桥作用主导,对上清液浊度的去除主要与无机絮凝剂PAC和PAFC的电性中和作用相关。

粉煤灰玻璃微珠含量快速测定方法

利用颗粒图像分析技术,对粉煤灰玻璃微珠含量进行快速测定。通过对真粉煤灰样品群和伪劣粉煤灰样品群的粒度分布、粒形分布数据进行统计和对比分析,找出不规则度峰值和不规则度区间占比两个参数值作为判别真粉煤灰及伪劣粉煤灰的粒形参数。采用盲样和掺杂真粉煤灰的伪劣粉煤灰样品验证,证明不规则度峰值和不规则度区间占比判定参数有效,从而解决了对真粉煤灰和伪劣粉煤灰进行快速鉴定的难题。