An Examination of the Validity of the Differentiation-of-Self Hypothesis and Its Mechanism Related to Negative Life Event Aversion among Japanese University Students

This study examined the validity of the differentiation-of-self hypothesis for Japanese university students, and its mechanism in relation to negative life event aversion. Although the differentiation-of-self hypothesis is accepted as one of the basic hypotheses in the clinical field of family therapy in Japan, empirical studies on the subject are scarce. Further, there are few studies, internationally, on its mechanism. A questionnaire survey was conducted with university students (n = 250) to measure their differentiation of self, maladaptive states, and negative life event aversion. Compared to the better-differentiated group, the less-differentiated group had higher scores both for maladaptive states—somatic symptoms (t(223) = -2.70, p = 0.008), social dysfunction (t(211.00) = -3.30, p = 0.001), and severe depression (t(208.78) = -4.08, p < 0.001)—and negative life event aversion—interpersonal domain (t(223) = -3.96, p < 0.001) and achievement domain (t(223) = -3.83, p < 0.001). The results supported the validity of the differentiation-of-self hypothesis for Japanese university students, and that cognitive tendencies toward negative life events may be part of the mechanism for less-differentiated individuals’ subsequent vulnerability. This suggests the effectiveness of cognitive interventions.

Understanding the Unique Characteristics of Suicide in China: National Psychological Autopsy Study

Objective To compare the characteristics of suicides in the four main demographic groups： urban males, urban females, rural males and rural females in order to help clarify the demographic pattern of suicides in China. Methods A detailed psychological autopsy survey instrument was independently administered to 895 suicide victims in family members and close associates from 23 geographically representative locations from around the country. Results Pesticide ingestion accounted for 58% （519） of all suicides and 61% （3181519） of deaths were due to unsuccessful medical resuscitation. A substantial proportion （37%） of suicide victims did not have a mental illness. Among the 563 victims with mental illness, only 13% （76/563） received psychiatric treatment. Compared to other demographic groups, young rural females who died from suicide had the highest rate of pesticide ingestion （79%）, the lowest prevalence of mental illness （39%）, and the highest acute stress from precipitating life events just prior to the suicide. Contusion Many suicides in China are impulsive acts of deliberate self-harm following acute interpersonal crises. Prevention of suicides in China must focus on improving awareness of psychological problems, improving mental health services, providing alternative social support networks for managing acute interpersonal conflicts, limiting access to pesticides, and improving the resuscitation skills of primary care providers.

超声速流边界层中的壁面正、负压力脉动

本文对来流马赫数2.25、基于动量厚度的雷诺数4000的平板湍流边界层开展了直接数值模拟,通过聚类连通法和条件相关研究了壁面正、负压力脉动.负脉动比正脉动的特征长度小,但是二者特征时间接近.正脉动的对流速度略大.壁面压力脉动结构的空间距离是自相似的,即空间距离与特征长度成正比.同类壁面压力结构在展向成串出现,正、负壁面压力脉动在流向成对。流向壁面剪切脉动大致在壁面压力脉动的下游,而展向壁面剪切脉动则与壁面压力脉动成对角线方式分布,二者的相关函数成“四极子”形式,其中壁面压力脉动与其上游的展向壁面剪切相关系数大于下游.

Association of psychological risk factors and acute myocardial infarction in China： the INTER-HEART China study

Background Most data about psychological factors relating to acute myocardial infarction （AMI） were obtained from studies carried out in western countries. Results from small descriptive cross-sectional studies in China were inconclusive. The aim of this study was to explore possible associations between psychological risk factors and AMI among the Chinese population with a large-scale case-control study.Methods This study was part of the INTER-HEART China study, itself part of the large international INTER-HEART study of cardiovascular risk factors. In this case-control study, 2909 cases and 2947 controls were recruited from 17 cities.Psychological stress, negative life events, depression and controllability of life circumstances were assessed.Results Cases reported more psychological stress at home or work and odds ratios （ORs） were 3.2 （95% CI 2.1-4.9）for permanent stress and 2.1 （95% CI 1.5-2.8） for several periods of stress respectively. More cases experienced depression compared with controls （19.6% vs. 9.3%） and ORs were 2.2 （95% CI 1.9-2.6）. Subjects with 1, 2 and 3 or more depressive symptoms had increased risk of AMI by 2.1, 2.2 and 2.6 fold, respectively, i.e., more depressive symptoms were associated with higher risks of AMI （P for trend ＜0.0001）. Women had a greater risk of AMI from depression （OR 3.0, 95% CI 2.2-4.0） compared to men （OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.6-2.4）, P for interaction =0.0364. Negative life events in subjects were associated with increased risk of AMI, OR 1.7 （95% CI 1.4-2.0） for one event and 1.8 （95% CI 1.3-2.4） for two or more events. High levels of controllability of life circumstances reduced the risk for AMI （OR 0.8, 95%CI 0.7-1 .0）.Conclusions Several psychological factors were closely associated with increased AMI risk among Chinese population.Psychological stress had a greater AMI risk in men but depression was more significant among women.