Devastating complication of negative pressure wound therapy after deep inferior epigastric perforator free flap surgery:A case report

BACKGROUND Thermal injuries on free transferred or replanted tissues resulting from loss of sensibility are an infrequent occurrence.They require immediate and appropriate management before they progress to an irreversible condition.Although negative pressure wound therapy(NPWT)can prevent wound progression by increasing microcirculation,the inappropriate application of NPWT on complicationthreatened transferred and replanted tissues can induce an adverse effect.CASE SUMMARY A 48-year-old woman who underwent immediate breast reconstruction with a deep inferior epigastric artery perforator free flap.While applying a heating pad directly to the flap site,she sustained a deep second to third-degree contact burn over 30%of the transferred flap on postoperative 7 d.As the necrotic changes had progressed,we applied an NPWT dressing over the burned area after en-bloc debridement of the transferred tissues on postoperative 21 d.After 4 d of NPWT application,the exposed fatty tissues of the flap changed to dry and browncolored necrotic tissues.Upon further debridement,we noted that the wound gradually reached total necrosis with a collapsed vascular pedicle of deep inferior epigastric artery.CONCLUSION Although NPWT has been shown to be successful for treating various wound types,the significant risk of NPWT application in short-lasting reconstructed flap wounds after thermal injury should be reminded.

Application of negative pressure wound therapy after skin grafting in the treatment of skin cancer:A case report

BACKGROUND Skin cancer is a common malignant tumor in dermatology.A large area must be excised to ensure a negative incisal margin on huge frontotemporal skin cancer,and it is difficult to treat the wound.In the past,treatment with skin grafting and pressure dressing was easy to cause complications such as wound infections,subcutaneous effusion,skin necrosis,and contracture.Negative pressure wound therapy(NPWT)has been applied to treat huge frontotemporal skin cancer.CASE SUMMARY Herein,we report the case of a 92-year-old woman with huge frontotemporal skin cancer.The patient presented to the surgery department complaining of ruptured bleeding and pain in a right frontal mass.The tumor was pathologically diagnosed as highly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.The patient underwent skin cancer surgery and skin grafting,after which NPWT was used.She did not experience a relapse during the three-year follow-up period.CONCLUSION NPWT is of great clinical value in the postoperative treatment of skin cancer.It is not only inexpensive but also can effectively reduce the risk of surgical effusion,infection,and flap necrosis.

Utilizing Instilling Negative Pressure Wound Therapy with Vashe Wound Solution for an Infected Sternal Dehiscence: A Case Report

Utilization of negative pressure wound therapy with instillation (NPWTi) for sternal dehiscence wounds secondary to sternal wound infection after surgery has become an accepted therapy. NPWTi accelerates wound healing through macrostrain, microstrain, and cyclic fluid instillation. Wounds benefit from additional superficial infection control with the removal of microorganisms, the release of proinflammatory mediators, stimulation of angiogenesis, as well as mechanical debridement. However, very few cases of utilizing NPWTi in the treatment of sternal wound infections have been reported in the literature. This case study describes the use of NPWTi with hypochlorous acid for the treatment of a sternal wound infection.

Management of Complex Wounds with Dermal Substitute Assisted by a Negative Pressure System

Introduction: The standard treatment for complex wound care is autografting. The advent of dermal substitutes has provided a novel tool for the preparation of the bed to be grafted. However, most types of dermal matrices require the application of a skin graft a second time. Currently, other strategies have been developed to improve the vascularization process, such as negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT), which has been reported to reduce the time required for vascular growth and dermal matrix integration and thus achieve a shorter waiting period for autologous graft application. The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of dermal matrix management associated with NPWT in the treatment of complex wounds. Methods: Seven patients with a diagnosis of complex wounds were enrolled in this study between July 1, 2015, and June 31, 2016. After debridement and having an adequate wound bed, patients who met the criteria for the application of combined therapy were treated with dermal substitutes and a negative pressure system. The percentage of graft integration into the wound bed, complications, length of hospital stay, and duration of therapy were analyzed. Results: The mean age was 42.5 ± 16 (39 - 54) years old;three women and four men were included in the study. The approximate size of skin loss was 120.7 ± 75 cm2 (25 - 250 cm2). The combined therapy of dermal matrix plus NPWT was instituted in all cases for a period of 14 days. There were no complications, with 100% graft integration in 6 of 7 cases. Patients were discharged after a mean hospital stay of 5.4 days. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the utilization of combined dermal matrix plus NPWT therapy can be performed safely and effectively in patients with complex wounds with low complication rates and a short hospital stay.

Management of negative pressure wound therapy in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers

Diabetic foot(DF) is a common complication of diabetes and the first cause of hospital admission in diabetic patients. In recent years several guidelines have been proposed to reinforce the the management of DF with a notable increase in diabetes knowledge and an overall reduction of amputations. Significant improvements have been reached in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers(DFUs) and nowadays clinicians have several advanced medications to apply for the best local therapy. Among these, negative pressure wound therapy(NPWT) is a useful adjunct in the management of chronic and complex wounds to promote healing and wound bed preparation for surgical procedures such as skin grafts and flap surgery. NPWT has shown remarkable results although its mechanisms of action are not completely understood. In this paper, we offer a complete overview of this medication and its implication in the clinical setting. We have examined literature related to NPWT concerning human, animal and in vitro studies, and we have summarized why, when and how we can use NPWT to treat DFUs. Further we have associated our clinical experience to scientific evidence in the field of diabetic foot to identify a defined strategy that could guide clinician in the use of NPWT approaching to DFUs.

Systematic review of the negative pressure wound therapy in kidney transplant recipients

AIM To review negative pressure wound therapy(NPWT) as animportant addition to the conventional methods of wound management.METHODS A systematic review, performed by searching the PubM ed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases, showed 11 case reports comprising a total of 22 kidney transplantation(KT) patients(range, 1 to 9), who were treated with NPWT. Application of NPWT was associated with successful healing of wounds, leg ulcer, lymphocele and urine leak from ileal conduit.RESULTS No complications related to NPWT were reported. However, there was paucity of robust data on the effectiveness of NPWT in KT recipients; therefore, prospective studies assessing its safety and efficacy of NPWT and randomised trials comparing the effectiveness of NPWT with alternative modalities of wound management in KT recipients is recommended.CONCLUSION Negative pressure incision management system, NPWT with instillation and endoscopic vacuum-assisted closure system are in investigational stage.

Evidence based review of negative pressure wound therapy

Vacuum-assisted closure, sometimes referred to as microdeformational wound therapy or most commonly negative pressure wound therapy(NPWT), has significantly improved wound care over the past two decades. NPWT is known to affect wound healing through four primary mechanisms(macrodeformation, microdeformation, fluid removal, and alteration of the wound environment) and various secondary mechanisms(including neurogenesis, angiogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and alterations in bioburden) which are described in this review. In addition, the technique has many established uses, for example in wound healing of diabetic and pressure ulcers, as well as burn and blast wounds. This therapy also has many uses whose efficacy has yet to be confirmed, for example the use in digestive surgery. Modifications of the traditional NPWT have also been established and are described in detail. This therapy has various considerations and contraindications which are summarized in this review. Finally, future perspectives, such as the optimal cycling of the treatment and the most appropriate interface material, are touched upon in the final segment. Overall, despite the fact that questions remain to be answered about NPWT, this technology is a major breakthrough in wound healing with significant potential use both in the hospital but also in the community.

Negative Pressure Wound Therapy—An Effective, Minimally Invasive Therapeutic Modality in Burn Wound Management

Despite the advancement in burn therapy in the last decades the treatment of burn wounds still remains a challenging task. Infection is still a common complication;while sepsis remains the leading cause of death in severe burns. The research guided integration of new and effective techniques in burn wound management is mandatory. Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is an effective and widely used technique in the management of problematic wounds. Previously existing indications include soft tissue traumas and chronic wounds such as diabetic, arterial, venous and pressure ulcers. The characteristics and challenges of these wounds have a lot in common with burns. Since the early 2000’s there are experiences with the use of NPWT for the healing of second degree burn wounds. Our clinical experience shows that it is a minimally invasive and effective way of improving burn wound management. In this article we give a review of the literature showing the mechanisms, unmapped future opportunities, financial issues, and possible adverse effects of NPWT in burn therapy.

Negative Pressure Wound Therapy with Multiple Drainage Holes for the Treatment of Pressure Ulcer with Undermining: Case Reports

Noninvasive treatment of pressure ulcers with undermining is often difficult. To decrease the risk of bleeding in such conditions, negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has been applied. We treated a pressure ulcer with wide undermining using NPWT after opening drainage holes in the undermined area. This method can reduce the risk of bleeding and promote the rapid closure of the undermined area.

Tumor Recurrence after Negative Pressure Wound Therapy: An Alert Call

In this report, we present a 22-year-old patient with soft tissue sarcoma of the lower extremity that developed wound dehiscence after surgery. Biopsy demonstrated negative margins for cancer. He was treated with negative pressure wound therapy for 6 weeks and started to present increased wound exudates, local pain and proliferating tissue that was positive for tumor recurrence. Consequently he underwent lower extremity amputation with hip disarticulation by the orthopedic team. Although we cannot determine with certainty a full causative relationship, it seems prudent to advise cautious use of negative pressure wound therapy in oncologic related wound beds.

Pre-placement of adhesive tape around wound sites can prevent air leakage in negative pressure wound therapy procedures

The introduction of negative pressure wound therapy has revolutionized the management of complicated wounds.However,the maintenance of an effective negative pressure environment is difficult in some instances,such as wounds in close proximity to an intestinal stoma or wounds surrounded by external fixations.We found that adhesive tape adheres more easily to itself than to wet skin or uneven surfaces.Therefore,we placed adhesive tape around surgical wounds prior to covering them with foam and sealing them with more tape.As a result of the strong adhesive force between pieces of tape,this method could provide a better environmental seal,even in situations where space is limited.Pre-placed adhesive tape around the wound site prior to foam placement could provide sufficient adhesion to maintain a continuous negative pressure environment during treatment.

Incisional Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection after Vascular Surgery with Inguinal Incisions: Rationale and Design of a Randomized Controlled Trial (INVIPS-Trial)

Background/Aims: Inguinal incisions are a common route of access in vascular surgery. Due to anatomical challenges and a diverse bacterial flora in this area, surgical site infections (SSI) represent a common, debilitating and sometimes life-threatening complication. The INVIPS-Trial evaluates the role of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) on closed inguinal incisions in elective vascular surgery to prevent SSI and other wound complications. Methods: This randomized controlled trial (RCT) registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT01913132) compares the effects of a NPWT dressing (PICO, Smith & Nephew, UK) and the center’s standard wound dressing (Vitri Pad, ViTri Medical, Sweden) on postoperative wound complications, especially SSI. The study includes two distinct vascular procedures with different SSI risk profiles: endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) and open surgical approaches involving the common femoral artery (OPEN). Results: Four hundred ninety-five groin incisions in both treatment arms are anticipated to be included in the EVAR group and 147 inguinal incisions in both treatment arms in the OPEN group. Since a large percentage of inguinal vascular procedures in both groups but especially in the EVAR group are performed bilaterally, many patients can serve as their own control by randomly receiving NPWT on one and the standard dressing on the contralateral inguinal incision. Conclusions: This ongoing RCT attempts to elucidate the potential benefit of NPWT on closed inguinal incisions after different vascular procedures. Outcome and conclusions of this trial could have implications on postoperative wound care of patients in both vascular surgery and other surgical specialties.

A Control System Design to Establish Dose-Response Relationships in Wound Healing Therapy

Advanced biophysical wound healing therapies can apply mechanical, electrical, or light energy to re-stimulate healing processes in chronic wounds. Despite the growing evidence of the clinical efficacy of these therapies, the optimal treatment stimulation parameters remain unknown and there are no standard treatment protocols. We introduce a closed-loop control design as an experimental system to study the dose-response of wound healing therapy treatment within a prescribed multidimensional and multimodal stimulation parameter space. Systems engineering approaches are applied to the control problem for estimation of a transfer function and model equations derived for use in optimal model-based control. The experimental control system design consisted of simultaneous application of biophysical energies inputted into a wound system. A study design set up including the use of negative pressure wound therapy, electrical stimulation therapy, and photobiomodulation device systems was described. Treatment stimulation parameters were selected from experimental ranges used in the scientific literature. Classical control methods and model-based control were suggested for model selection and evaluation and design of the overall control system. An experimental design for multimodal biophysical wound healing therapy control system is introduced to establish the dose-response interactions for development of therapeutic applications and device design.

NPWT联合bFGF技术在缩短腹部切口愈合不良病程中的应用

目的探讨负压伤口疗法(NPWT)联合碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)技术在缩短腹部切口愈合不良病程中的应用。方法回顾性分析我院2010年6月至2013年6月伤口门诊处理和会诊治疗的病例共52例。结果 NPWT联合bFGF治疗组26例腹部术后切口愈合不良患者平均愈合时间为(19.63±4.96)d,单纯NPWT治疗组26例患者的平均愈合时间为(23.47±6.59)d。结论 NPWT联合bFGF技术对缩短腹部切口愈合不良具有显著的临床效果。

NPWT促进糖尿病足溃疡面愈合的效果及作用机制

目的研究负压创面治疗技术(NPWT)促进糖尿病足溃疡面愈合的效果及作用机制。方法选取西安市北方医院消化内分泌科2014年5月至2016年5月收治的92例糖尿病足患者为研究对象,将纳入患者抽签随机分为NPWT组与对照组,每组46例。对照组在常规治疗基础上给予传统敷料处理,NPWT组在常规治疗基础上采用NPWT技术,均治疗7 d。比较两组患者治疗7 d后的血糖、血脂、血管生成因子、血流动力学、细菌清除率、创面愈合及预后情况。结果 NPWT组患者治疗7 d后转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、左右侧血流量、细菌清除率分别为(35.22±10.68)ng/L、(98.08±18.72)ng/L、(53.46±7.31)m L/min、(54.97±6.34)m L/min、91.3%,明显高于对照组的(24.17±7.58)ng/L、(82.47±18.15)ng/L、(49.43±7.25)m L/min、(51.28±6.05)m L/min、76.1%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);NPWT组患者治疗7 d后的溃疡面缩小率、肉芽覆盖率分别为(22.42±3.67)%、(65.18±10.64)%,明显高于对照组的(19.55±4.26)%、(53.14±12.78)%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 NPWT可以通过刺激血管生成因子、增加创面血流量、抑制细菌繁殖等机制,促进溃疡面愈合与肉芽组织生长。

NPWT联合美皮贴于游离皮片移植中的应用

目的:将负压创面治疗技术(negative pressure wound therapy,NPWT)联合美皮贴治疗与传统打包治疗方法进行对比,探讨不同方式对于游离移植皮片成活率、并发症发生率的影响,总住院时间及揭除辅料时疼痛程度等指标,评价其优缺点及临床实用性。方法:将60例住院患者(多种原因致皮肤缺损需行游离皮片移植术者)随机分为NPWT联合美皮贴组(A组)与传统打包组(B组)。A组:30例,行游离皮片移植后采用NPWT联合美皮贴行创面封闭、负压创面治疗;B组:30例,采用传统打包加压包扎固定移植皮片。手术治疗后由同一观察者对移植皮片成活情况及疼痛程度进行评估。结果:A组移植皮片成活不良1例,并发症发生率3.3%,B组发生皮肤坏死4例,并发症发生率13.3%,两组患者并发症发生率比较,差异有显著性意义(χ2=11.8916,P<0.01),A组平均住院时间为(10.2±1.23)天,B组为(15.4±1.96)天,两组患者平均住院时间比较,差异有显著性意义(t=6.6589,P<0.01)。A组I^II度以上疼痛患者2例,B组I^II度以上疼痛患者8例,两组患者疼痛程度比较有显著性差异(χ2=17.7778,P<0.01)。结论:NPWT联合美皮贴治疗较传统打包操作简便,容易推广,可较明显地减轻患者病痛,降低并发症的发生率,降低移植皮片因黏附于敷料而在去除时造成破损的几率,缩短住院时间,具有更优的临床应用价值。

Consensus on the application of negative pressure wound therapy of diabetic foot wounds

Because China is becoming an aging society,the incidence of diabetes and diabetic foot have been increasing.Diabetic foot has become one of the main health-related killers due to its high disability and mortality rates.Negative pressure wound therapy(NPWT)is one of the most effective techniques for the treatment of diabetic foot wounds and great progress,both in terms of research and its clinical application,has been made in the last 20 years of its development.However,due to the complex pathogenesis and management of diabetic foot,irregular application of NPWT often leads to complications,such as infection,bleeding and necrosis,that seriously affect its treatment outcomes.In 2020,under the leadership of Burns,Trauma and Tissue Repair Committee of the Cross-Straits Medicine Exchange Association,the writing group for‘Consensus on the application of negative pressure wound therapy of diabetic foot wounds’was established with the participation of scholars from the specialized areas of burns,endocrinology,vascular surgery,orthopedics and wound repair.Drawing on evidence-based practice suggested by the latest clinical research,this consensus proposes the best clinical practice guidelines for the application and prognostic evaluation of NPWT for diabetic foot.The consensus aims to support the formation of standardized treatment schemes that clinicians can refer to when treating cases of diabetic foot.

Consensus on the health education of home-based negative pressure wound therapy for patients with chronic wounds:a modified Delphi study

Background:The study aimed to develop consensus on the components of health education of home-based negative pressure wound therapy(NPWT)for patients with chronic wounds.Methods:A Delphi method was used to achieve consensus on the components of health education and 75%agreement and coefficient of variation(CV)<0.25 were used as cutoff.Sixteen experts were recruited purposefully to finish this study.Results:Two rounds of consultation were implemented.Consensus was achieved on 36 of the 42 statements.The final agreed list of statements represented three domains:health education before carrying out home-based NPWT,health education for the treatment day of NPWT at hospital and health education for NPWT at home.Conclusions:This study was the first attempt to develop consensus on the comprehensive components of health education of home-based NPWT for patients with chronic wounds.According to the established framework and components of health education,wound professionals can safely and effectively implement health education of home-based NPWT for patients with chronic wounds and improve their self-care ability and treatment experience at home.

Successful treatment of cervical esophageal leakage by endoscopic-vacuum assisted closure therapy

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic-vacuum assisted closure (E-VAC) therapy in the treatment of cervical esophageal leakage. METHODS: Between May and November 2012, three male patients who developed post-operative cervical esophageal leakage were treated with E-VAC therapy. One patient had undergone surgical excision of a pharyngo-cervical liposarcoma with partial esophageal resection, and the other two patients had received surgical treatment for symptomatic Zenker's diverticulum. Following endoscopic verification of the leakage, a trimmed polyurethane sponge was fixed to the distal end of a nasogastric silicone tube and endoscopically positioned into the wound cavity, and with decreasing cavity size the sponge was positioned intraluminally to cover the leak. Continuous suction was applied, and the vacuum drainage system was changed twice a week.RESULTS: The initial E-VAC placement was technically successful for all three patients, and complete closure of the esophageal leak was achieved without any procedure-related complications. In all three patients, the insufficiencies were located either above or slightly below the upper esophageal sphincter. The median duration of the E-VAC drainage was 29 d (range: 19-49 d), with a median of seven sponge exchanges (range: 5-12 sponge exchanges). In addition, the E-VAC therapy reduced inflammatory markers to within normal range for all three patients. Two of the patients were immediately fitted with a percutaneous enteral gastric feeding tube with jejunal extension, and the third patient received parenteral feeding. All three patients showed normal swallow function and no evidence of stricture after completion of the E-VAC therapy. CONCLUSION: E-VAC therapy for cervical esophageal leakage was well tolerated by patients. This safe and effective procedure may significantly reduce morbidity and mortality following cervical esophageal leakage.

Negative pressure wound therapy with instillation:effects on healing of category 4 pressure ulcers

Aim: The use of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is well established in the treatment of chronic wounds. NPWT with instillation (NPWTi) combines traditional NPWT with the application of a topical irrigation solution (in this case octenidine based octenilin? wound irrigation solution) within the wound bed. The purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of NPWTi on pressure ulcers (PUs). Methods: In total 13 patients with PUs in different locations were treated with negative pressure therapy combined with ocitenidine based instillation fluid after first surgical debridement. After 6 days the dressing was removed and wound closure using different local flaps was performed. Results: Normal wound healing without irritation was found 30 days post-debridement and after 90 days the wounds showed complete healing. No adverse incidents occurred and no toxic tissue reactions were documented. During the follow up period, there was no recurrence of the PU in any of the treated patients. Conclusion: It is generally recognised that for chronic wounds to heal, optimum wound bed preparation is of paramount importance. This helps prepare for secondary healing, skin grafting or coverage with flaps. Tests were performed in vitro simulating real clinical conditions using PU vacuum exudates. These tests quantified the antiseptic efficacy of octenilin? wound irrigation solution in the eradication of microorganisms. Further research is needed to establish the role of NPWTi with octenilin? in the management of category 4 PUs, but these initial results on 13 patients lead in the direction of developing an enhanced protocol for the treatment of chronic wounds.