Enhanced thermal constant B of diamond films for ultrahigh sensitivity negative temperature coefficient thermistors

Negative temperature coefficient(NTC)thermistor plays a crucial role in science research and engineering applications for precise temperature monitoring.Although great progress has been achieved in NTC materials,enhancing sensitivity and maintaining this high sensitivity along with linearity across extensive temperature ranges remain a significant challenge.In this study,we introduce a diamondbased thermistor(DT)characterized by its outstanding sensitivity,swift response time,and broad temperature monitoring capabilities.The temperature constant B for this DT,measured from 30 to 300°C(B30/300),achieves an exceptional value of 8012 K,which notably exceeds the temperature sensing capabilities of previously reported NTC thermistors within this extensive range.Moreover,diamond’s unique thermal conductivity and stability significantly boost the response speed and durability of the DT,offering substantial advantages over traditional ceramic thermistors.The enhanced temperature-sensitive properties of the DT are attributed to the presence of impurity elements in polycrystalline diamond.Impedance analysis indicates a hopping conduction mechanism,likely involving C-H or C-N dipoles at the diamond grain boundaries.This study marks a significant leap forward in diamond thermistor technology and sheds light on the mechanisms of thermal active conduction in diamond materials.

A novel(Sm_(0.2)Eu_(0.2)Gd_(0.2)Ho_(0.2)Yb_(0.2))CrO_(3)high-entropy ceramic nanofiber as a negative temperature coefficient thermistor

The electrical properties of high-entropy ceramics(HECs)have been extensively studied in recent years due to their unique structural characteristics and fascinating functional properties induced by entropy engineering.Novel high-entropy(Sm_(0.2)Eu_(0.2)Gd_(0.2)Ho_(0.2)Yb_(0.2))CrO_(3)(HE-RECrO_(3))nanofibers were prepared by electro spinning.This work demonstrates that HE-RECrO_(3)nanofibe rs were successfully synthesized at a low temperature(800℃),which is approximately 400℃lower than the temperatures at which chromate ceramics were synthesized via the sol-gel method and the solid-state reaction method.The resistivity of HE-RECrO_(3)nanofibers decreases exponentially with increasing temperature from 25 to600℃.The logarithm of the resistivity is linearly related to the inverse of the temperature,confirming the negative temperature coefficient property of HE-RECrO_(3)nanofibers.The B_(25/50)value of the HERECrO_(3)nanofibers reaches 4072 K.In conclusion,HE-RECrO_(3)nanofibers are expected to be potential candidates for negative-temperature-coefficient(NTC)thermistors.

Positive temperature coefficient of resistivity effects of semiconducting (Bi(1/2)Na(1/2)) TiO_3-CaTiO_3-BaTiO_3 ceramics sintered in air atmosphere

Y^3＋-doped （Bi 1/2 Na 1/2） TiO 3-CaTiO 3-BaTiO 3 （BNCBT） positive temperature coefficient of resistivity （PTCR） ceramics sintered in air atmosphere were investigated in this study. （Bi 1/2 Na 1/2） TiO 3 （BNT） component can remarkably increase the onset temperature T c of PTCR ceramics with the expense of the resistivity R 25 increase. CaTiO 3 （9–27 mol%） component can decrease the resistivity, and adjust the effects of BNT phase on the T c point. For the sample containing 3 mol% CaTiO 3 , T c raises from 122 ℃ to 153 ℃ when only 0.6 mol% BNT added, while for the ones with higher CaTiO 3 content （9–27 mol%）, T c is only increased by a rate of 8–9℃/1.0 mol% BNT. The effects of BNT and CaTiO 3 components on R25/Rmin （negative temperature coefficient effect） are also discussed.

Fabrication of nano-grained negative temperature coefficient thermistors with high electrical stability

Dense nano-grained Ni_(0.7)Mn_(2.3O4) negative temperature coefficient(NTC) thermistors were fabricated by a novel two-step sintering approach that combines rapid sintering and principle of conventional two-step sintering technique.Samples were sintered at 1042℃ for 30 s in the first rapid step and then at 850-950℃ for 20 h in the second soaking step.Crystal phase,microstructure and electrical properties of sintered samples were studied by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),resistance temperature relationship and aging performance.Sintered samples show a single-phase cubic spinel structure and indicate a high relative density ranging from 84% to 91% of the theoretical density.Moreover,average grain sizes of sintered samples under SEM are distributed between 254 and 570 nm.Meanwhile,the resistivity and the aging coefficient significantly decrease when soaking sintering temperature rises.In addition,the obtained material constant(B) ranges from 3931 to 3981 K.Ni_(0.7)Mn_(2.3)O_(4)-3(soaking at 900℃) and Ni_(0.7)Mn_(2.3O4)-4(soaking at 950℃) present little aging behavior,implying great electrical stability.

Preparation of Homogeneous Mn-Co-Ni-O Negative Temperature Coefficient Ceramic by Improved Oxalate Coprecipitation

High-quality Mn-Co-Ni oxalate powder was prepared in a mixed solvent of water and ethanol by an improved oxalate coprecipitation approach.The as-prepared oxalate powder appears a controlled homogeneous morphology and narrower particle size distribution by conveniently adjusing the ratio of water to ethanol.The ceramic,moulded with the high quality oxalate precursor,could be densified at a lower temperature of 1150 ℃;and also exhibits a higher density and the more homogeneous microstructurc with smaller grain sizes of 2-5 urn.Accordingly,the NTC thermistors fabricated from the ceramic have a better yield as compared to the traditional method.

NTC热敏电阻温度特性研究

通过实验研究了NTC热敏电阻随温度的变化情况,得到电阻～温度曲线。根据NTC热敏电阻值的自然对数与其绝对温度之间的线性关系,利用最小二乘法确定了热敏指数B,从而求得在测量温度范围内的温度系数αT。

NTC热敏电阻的线性化及其应用

介绍了负温度系数 (NTC)热敏电阻的特性 ,阐述了NTC热敏电阻线性化的原理。

退火温度对Mn-Co-Ni-O系NTC薄膜阻温特性的影响

采用传统陶瓷工艺制作溅射靶材,通过射频磁控溅射法在Al2O3基片上制备了Mn-Co-Ni-O系NTC薄膜。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、原子力显微镜(AFM)对不同退火温度下制备的NTC薄膜的结构和形貌进行表征。经过蒸发电极、内电极图形化、淀积二氧化硅钝化层等工艺,将薄膜制成0805规格NTC热敏电阻器。利用高低温试验箱等测试系统对其性能进行测试,研究了退火温度对薄膜阻温特性的影响。结果表明,随着退火温度的升高,晶粒逐渐长大,当退火温度为950℃时,晶粒大小均匀,成相平整致密;材料常数B随着退火温度的升高而增大。

新型高B值NTC热敏材料的制备及其性能研究

以AlN,SiO2和Al2O3为主要原料,采用固相法制备出一种新型高材料常数B值负温度系数(NTC)热敏电阻材料。借助XRD、SEM、粒度分析和阻温特性测试仪等,研究了所制备NTC热敏电阻材料的相组成、微观结构及其电学性能,并简要讨论了SEM与粒度分析结果产生差异及材料常数B值较传统NTC热敏电阻材料B值大的内部机制。结果表明:所制备材料由亚微米级且分布均匀的颗粒组成。同时该材料具有良好的负温度系数热敏特性,在350℃时的电阻率ρ350为1 340 kΩ·m;在300～500℃,材料常数B为12 000～13 000 K,激活能ΔE为1.03～1.12 eV。

静水压力变化对NTC热敏电阻器电学特性影响

负温度系数(negative temperature coefficient,NTC)热敏电阻器由于在窄温区内具有极高的灵敏度,在海洋领域中有着广泛的应用,但深海应用中固有的高静水压力,对器件的测温准确度造成不利影响。为了更好地认识这种现象,以珠状NTC热敏电阻器为研究对象,利用海洋环境高压模拟装置,开展了静水压力作用对器件电学特性影响的研究,固定环境温度25℃和0℃,压力范围0~60 MPa,步长5 MPa。结果显示,随着静水压力的增大,NTC热敏电阻器的电阻值减小;环境温度25℃和0℃时,5~60 MPa的静水压力造成的漂移分别为-0.11%~-2.81%、-0.19%~-2.78%,等效于温度漂移分别为0.024~0.624℃、0.036~0.535℃。这为热敏电阻器在深海温度准确测量的提升提供了指引,有利于在海洋测温领域中更好的应用。

Epoxy Resin/Nano Ni@C Composites Exhibiting NTC Effect with Tunable Resistivity

Epoxy resin/Ni@C nanoparticle composites with aligned microstructure were prepared by using a procedure of magnetic field assisted curing. The results show that the resistivity of composites exhibits negative temperature coefficient （NTC） effect above room temperature, and can be adjusted by varying the content filler and the magnitude of magnetic field applied. Hill＇s quantum tunneling model was modified to understand the electrical conduction mechanism in the composites. It shows that the NTC effect ascribes to the dominant thermal activated tunneling transport of electron across adjacent nanoparticles, as well as the low thermal expansivity of epoxy resin matrix.

负温度系数热敏电阻对半导体桥电爆性能影响

温度是影响火工品电磁防护其防护效果的主要因素,负温度系数(NTC)热敏电阻用于半导体桥(SCB)能有效提高其射频感度。采用恒流激励和电容放电两种实验,对不同环境温度下NTC热敏电阻对SCB性能的影响规律进行了研究。通过1 A 5 min恒流激励实验,分析了室温(25℃)和高温(70℃)时NTC热敏电阻的并联分流情况;25℃时NTC热敏电阻分走59%回路电流,70℃时,对小尺寸SCB(S-SCB)的分流率最大达到63%。在电容放电激励下,探讨了并联NTC热敏电阻SCB在25℃和70℃时电爆性能的变化情况。结果表明,并联NTC热敏电阻前后,典型尺寸(L-SCB)在25℃和70℃下的爆发时间和爆发消耗能量均无显著性变化。而S-SCB并联NTC热敏电阻后,当温度从25℃升至70℃,爆发时间从5.94μs增长到7.18μs,爆发消耗积分能量从0.388 m J降低到0.178 m J。

采用热敏电阻器研制风速传感器的设计

介绍了采用负温度系数热敏电阻器为检测元件的风速传感器的测量原理;阐述了风速/电压转换理论、风速测量电路;分析了测量误差。实验测试结果表明:这种风速传感器的各项性能指标均达到设计要求。

直流马达软启动电路研究

文中提出了三种直流马达软启动方案:负温度系数热敏电阻软启动、继电器延时软启动、MOSFET线性放大软启动,并分析了各方案的原理和特性,给出了实验结果。原理分析和实验结果表明三种方案都可以有效抑制马达的启动电流,能实现直流马达的软启动。通过对比,给出了三种方案各自的应用场合。

连续测量电子体温计电阻型探头最大能量耗散测试方法的研究

目的规范连续测量电子体温计电阻型探头最大能量耗散的测量,希望对生产企业的设计和质量控制,以及检测机构的测试有所帮助。方法本文以多参数监护仪的连续测量电子体温计的温度探头为例,结合YY0785-2010、BS EN12470-4:2001标准要求,介绍电子体温计的最大能量耗散的测试技巧和方法,并重点介绍试验时的注意事项。结果指明最大能量耗散正确的测试方法和数据处理的方法,避免检验错误并提高检测效率,保证上市前的产品安全有效。结论对行业的发展起到指导和规范作用。

基于离子束溅射法制备的负温度系数Mn_(1.56)Co_(0.96)Ni_(0.48)O_(4)薄膜热敏电阻

随着当前传感器的小型化和集成化趋势热敏薄膜材料受到广泛关注。为制备电阻率低、温度性能稳定的负温度系数(NTC)热敏电阻,以Mn_(1.56)Co_(0.96)Ni_(0.48)O_(4)为研究对象,通过离子束溅射法在硅晶圆上制备热敏电阻薄膜,使用真空退火炉进行退火,成功制备出热敏电阻。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对样品结构和形貌进行表征,并用恒温槽、数字万用表等对样品进行电学性能测试。结果表明采用离子束溅射法可以获得粒径小、致密和均匀性好的低电阻率热敏电阻薄膜,薄膜电阻率降低至2.18×10^(-3)Ω·cm,25℃下电阻为81.635Ω,在0~100℃测试温区内,制备的热敏薄膜材料具有明显的负温度特性。

Analysis on First-stage Ignition of n-Heptane at Low Temperatures with a Lumped Skeletal Mechanism

Two-stage ignition exists in the low-temperature combustion process of n-heptane and the first-stage ignition also shows a negative temperature coefficient(NTC) phenomenon. To study key reactions and understand chemical principles affecting the first-stage ignition of n-heptane, a lumped skeletal mechanism with 62 species is obtained based on the detailed NUIGMech1.0 mechanism using the directed relation graph method assisted by sensitivity analysis and isomer lumping. The lumped mechanism shows good performance on ignition delay time under wide conditions. The study revealed that the temperature after the first-stage ignition is higher and a larger amount of fuel is consumed at lower initial temperatures. The temperature at the first-stage ignition is relatively insensitive to the initial temperature. Further sensitivity analysis and reaction path analysis carried out based on the lumped mechanism show that the decomposition of RO_(2) to produce alkene and HO_(2) is the most important reaction to inhibit the first-stage ignitions. The chain branching explosion closely related to the first-stage ignition will be terminated when the rate constant for the RO_(2) decomposition is larger than that of the isomerization of RO_(2) to produce QOOH. The NTC behavior as well as other characteristics of the first-stage ignition can be rationalized from the competition between these two reactions.

Effects of La_2O_3 Doping on Aging Properties of Mn_(2.38)Ni_(0.5)Cu_(0.12)O_4 Type NTC Thermistor Materials

The effects of La_2O_3 doping on the phase structure.electric properties and aging properties of the samples were researched using XRD,SEM and electric property measurements.The results suggest that the aging value of Mn_(2.38)Ni_(0.5)Cu_(0.12)O_4 thermistor ceramic samples decreases from 10%to about 6%by only doping La_2O_3.The electrical stability of the sample has improved as well.Such doped material will broaden the production and application scope of Cu contained negative temperature coefficient thermal ceramics.

Enhanced aging and thermal shock performance of Mn_(1.95-x)Co_(0.21)Ni_(0.84)Sr_(x)O_(4) NTC ceramics

The Mn_(1.95-x)Co_(0.21)Ni_(0.84)Sr_(x)O_(4)(MCNS)(0≤x≤0.15)based negative temperature coefficient(NTC)materials are prepared by co-precipitation method.The replacement of Mn by Sr plays a critical role in controlling the lattice parameter,relative density,microstructure,and electrical properties.The lattice parameter and relative density increase with the increase of Sr content.A small amount of Sr restrains the grain growth and increases the bulk density.Moreover,the room resistivityρ25,material constant B25/50,activation energy Ea,and temperature coefficientαvalues of MCNS ceramics are influenced by the Sr content and ranged in 1535.0–2053.6Ω·cm,3654–3709 K,0.3149–0.3197 eV,and(–4.173%)–(–4.111%),respectively.The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)results explain the transformation of MCNS ceramics from n-to p-type semiconductors.The conduction could arise from the hopping polaron between Mn3+/Mn4+and Co^(2+)/Co^(3+) in the octahedral sites.The impedance data analysis also discusses the conduction mechanism of the MCNS ceramic,whereas grain resistance dominates the whole resistance of the samples.Furthermore,the aging coefficient(△R/R)of MCNS ceramics is found to be<0.2%,which indicates the stable distribution of cations in the spinel.Finally,the MCNS ceramics demonstrate excellent thermal durability with<1.3%of resistance shift after 100 thermal shock cycles.

Enhanced conductivity and stability of Co_(0.98)Cu_(x)Mn_(2.02−x)O_(4)ceramics with dual phases and twin structures

Semiconductor materials with heterogeneous interfaces and twin structures generally demonstrate a higher concentration of carriers and better electrical stability.A variety of Cu-doped Co_(0.98)Cu_(x)Mn_(2.02−x)O_(4)(0≤x≤0.5)negative temperature coefficient(NTC)ceramics with dual phases and twin structures were successfully prepared in this study.Rietveld refinement indicates that the content of a cubic spinel phase increases with increasing Cu content.The addition of Cu can promote grain growth and densification.Atomic-level structural characterization reveals the evolution of twin morphology from large lamellae with internal fine lamellae(LIT lamellae)to large lamellae without internal fine lamellae(L lamellae)and the distribution of twin boundary defects.First-principles calculations reveal that the dual phases and twin structures have lower oxygen-vacancy formation energy than those in the case of the pure tetragonal and cubic spinel,thereby enhancing the transmission of carriers.Additionally,the three-dimensional charge-density difference shows that metal ions at the interface lose electrons and dwell in high valence states,thereby enhancing electrical stability of the NTC ceramics.Furthermore,the additional Cu ions engage in electron-exchange interactions with Mn and Co ions,thereby reducing resistivity.In comparison to previous Cu-containing systems,the Co_(0.98)Cu_(x)Mn_(2.02−x)O_(4)series exhibit superior stability(aging value≤2.84%),tunable room-temperature resistivity(ρ),and material constant(B)value(17.5Ω·cm≤ρ≤7325Ω·cm,2836 K≤B≤4315 K).These discoveries lay a foundation for designing and developing new NTC ceramics with ultra-high performance.