The Application of Negative and Positive Words and Phrases in Chinese Negation Expressions

Negation is a ubiquitous phenomenon in all languages.In Chinese,there are a good number of such negative expressions as“fēi(非)”,“bu(不)”,“méi(没)”,“mò(莫)”,“bié(别)”,“wèi(未)”,“wú(无)”,“wù(勿)”,“fiào(覅)”,“béng(甭)”,“fǒu(否)”,and“miǎn(免)”as well as phrases with one of them.This paper is intended to explore the application of negation in Chinese in two ways:(1)People express positive meanings with negative words or phrases;(2)People express negative meanings with positive words or phrases.The linguistic data employed in this paper come from real life,microblogs,variety shows,short videos,and some hǎobùexpressions from three of China’s four classic novels.

THE PROGNOSIS SIGNIFICANCE OF CATHEPSIN-D EXPRESSIONIN THE DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN AXILLARY NODES NEGATIVE CARCINOMA

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate Cathepsin-D (Cath-D) expression in different location and its relationship with prognosis in the axillary lymph nodes negative (ANN) breast cancer patients. Methods: Cath-D expression in 192 cases of breast carcinoma were examined by immunohistochemistry. Depending on different parts of expression, three evaluating methods were used, compared and analysed. Results: The positive rate of Cath-D expression in ANN breast cancer with poor prognosis group and axillary nodes positive (ANP) group were significantly higher than that in ANN breast cancer with good prognosis group (x 2=23.20,P<0.01), while there was no significant difference between ANP group and ANN with poor prognosis group (x 2=0.19,P>0.05). Cath-D expression in stromal cells had no statistical difference among the three groups (x}2=1.56,P>0.05). When the Cath-D expression in cancer and stromal cells were counted into the positive rate, it was near the same (u 1=0.47,u 2=1.41,P>0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that Cath-D expression is one of the powerful prognostic markers in ANN breast cancer. It’s a reliable, practical, and convenient method to observe and evaluate Cath-D expression in cancer cells.

OsPIN1a Gene Participates in Regulating Negative Phototropism of Rice Roots

The complete open reading frame of OsPINla was amplified through reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） based on the sequence deposited in GenBank to explore the relationship between the auxin efflux protein OsPINla and the negative phototropism of rice roots. Sequencing results showed that the GC content of OsPINla was 65.49%. The fusion expression vector pCAMBIA-1301-OsP/N1a：：GFP containing the OsPINla gene and a coding green fluorescent protein （gfp） gene was constructed. The fusion vector was transferred into onion epidermal cells by Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation. The transient expression of OsPINla-GFP was mainly located in the nucleus and cell membrane. Moreover, the transgenic plants were obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. Molecular detection performed by using PCR and β-glucuronidase staining showed that the target construct was integrated into the genome of rice. The negative phototropic curvatures of the transgenic rice roots were higher than those of the wild type. Similarly, the expression levels of OsPINla in the transgenic plants were considerably higher than those in the wild-type plants. These results suggest that OsPINla is crucial in the negative phototropic curvature of rice roots.

RNA-seq analysis identified hormone-related genes associated with prognosis of triple negative breast cancer

Triple negative breast cancer(TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer that currently lacks effective biomarkers and therapeutic targets required to investigate the diagnosis and treatment of TNBC. Here we performed a comprehensive differential analysis of 165 TNBC samples by integrating RNA-seq data of breast tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues from both our cohort and The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA). Pathway enrichment analysis was conducted to evaluate the biological function of TNBC-specific expressed genes. Further multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression was performed to evaluate the effect of these genes on TNBC prognosis. In this report, we identified a total of 148 TNBC-specific expressed genes that were primarily enriched in mammary gland morphogenesis and hormone levels related pathways, suggesting that mammary gland morphogenesis might play a unique role in TNBC patients differing from other breast cancer types. Further survival analysis revealed that nine genes(FSIP1, ADCY5, FSD1, HMSD, CMTM5, AFF3, CYP2 A7, ATP1 A2,and C11 orf86) were significantly associated with the prognosis of TNBC patients, while three of them(ADCY5,CYP2 A7, and ATP1 A2) were involved in the hormone-related pathways. These findings indicated the vital role of the hormone-related genes in TNBC tumorigenesis and may provide some independent prognostic markers as well as novel therapeutic targets for TNBC.

A Study of the Negative Category in Modern Russian

Againstthetheoreticalbackgroundofthetheory"dialecticalrelationbetweenlanguageandthought",theauthormakesanoverallandsystematicstudyofthenegativecategoryinmodernRussian,fromtheperspectiveofgrammarsemanticsandpragmatics.Thestudycombinesformwithmeaning,s...

Chidamide Combined with Paclitaxel Liposome for the Treatment of Advanced HER2-negative Breast Cancer in Clinical Study

The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of chidamide combined with paclitaxel liposome in the treatment of advanced HER-2-negative breast cancer.First,41 patients with advanced HER-2-negative breast cancer who had received two chemotherapy regimens from May 2017 to November 2017 were randomly selected to receive chidamide combined with paclitaxel liposome treatment(observation group,n=20)or placebo combined with paclitaxel liposome treatment(control group,n=21).The treatment scheme of the observation group was oral chidamide 30mg twice a week for 2 months.In addition,on day 1,the patients were given paclitaxel liposome orally and intravenously administered with 175 mg/m2 for 1 cycle for 21 days and 3 cycles of chemotherapy.The treatment scheme of the control group was oral placebo 30 mg twice a week for 2 months.In addition,the method of paclitaxel liposome administration was the same as the observation group.The response rate(RR),disease control rate(DCR),and progression-free survival(PFS)were compared between the two groups.The results showed that all the 41 patients could be evaluated.In the observation group,CR5,PR7,SD5 and PD3 were obtained.RR was 60.0%and DCR was 85.0%.In the control group,CR3,PR3,SD5 and PD10 were obtained.RR was 28.6%and DCR was 52.4%.RR and DCR in the observation group were better than those in the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The median PFS of the observation group was 5.2 months,longer than that of the control group(3.1 months,P<0.05).The main adverse reactions in the two groups were gastrointestinal reactions and bone marrow suppression,with grade 1~2 as the main ones.The incidence of leukopenia,thrombocytopenia and nausea and vomiting in the observation group was higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).Therefore,the chidamide combined with paclitaxel liposome is effective in the treatment of advanced HER-2-negative breast cancer,and the adverse reactions can be tolerated.

Investigating the Psychometric Impact of Negative Worded Items in Reading Comprehension Passages with a 3PL Cross-Classified Testlet Model

Negative worded(NW)items used in psychological instruments have been studied with the bifactor model to investigate whether the NW items form a secondary factor due to negative wording orthogonal to the measured latent construct,a validation procedure which checks whether NW items form a source of construct irrelevant variance(CIV)and hence constitute a validity threat.In the context of educational testing,however,no such validation attempts have been made.In this study,we studied the psychometric impact of NW items in an English proficiency reading comprehension test using a modeling approach similar to the bifactor model,namely the three-parameter logistic cross-classified testlet response theory(3PL CCTRT)model,to account for both guessing and possible local item dependence due to passage effect in the data set.The findings indicate that modeling the NW items with a separate factor leads to noticeable improvement in model fit,and the factor variance is marginal but nonzero.However,item and ability parameter estimates are highly similar between the 3PL CCTRT model and other models that do not model the NW items.It is concluded that the NW items introduce CIV into the data,but its magnitude is too small to change item and person ability parameter estimates to an extent of practical significance.

A Brief Analysis of the Key Points to Avoid Misunderstanding and Inappropriate Language Expressions in Business Communication

Opportunities for business cooperation have been increased dramatically in the new environment, and under such circumstance, language usage in business communication places a significant role, particularly in oral business language. To promote harmonious conversations, certain factors and manners of communication like paying attention to the cultural differences, the proper use of humor, mutual understanding, and the avoidance of misunderstanding ambiguity should be taken into consideration to avoid an unsuccessful result.

A Study on the Molecular Switch of Gene Expression of the Mouse Heart Nuclear DNA Fragments

It is observed by in situ stain that LDH (1 5) ...nNAD + can probably enter the nucleopore and can be bound bound specifically with the genes that encode them. During the in vitro expression, the dilution of heart nuclear DNA fragments could enhance the expression activity of LDH/DNA and the amount of expressed LDH (1 5) is in proportion to the amount of dissociable LDH (1 5) on the LDH/DNA. With the integration of 14C Leu to the proteins, it is also observed that the addition of LDH (1 5) ...nNAD + can suppress the in vitro expression activity of LDH/DNA. AFM observation shows that the regulation sequence at the both ends of active genes may be bound with such active factors as proteins encoded by the genes which probably is the main molecular switch of gene expression and regulation we have been always searching for. Our work shows the prospective application of the combination of AFM and isotope labeling in the research of biological reaction.

Politeness Principle and the Choice of Address Forms in Intercultural Communication

This paper makes a tentative study of the politeness strategies stressed in the choice of address forms in Chinese,American and Japanese culture under the guidance of Politeness Principle by Brown and Levinson.Through a comprehensive analysis,It is concluded that the major function of English address forms is to indicate solidarity and realize positive politeness,In contrast,both Chinese and Japanese address forms emphasize deference and help achieve negative politeness;It is the author's hope that a better understanding of these addressing rules in different cultures will benefit effective use of these languages and help avoid miscommunication in intercultural communication.

现代汉语隐性否定研究综述

隐性否定以“无显性否定形式”和“具有否定意义”为条件,学界大体从概念界定、表达形式、语用功能以及新理论视角等方面对隐性否定加以研究。对目前的隐性否定研究成果进行梳理和总结,以求明确学界在隐性否定研究领域的现状和不足,从而确定接下来的研究方向和目标。

High expression of EPO gene using un-dhfr negative cell

Erythropoietin （EPO） genomic gene was cloned and its expression vector pOP13/EPO was constructed. CHOK12 cell was transfected by this vector using lipofectin method. A stable expression cell strain C10 cell with the EPO production at 160IU/d in 10\+6 cells were obtained at 400 μg/mL G418. Based on the C10 cell, another vector pHY/dhfr （dihydrofolate reductase） that carries a dhfr gene and a selecting marker of hygromycin B resistant gene was transferred to this cell. Several cell clones were obtained at 200 μg/mL hygromycin B. These cell clones that can express both EPO gene and exogenous dhfr gene were selected under the progressively increased concentration to 1 μmol methotrexate（MTX）. Some high EPO expression cell clones were obtained, the highest expression was 2 400 IU/d in 10\+6 cells, 15 times higher than that without MTX pressure. Then, a method of EPO high expression by using undhfr negative cell was primarily established. EPO bioactivity was found by using TF1 cell.

论上古汉语否定副词的突显、强调功能

上古汉语中一类否定副词,可以在某些语境中不表否定语义,前人大多认为这些否定副词只是补足音节,没有其他意义。结合语例分析,这些不表否定义的否定词实际上含有突显、强调的语用功能。同时,以《史记》为代表的典籍中,出现了大量“羡余否定”的语例,否定词在其中同样起到强调内容、强化主观情态的作用。上述两种现象并非孤立,从外在形式到内在语义结合比较,它们可以认为是否定词的突显、强调的情态功能在不同的语言形式上的反映。

一种基于知网的中文句子情感倾向判别方法

针对基于知网的中文句子情感倾向判别方法中存在的准确率不高的问题,提出采用否定模式匹配与依存句法分析相结合的方法。研究分析了修饰词极性以及否定共享模式,确定修饰词以及扩展极性的定量和否定共享范围,提出依存语法距离的影响因素来计算情感倾向,并且在否定模式匹配后改进句子极性算法。实验结果表明该方法取得了良好的效果。

现代汉语“不”和“没”的对立关系研究

王灿龙(2011)与侯瑞芬(2016)认为汉语否定词"不"和"没"在一定情况下具有语法"同一性"或存在"中和"的现象。文章不同意这一观点,认为无论是从经验上还是从理论上来看,"不"和"没"之间都存在完全对立的分布关系。影响"不"和"没"分布的体貌因素是谓语是否具有随时间地点变化的事件变量,"没"必须约束该事件变量,选择阶段性谓语,而"不"则不能约束相关的变量,选择个体性谓语。阶段性谓语在一定情况下可以衍生成为个体性谓语,而这种衍生过程通常没有显性的词汇标识,这是造成"不"和"没"发生"中和"假象的主要原因,而实际上两者完全对立,更改否定词一定会带来语义上的变化。文章将详述阶段性谓语到个体性谓语的几种衍生方式,尝试揭示否定词"同一性"或"中和"假象产生的原因。

从巴色会出版物看一百多年前新界客家话的否定词和否定句

巴色会是19世纪中叶以来以香港作为基地专门向客家人传教的基督教教会组织，其所编写、出版的方言圣经和启蒙课本以新界一带的客家话作为基础方言。本文根据巴色会在19世纪末以前出版的部分方言圣经和启蒙课本，探讨一百多年前新界一带客家话否定词及否定句的基本面貌，并与今天的实际口语作比较，观察其一百多年来所发生的某些变化。

隐性否定的语用分析

隐性否定的言语形式 ,是外国留学生学习汉语和交际的一个难点。文章通过对几种实用汉语会话教材的考察 ,对汉语隐性否定的表达方式进行了归纳 ,总结出了 5种表达形式 ,即用具有否定意味的词语表达、用反问句式表达、用假设复句表达、用祈使句式表达、用感叹句式表达 ,并对上述形式进行了语用分析。

谈“S+T+没(有)+V+(O)+了”句式

本文主要讨论三个问题:第一,“S+T+没(有)+V+(O)+了”句式中时量成分为什么一定要放在动词之前?第二,这种句式为什么没有相应的肯定句?第三,为什么在这种句式中“没(有)”和“了”可以共现?文章认为,否定有两种:一种是对量的否定,一种是对质的否定。时间词语前置,主要是为了区别这两种不同性质的否定。正因为时量词语的前置,使得句子的语序变成了有标记的、句子的否定也变成了有标记的否定,因此没有相应的肯定形式;也正因为时量词语的前置,使得“没(有)”与“了”变成了非直接成分,因此可以在一个句子中共现。

现代汉语的否定焦点和疑问焦点

本文运用三个平面的语法理论 ,分析了否定与焦点的关系 ,认为否定范围内实际被否定的成分是否定焦点 ,其余部分是句子的预设。分类考察了不同类型疑问句的焦点表达形式 ,并对某些相关问题进行了论述。

汉语双重否定范畴的逻辑语义分析

学界对双重否定的分类有的存在错误,有的边界不清,至今没有令人满意的定论。因而有必要结合自然语言逻辑描写的严密性和精准性,进行重新分析。双重否定的逻辑特征为:语言结构中存在"～(～p)"或"～～p",且不表达否定意义。基于莱文森三层次意义理论,将语境引入汉语双重否定的分析中,可以从语义和语用两个维度进行分类和探讨。语义双重否定中的直陈型在逻辑式中直接体现"～(～p)"或"～～p",隐含型的逻辑式需在逻辑推导过程中或在语义转换后的逻辑推导过程中才能显现"～(～p)"或"～～p"。语用双重否定与语用否定及语境相关。类型型语用双重否定由惯用句式来判定,实例型语用双重否定通过信息补足及逻辑式描写或逻辑式推导来显现双重否定的逻辑特征。