Mycoparasitism of Nematode-Trapping Fungus Monacrosporium ellipsosporumand Its Biochemical Basis

Monacrosporium ellipsosporum, a nematode-trapping fungus, was isolated by baiting with sclerotiaof Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soil from a tobacco field in Yuxi, Yunnan Province. Colonizationfrequency of the sclerotia by the fungus was 18% in natural soil. Reinoculation tests byplacing surface-sterilized sclerotia on fungal cultures for two weeks and then surface-sterilized again led to 32% sclerotia be infected. Dual culture tests in PDA plates did notgive rise to a suppression zone between the colonies of M. ellipsosporum and its counterpartfungi S. sclerotiorum and Rhizoctonia solani, suggesting there was little or no nutritionalcompetition and absent of antifungal compounds. However, M. ellipsosporum could grow overabsent of S. sclerotiorum and R. solani, and significantly inhibited their growth on agarplates. Scanning electron and light microscopic observations showed that hyphae of M. ellipsosporumgrew along and appressed on hypha of S. sclerotiorum and coiled around hyphae of R. solani.Assays of cell wall-degrading enzymes showed that M. ellipsosporum grew well in chitin agarmedia, with clear transparent hydrolysis zones. Activities of total chitinase, exo-chitinase,β-1, 3-glucanase and protease were 140.2±11.9, 82.9±4.1, 111.2±7.6 and 76.1±4.3 U respect-ively, after incubation for 4 days at 30 ℃ in liquid media containing ground sclerotia of S.sclerotiorum as sole nutrient source. These enzymes might be important in the mycoparasiticactivity of M. ellipsosporum.

Synergistic effects of the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria javanica and low doses of dinotefuran on the efficient control of the rice pest Sogatella furcifera

The rice planthopper,Sogatella furcifera,is a piercing-sucking insect pest of rice,Oryza sativa.It is responsible for significant crop yield losses,and has developed moderate to high resistance to several commonly used chemical insecticides.We investigated the effects of the insect fungal pathogen Isaria javanica,alone and in combination with the chemical insecticide dinotefuran,on S.furcifera under both laboratory and field conditions.Our results show that I.javanica displays high infection efficiency and mortality for different stages of S.furcifera,reducing adult survival,female oviposition and ovary development.Laboratory bioassays showed that the combined use of I.javanica with a low dose(4-16 mg L^(-1))of dinotefuran resulted in higher mortality in S.furcifera than the use of I.javanica or dinotefuran alone.The combined treatment also had more significant effects on several host enzymes,including superoxide dismutase,catalase,peroxidase,and prophenol oxidase activities.In field trials,I.javanica effectively suppressed populations of rice planthoppers to low levels(22-64%of the level in untreated plots).Additional field experiments showed synergistic effects,i.e.,enhanced efficiency,for the control of S.furcifera populations using the combination of a low dose of I.javanica(1×10^(4) conidia mL^(-1))and a low dose of dinotefuran(~4.8-19.2%of normal field use levels),with control effects of>90%and a population level under 50 insects per 100 hills at 3-14 days post-treatment.Our findings indicate that the entomogenous fungus I.javanica offers an attractive biological control addition as part of the integrated pest management(IPM)practices for the control of rice plant pests.

Classification of dendrocola nematode-trapping fungi

Pine wilt disease,caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Bursaphelenchus mucnatus,is a serious quarantined disease.Arboreal nematode-trapping fungi of P inus spp.are effective predators on nematodes and have strong host adaptability.The development of these fungal resources may be an effective way to control pine wood nematodes.We collected 515 samples of pine wilt disease from the areas of Ninghai City(Zhejiang province),Shuangbai County(Yunnan province),and Daxing'anling(Heilongjiang province),China.Through isolation,culture and identification,6 species of nematode-trapping fungi(A rthrobotrys cladodesr,A.oligospora,A.musiformis,A.dendroides,Dactylellina ellipsospora,Monacrosporium thaumasium)were identified for predation against B.xylophilus,and 9 species(Arthrobotrys dactyloides,A.cladodes r A.oligospora A.dendroides,Dactylellina ellipsospora,Dactylella asthenopaga,D.leptospora,Arthrobotrys superba,Monacrosporium drechseri)were identified for predation against B.mucnatus.This study provides information in the classification of arboreal predator nematodes and provides an important basis for future biological control of pine wood nematodes.

Hericium erinaceus,a medicinal fungus with a centuries-old history:Evidence in gastrointestinal diseases

Hericium erinaceus is an edible and medicinal mushroom commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries.Several studies have highlighted its therapeutic potential for gastrointestinal disorders such as gastritis and inflammatory bowel diseases.In addition,some components of this mushroom appear to possess strong antineoplastic capabilities against gastric and colorectal cancer.This review aims to analyse all available evidence on the digestive therapeutic potential of this fungus as well as the possible underlying molecular mechanisms.

Robust Deep Learning Model for Black Fungus Detection Based on Gabor Filter and Transfer Learning

Black fungus is a rare and dangerous mycology that usually affects the brain and lungs and could be life-threatening in diabetic cases.Recently,some COVID-19 survivors,especially those with co-morbid diseases,have been susceptible to black fungus.Therefore,recovered COVID-19 patients should seek medical support when they notice mucormycosis symptoms.This paper proposes a novel ensemble deep-learning model that includes three pre-trained models:reset(50),VGG(19),and Inception.Our approach is medically intuitive and efficient compared to the traditional deep learning models.An image dataset was aggregated from various resources and divided into two classes:a black fungus class and a skin infection class.To the best of our knowledge,our study is the first that is concerned with building black fungus detection models based on deep learning algorithms.The proposed approach can significantly improve the performance of the classification task and increase the generalization ability of such a binary classification task.According to the reported results,it has empirically achieved a sensitivity value of 0.9907,a specificity value of 0.9938,a precision value of 0.9938,and a negative predictive value of 0.9907.

ATB FUNGUS 2法在念珠菌属和新生隐球菌抗真菌药敏试验中应用的评价

目的评价ATB FUNGUS 2半固体培养基法在测定念珠菌属和新生隐球菌对4种常用抗真菌药物敏感性中的应用价值。方法利用CLSI M27-A2微量液基稀释法和ATB FUNGUS 2法同时测定131株念珠菌和20株新生隐球菌对两性霉素B(AmB)、氟康唑(FLC)、氟胞嘧啶(5-FC)和伊曲康唑(ITC)的敏感性。结果两种方法对于AmB、5-FC、FLC和ITC的一致性分别为98%、89.4%、78.8%和78.1%。②所有受试菌株中两种方法的一致性为80%;但ATB FUNGUS2法将2/5株M27-A2法检查为FLC耐药的白念珠菌判断为敏感或剂量依赖,将8/10株M27-A2法检查为FLC剂量依赖的白念珠菌判断为敏感或耐药。③ATB FUNGUS 2法中AmB的MIC值判读范围偏高,以致于实际工作中不能读出准确的值。结论ATB FUNGUS 2半固体培养基法在测定念珠菌属和新生隐球菌对4种常用抗真菌药物的敏感性时不失为简单、快速而且重复性好的方法。

改良ATB Fungus 3法检测糠秕马拉色菌对抗真菌药物的敏感性

目的用改良ATB Fungus 3法测定糠秕马拉色菌的药物敏感性,以了解临床患者呼吸道分离的糠秕马拉色菌对常用抗真菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。方法在ATB F2半固体培养基中添加0.5%吐温40和0.5%吐温60,用ATB Fungus 3药敏板条对47株临床分离的糠秕马拉色菌进行MIC检测。结果氟康唑MIC50为>128μg/mL,MICRange为≤1.0～>128μg/mL;5-氟胞嘧啶MIC50为>16μg/mL,MICRange为>16μg/mL;沃尔康唑MIC50为8.0μg/mL,MICRange为≤0.06～>8.0μg/mL;两性霉素B MIC50为4.0μg/mL,MICRange为≤0.5～16μg/mL;伊曲康唑MIC50为1.0μg/mL,MICRange为≤0.125～4.0μg/mL。呼吸道分离的糠秕马拉色菌对5种抗真菌药物的MIC值高于健康人皮肤分离的糠秕马拉色菌及标准菌株ATCC14521。结论改良ATB Fungus 3法操作简便,结果重复性好且易观察。糠秕马拉色菌MIC值的升高可能与患者使用抗真菌药物有关。

Polysaccharides of Aspergillus cristatus attenuate obesity by regulating gut microbiota and gut microbiota-related metabolites

Golden-flower fungus,the only dominant microorganism determining the Fu-brick tea quality through fermentation and the important microbe in Liupao tea,is considered a potential probiotic fungus based on its anti-obesity effect.However,the classification of golden-flower fungi is still controversial;the anti-obesity effect of golden-flower fungus polysaccharides remains unknown.In this study,we identify a golden-flower strain as Aspergillus cristatus based on morphological characteristics and multigene phylogeny analysis,which resolves the controversy of classification.Moreover,we find A.cristatus polysaccharides(ACPS)attenuate obesity in rats.ACPS modulate gut bacterial composition.in which Akkermansia,Akkermansia muciniphila,Bacteroides,Romboutsia,Blautia,and Desulfovibrio are considered the core microbes regulated by ACPS.ACPS increase fecal total short-chain fatty acid content and serum,hepatic,and fecal total bile acid content.Furthermore,ACPS-induced gut microbiota alteration plays a causal role in the protection from obesity,according to a fecal transplantation experiment.Thus,ACPS ameliorate obesity by regulating gut microbiota and gut microbiota-related metabolites.

Isolation and efficacy of entomopathogenic fungus(Metarhizium anisopliae)for the control of Aedes albopictus Skuse larvae:suspected dengue vector in Pakistan

Objective:To isolate the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhixium anisopliae(M.anisopliae) in the local environment,and evaluate its efficacy against the suspected dengue vector Aedes albopictus in Pakistan.Methods:According to the standard procedure,M.anisopliae was isolated from the dead mosquitoes which were collected from the field or dead after the collection.Bioassay was performed to determine its efficacy.Results:The results indicated that M.anisopliae had larvicidal effect with LC,value 1.09×10~5 and LC_(50) value 1.90×10^(13) while it took 45.41 h to kill 50% of tested population.Conclusions:Taking long time to kill 50%population when compare with the synthetic insecticides,is the only drawback for the use of entomopathogenic fungus but these bio-pesticides are safe for the use.

Biodegradation of Gaseous Chlorobenzene by White-rot Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Objective To evaluate the effect of white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium on removal of gaseous chlorobenzene. Methods Fungal mycelium mixed with a liquid medium was placed into airtight bottles. A certain amount of chlorobenzene was injected into the headspace of the bottles under different conditions. At a certain interval, the concentrations in the headspace were analyzed to evaluate the degradation of chlorobenzene by P. chrysosporium. Results The degradation effects of P. chrysosporium on chlorobenzene under different conditions were investigated. The difference in the optimum temperature for the growth of the fungi and chlorobenzene degradation was observed. The data indicated that a lower temperature （28℃） would promote the degradation of chlorobenzene than the optimum temperature for the growth of the fungi （37℃）. A low nitrogen source concentration （30 mg N/L） had a better effect on degrading chlorobenzene than a high nitrogen source concentration （higher than 100 mg N/L）. A high initial concentration （over 1100 mg/m3） of chlorobenzene showed an inhibiting effect on degradation by P chrysosporium. A maximum removal efficiency of 95% was achieved at the initial concentration of 550 mg/m3. Conclusion P. chrysosporium has a rather good ability to remove gaseous chlorobeuzene. A low nitrogen source concentration and a low temperature promote the removal of chlorobenzene by P. chrysosporium. However, a high initial chlorobenzene concentration can inhibit chlorobenzene degradation.

Three new aspochalasin derivatives from the marine-derived fungus Spicaria elegans

Three new aspochalsins（R-T）（1-3） were isolated from the marine-derived fungus Spicaria elegans.Their structures were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive spectral analysis including 1D and 2D NMR techniques,and HR-ESI-MS.

Purification,initial characterization and immune activities of polysaccharides from the fungus,Polyporus umbellatus

Polyporus umbellatus(formerly Grifola umbellatus),an edible fungus,has been used as traditional Chinese medicine.The present investigation aimed to uncover the active ingredients in this fungal species,with the emphasis on its polysaccharides.Two polysaccharides,one from fermented mycelium and the other from the fruiting body,were chromatographically purified.Molecular weights,anti-microbial and immune activities of the polysaccharides were determined.The mycelium polysaccharide was found to have a molecular weight of 857 kDa and consist of glucose and galactose at a molar ratio of 1.57:1,while the one from the fruiting body,679 kDa in molecular weight,was also made up of glucose and galactose but at a molar ratio of 5.42:1.In immune assays,these fungal polysaccharides increased the killing potency of natural killer(NK)and lymphokineactivated killer(LAK)cells from mouse spleen and promoted proliferation of mouse B and T cells.Additionally,both P.umbellatus mycelium and its extract were found to inhibit Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus,but had no effects on Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus nidulans.These results indicated that fermented P.umbellatus mycelium is indeed immune active,most probably due to its ingredients of polysaccharides.The consumption of this fungus may be beneficial for human health.

Immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharides from edible fungus:a review

The polysaccharides from edible fungus showed many kinds of biological activities,including anti-tumor,immunomodulatory,anti-inflammatory,anti-diabetes,improving functional constipation activities.In particular,the immunomodulatory effects have been paid more and more attention by scholars,but there was no systematic introduction of their immunomodulatory mechanism.So,this review introduced the immunomodulatory effects and mechanism of edible fungus polysaccharides in recent years,and then the relationships between structure and immunomodulatory effect were also discussed.

Eremophilane sesquiterenes from the marine fungus Penicillium sp.BL27-2

Six eremophilane sesquiterpenes were obtained from a marine fungus Penicillium sp. BL27-2. Their structures were elucidated as 3-acetyl-9, 7 （11）-dien-7a-hydroxy-8-oxoeremophilane （1）, 3-acetyl-13-deoxyphomenone （2）, Sporogen-AO 1 （3）, 7-hydro- xypetasol （4）, 8a-hydroxy-13-deo -xyphomenone （5） and 6-dehydropetasol （6） based on detailed NMR analysis. 1 was a new compound and 2 was obtained as a new natural compound. These compounds were assayed for their cytotoxic activity on P388, A549, HL60, BEL7402 and K562 cell lines by the MTT method. The assay results suggested the epoxide rings in eremophilane molecules were essential for their activity, and acetylation could enhance their activity.

Metabolites from mangrove endophytic fungus Dothiorella sp.

Mangroves are special woody plant communities in the intertidal zone of tropical and subtropical coasts. They prove to be a natural microorganisms and new metabolites storage. In the study of mangrove endophytic fungi metabolites, four new compounds, Compounds 1, 2, 3 and 4, as well as a known octaketide, oytosporone B (5), are isolated from an endophytic fungus, Dothiorella sp., HTF3. They all show cytotoxic activities. The elucidation of these structures is mainly based on 1D/ 2D NMR and ESI-MS spectral analyses.

A new acyclic peroxide from Aspergillus nidulans SD-531,a fungus obtained from deep-sea sediment of cold spring in the South China Sea

A new acyclic peroxide derivative asperoxide A(1),along with 13 known compounds,namely,microperfuranone(2),9-hydroxymicroperfuranone(3),gibellulin A(4),lecanoric acid(5),terrequinone A(6),sterigmatocystin(7),isosecosterigmatocystin(8),arugosin C(9),curvularin(10),3,3'-diindolylmethane(11),austinol(12),austin(13),and dehydroaustin(14),were isolated and identified from the culture extract of Aspergillus nidulans SD-531,a fungus obtained from the deep-sea sediment of cold spring in the South China Sea.Their structures were determined based on detailed interpretation of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopic and mass spectrometry data analysis.All the isolated compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activities against human and aquatic bacteria as well as plant pathogenic fungi.Compounds 1–8,10,and 11 exhibited antimicrobial activities against some of the tested strains with minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)values ranging from^2 to 64μg/mL.Compounds 4 and 6 displayed strongest activities among the tested samples and might be used as promising molecules for the development of natural antimicrobial agents.

Therapeutic effect of natural melanin from edible fungus Auricularia auricula on alcohol-induced liver damage in vitro and in vivo

This study explored the therapeutic effects of Auricularia auricula melanin(AAM)on alcoholic liver damage in vitro and in vivo.Human normal liver L02 cells were pre-treated with ethanol and then treated with AAM to explore the therapeutic effect of AAM on ethanol-induced hepatocyte injury.The results show that AAM signifi cantly elevated the cell viability,ameliorated the cell morphology,reduced the ROS and increased the GSH/GSSG of ethanol-pretreated L02 cells.Then,mice were administered with ethanol to induce acute alcoholic liver damage,and administered with AAM to further study the therapeutic effect of AAM on alcoholic liver damage in mice.As a result,AAM reduced the levels of ALT,AST,TG,and MDA,increased the levels of ADH,SOD,and CAT in liver damage mice.The therapeutic effect of AAM may be related to inhibition of CYP2E1 expression and activation of Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidase.The research enriched the bioactivity of AAM and provided some ideas for the development of melanin-related health foods.

Evaluation of the virulence of entomopathogenic fungus, Isaria fumosorosea isolates against subterranean termites Coptotermes spp.(Isoptera:Rhinotermitidae)

The entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea Wize, formerly known as Paecilomyces fumosoroseus is reported as a promising biocontrol agent for controlling subterranean termites, particularly those belonging to the family Rhinotermitidae. In Malaysia, the family Rhinotermitidae includes two species of subterranean termites with extremely high economic importance; namely Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, and the Asian SLubterranean Termite (Coptotermes gestroi Wasmann). To comprehend the potential control of this soil-dwelling fungus against these subterranean termites in Malaysia, an investigation was carried out by testing the pathogenecity of 11 isolates against these termite species. All isolates showed pathogenic potential against the termite (Mortality rate of C. curvignathus:84.4%; C. gestroi:67.3%). IsolatePF49 was the most effective against both species of termites and was further tested for its virulence and mycosis.The LC_(50) values of PF49 against C. curvignathus and C.gestroi were 7.55×103 and 1.09×102 conidia/ml,respectively. The average number of days required to complete the mycosis process in C. curvignathus and C.gestroi were 4.7 and 8 days, respectively. These fungi are believed useful for protecting living trees, plants, wood,wood structures, and other cellulosic materials susceptible to termite infestation and damage.

Isolation and Neuroprotective Activity of Phenolic Derivatives from the Marine-Derived Fungus Penicillium janthinellum

A new phenolic compound, 6-(2-acetyl-3,5-dihydroxybenzyl)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one(1), along with other six known phenolic derivatives(2-7), were isolated from the mangrove rhizosphere fungus Penicillium janthinellum HK1-6 cultured in potato dextrose broth medium containing 30 g L^(-1) of natural sea salt. The structure of the new compound(1) was elucidated by comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D NMR spectra. The proposed biosynthetic pathway of compound 1 was also studied in this research. Interestingly, a brominated phenolic derivative, aryl bromide(compound 8), was obtained from this fungal strain cultured in medium containing 30 g L^-1 of NaBr instead of natural sea salt. Compound 8 is proposed as a new natural product and formed through bromination of compound 7 when the fungus was cultured with NaBr. The neuroprotective effect of compound 1 on oxygen-glucose deprivation(OGD)-induced injury was investigated in rat spinal cord astrocytes. MTT assay demonstrated that compound 1 can attenuate OGD-induced cell viability loss in rat spinal cord astrocytes.