Synchronous multiple primary malignant neoplasms in breast,kidney,and bilateral thyroid:A case report

BACKGROUND Multiple primary malignant neoplasms(MPMNs)are rare,while synchronous MPMNs(SMPMNs)are even less common.Owing to the progression of medical technology and the extension of life expectancy,its incidence is gradually increasing.CASE SUMMARY Although reports of breast and thyroid dual cancers are common,cases of an additional diagnosis of kidney primary cancer within the same individual are rare.CONCLUSION We present a case of simultaneous MPMN of three endocrine organs,reviewing the relevant literature to enhance our understanding of SMPMNs while emphasizing the increasingly important need for accurate diagnosis and multidisciplinary management whenever this challenging situation arises.

European vs 2015-World Health Organization clinical molecular and pathological classification of myeloproliferative neoplasms

The BCR/ABL fusion gene or the Ph^1-chromosome in the t(9;22)(q34;q11)exerts a high tyrokinase acticity,which is the cause of chronic myeloid leukemia(CML).The1990 Hannover Bone Marrow Classification separated CML from the myeloproliferative disorders essential thrombocythemia(ET),polycythemia vera(PV)and chronic megakaryocytic granulocytic myeloproliferation(CMGM).The 2006-2008 European Clinical Molecular and Pathological(ECMP)criteria discovered 3variants of thrombocythemia:ET with features of PV(prodromal PV),"true"ET and ET associated with CMGM.The 2008 World Health Organization(WHO)-ECMP and 2014 WHO-CMP classifications defined three phenotypes of JAK2^(V617F)mutated ET:normocellular ET(WHO-ET),hypercelluar ET due to increased erythropoiesis(prodromal PV)and ET with hypercellular megakaryocytic-granulocytic myeloproliferation.The JAK2^(V617F)mutation load in heterozygous WHO-ET is low and associated with normal life expectance.The hetero/homozygous JAK2^(V617F)mutation load in PV and myelofibrosis is related to myeloproliferative neoplasm(MPN)disease burden in terms of symptomaticsplenomegaly,constitutional symptoms,bone marrow hypercellularity and myelofibrosis.JAK2 exon 12mutated MPN presents as idiopathic eryhrocythemia and early stage PV.According to 2014 WHO-CMP criteria JAK2 wild type MPL^(515)mutated ET is the second distinct thrombocythemia featured by clustered giant megakaryocytes with hyperlobulated stag-horn-like nuclei,in a normocellular bone marrow consistent with the diagnosis of"true"ET.JAK2/MPL wild type,calreticulin mutated hypercellular ET appears to be the third distinct thrombocythemia characterized by clustered larged immature dysmorphic megakaryocytes and bulky(bulbous)hyperchromatic nuclei consistent with CMGM or primary megakaryocytic granulocytic myeloproliferation.

Multiple primary malignant neoplasms of three early cancer lesions： a case report

Multiple primary malignant neoplasms （MPMNs） are rarely reported and it is important to give early diagnosis and proper therapy for these patients. Here reported a case of 62-year-old man with concomitant three early stage cancer lesions in upper gastrointestinal tract, all of which were detected by endoscopy. The first one was an llc-type lesion at angular part of stomach under endoscopy, which was histologically confirmed to be a mucosal well-differentiated adenocarcinoma.The patient underwent a standard radical gastrectomy for the lesion after the failure of endoscopic treatment. The other two neoplasms were observed during follow-up and were indicated as early stage lesions by synthesizing information from endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasonography, computed tomography and biopsy. One displayed as a hyperemic patch （3cm×4 cm in size） located at the part of esophagus 27 cm away from the incisor teeth and was proved to be moderately differentiated squamous cancer by histopathological examination. The other was an llc-type lesion （3.0 cm×3.5 cm in size） located at the part of esophagus 36 cm away from the incisor teeth, and the biopsy result showed a poorly differentiated squamous carcinoma. Both the two lesions were treated with radical radiation because the patient refused surgery management. No recurrence of former lesions or occurrence of novel lesions were observed during post-treatment follow-up, suggesting radical radiation might be effective for this patient.

Genetic characteristics of a patient with multiple primary cancers:A case report

BACKGROUND Two or multiple primary malignant neoplasms(MPMNs)rarely occur in the same patient.It has been reported that MPMNs are easily misdiagnosed as the recurrence or metastasis of malignancies in clinical practice,affecting the choice of treatment for the patients,thereby resulting in the delay of optimal diagnosis.Next generation sequencing(NGS)can be used to distinguish between multiple primary lung cancers and intrapulmonary metastasis,and may distinguish the origin of tumours in different sites of the body.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of 66-year-old woman who suffered from different malignant neoplasms in the rectum and esophageal and gastrointestinal tract.The first neoplasm rectal adenocarcinoma was diagnosed and removed in 2016.The second and third lesions were diagnosed with esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma(ESCC)and gastrointestinal stromal tumour(GIST),respectively,in 2019.Nextgeneration whole exome sequencing was performed on the tissue specimens of rectal carcinoma,esophageal cancer,GIST,and white blood cells to investigate the relationship between malignancies at different timeframe and determine whether the ESCC and GIST evolved from the rectal adenocarcinoma.Mutations including v-Ki-ras2-Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog,adenomatosis polyposis coli,and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 were detected in rectal adenocarcinoma sample,mast/stem cell growth factor receptor was detected in GIST tissue,and lysine methyltransferase 2D was detected in ESCC specimen.Overall,ESCC and GIST were not genetically evolved from rectal adenocarcinoma,and this patient did not have a trunk driven clone.CONCLUSION NGS is an effective tool to study clonal evolution of tumours and distinguish between MPMNs and intrapulmonary metastasis.

Multiple Synchronous Tumours:A Peculiar Clinical Case

Background: Due to improvements in diagnosis, the better outcomes of oncological patients and the increase in the average age, the incidence of synchronous tumours is likely to increase. Aim: To reflect on the challenges of a case with multiple integrated diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and to bring to consideration the increasing prevalence of similar situations. Case Presentation: In this clinical case, the authors describe the evolution of an asymptomatic patient with several synchronous tumours (a GEJ primary adenocarcinoma, a low grade urothelial carcinoma in situ, a localized squamous cell lung carcinoma and 2 IPMNs). Conclusion: The challenge of this case lies in the difficult diagnostic approach, the assembly of a multidisciplinary and time-sensitive treatment plan and the individualized follow-up, due to lack of guidelines. More research is needed in this area.

肌层浸润性膀胱癌合并中高危前列腺癌患者的预后因素

目的:探究影响肌层浸润性膀胱癌(muscle-invasive bladder cancer,MIBC)合并中高危前列腺癌患者全因死亡结局的预后因素。方法:回顾性分析2012年1月至2023年10月北京大学第三医院收治的MIBC合并中高危前列腺癌患者临床资料,随访并记录所有患者的全因死亡结局发生时间,并以其作为预后研究的结局事件。采用单因素及多因素Cox比例风险回归分析模型筛选MIBC合并中高危前列腺癌患者预后的独立影响因子,对于重要的影响因素(膀胱癌病理T分期、M分期、神经侵犯),绘制多因素Cox回归调整混杂因素前后的生存曲线。结果:共纳入32例患者,平均年龄(72.5±6.6)岁,中位术前总前列腺特异性抗原(total prostate specific antigen,tPSA)6.68(2.47,6.84)μg/L,平均术前血肌酐(95±36)μmol/L,中位生存期为65个月。绝大多数(87.5%)患者膀胱癌病理分级为高级别,53.1%患者可见淋巴管侵犯,31.3%患者可见神经侵犯。25.0%的病例可见膀胱癌累及前列腺,手术软组织切缘阳性率为37.5%。Cox多因素分析结果提示术前血肌酐水平(HR=1.02,95%CI:1.01~1.04)、膀胱癌病理分期T3(HR=11.58,95%CI:1.38~97.36)和T4(HR=19.53,95%CI:4.26~89.52)、膀胱癌转移(HR=9.44,95%CI:1.26~70.49)、膀胱癌神经侵犯(HR=6.26,95%CI:1.39~28.27)是影响患者预后的独立因素(P<0.05)。调整混杂因素后的生存曲线与Log-rank检验结果提示膀胱癌病理分期T3、T4、M1和神经侵犯为影响患者生存预后的不良因素(P<0.05)。结论:MIBC合并中高危前列腺癌患者整体存在预后较差的趋势;术前血肌酐高、膀胱癌病理分期T3或T4、膀胱癌转移、膀胱癌神经侵犯是MIBC合并中高危前列腺癌患者的不良预后因素。

下咽-食道同时性多原发癌伴Ⅲ度喉梗阻患者围手术期护理

总结1例下咽-食道同时性多原发癌伴Ⅲ度喉梗阻患者围手术期护理体会。针对患者气道高风险、病情进展迅速、肺部感染、全身营养状态差、运动功能衰弱等问题,采取气道梗阻风险预警及应急处理,阶段化实施肺保护性策略,以目标为导向的术前预康复营养管理,低负荷小强度个体化抗阻运动改善虚弱促进患者康复等措施。经过34 d的积极治疗与护理,患者病情稳定出院,出院后随访1个月,患者状态良好。

Heterochronic triple primary malignancies with Epstein-Barr virus infection and tumor protein 53 gene mutation:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND The diagnosis and etiology of multiple primary malignant neoplasms(MPMNs)are difficult to establish.Here,we report a case of heterochronic triple primary malignancies with gastric cancer,nasopharyngeal squamous cell cancer,and then rectal cancer.CASE SUMMARY The patient was first diagnosed with gastric cancer at the age of 33 in 2014 and underwent distal gastrectomy and gastrojejunostomy and six cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy.Three years later,he was diagnosed with nasopharyngeal cancer and treated with radical chemoradiotherapy in 2017.Recently,a mass in the middle of the rectum was resected and reported as ulcerative,moderately to poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma.Research on the etiology of MPMNs showed that Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)infection may be the cause of gastric cancer and nasopharyngeal squamous cell cancer since these two primary lesions were positive for transcripts of EBV-encoded ribonucleic acid using an in situ hybridization EBV-encoded ribonucleic acid probe in formalin-fixed,paraffinembedded tissue.The cause of rectal cancer may be due to a somatic mutation of tumor protein 53 gene in exon 8(c.844C>T,p.Arg282Trp)through highthroughput sequencing for the rectal cancer.Appropriate standard therapy for each primary cancer was administered,and the patient has no evidence of cancer disease to date.CONCLUSION To our knowledge,this is the first report on heterochronic triple primary malignancies whose cause may be associated with EBV infection and tumor protein 53 genetic mutations.The etiological research may not only elucidate the cause of MPMN but also has implications in clinical management.

Quadruple primary malignancy patient with survival time more than 20 years

Multiple primary carcinoma (MPC) is defined as two or more carcinomas without subordinate relationship detected in the same or other organs of an individual patient. The diagnosis of MPC must comply with the following standards: each of the tumors must present a definite picture of malignancy, each tumor must be histologically distinct, and the probability of one being a metastasis of the other must be excluded. MPC often occurs in the digestive system, but its pathogenesis remains unclear involving genetic susceptibility, tumor immunity and iatrogenic factors, including radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Most MPC patients are double primary malignancy; the occurrence of quadruple primary malignancy is below 0.1%. Here we present a rare case of quadruple primary malignancy involving the small intestine, descending colon, renal pelvis and pancreas. Due to its rarity, the relevant literature is also reviewed. In general, the incidence of MPC is rising, so prevention, early diagnosis and treatment will become necessary and important. Therefore, further research should focus on the etiology and mechanism of MPC.

Clinical characteristics and prognostic analysis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm(GEP-NEN)

Objective： The aim of the study was to analyze the clinicopathologic characteristics of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm （GEP-NEN） and to explore the prognostic factors for patients and differences of immunohisto- chemical markers between neuroendocrine tumor （NET） and neuroendocrine carcinoma （NEC）. Methods： Retrospective reviews were conducted for the charts of 119 patients with GEP-NEN at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University （China） from August 2003 to December 2013. Kaplan-Meier method was used to do the overall survivals analysis for the patients at different levels of predictive factors. Meanwhile, Cox proportional hazard model was used to select independent risk factors of surJival. Analysis of variance was used to compare the expression of immunohistochemical markers among different patho- logical grades. Results：Among 119 patients, pancreas （45/119, 37.82%） and rectum （33/119, 27.73%） were mostly involved. The onset age of GEP-NEN in female group was younger than that of the male group. There were 13 deaths （10.92%） during 18.9 （0.1-133.4） months follow-up period. Multivariate analysis indicated that neural invasion, gender and pathological grades of NET and NEC were independent risk factors. In neuroendocrine neoplasm （NEN）, Syn expression in G2 was higher than G1 and G3, while CgA showed no significant difference. All markers showed no significant differences between NET and NEC. Conclusion： GEP-NEN may occur at multiple sites of digestive system and lack specific clinical manifestations. Syn expression detected for the prognosis of G1, G2 and G3 tumors have clinical significance. Neural invasion, sex and patho- logical grades were independent prognostic factors for GEP-NEN patients. No significant difference was found in different pathological grades of NET and NEC.

Synchronous primary cancer of the rectum and lung:a case report

Multiple primary cancers refer to the condition where more than two cancers occur independently in an individual. The incidence of lung cancer in cases of colorectal cancer is rare and synchronous rectal cancer and lung cancer is even rare. A 61-year-old man was referred to our hospital with a 2-month history of blood in his stool, tenesmus, and mucous discharge in July 2010. Colonoscopy showed an irregular ulcerated rectal mass and histological examination of biopsy material showed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Computed tomography （CT） scan of the chest and abdomen showed a mass in the posterior segment of the right upper lobe of the lung and a mass in the right rectal wall of upper rectum. The rectal tumor was diagnosed as primary cancer based on the findings of immunohistochemical stain. An anterior resection （AR） and video assisted thoracoscopic （VAT） wedge resection were performed and histological findings of resected rectal and lung tumor specimen showed synchronous primary rectal cancer and lung cancer. A combination chemotherapy regimen with docetaxel and Iobaplatin was used and the patient was successfully discharged from hospital in August 2010. Although the incidence of synchronous multiple primary cancers is very low, we need to remain suspicious, when faced with two or even multiple organ lesions, and employ the necessary examination methods to confirm the diagnosis. For synchronous multiple primary cancers, if conditions allow, surgical resection for all the cancers can be performed in a single operation.

HRCT多征象及其联合应用在表现为GGNs的同时性多原发肺癌中的诊断价值

目的:探讨高分辨CT(HRCT)不同征象及其联合应用在表现为磨玻璃结节(GGNs)的同时性多原发肺癌(SMPLC)中的诊断价值。方法:收集我院行HRCT检查、影像表现为GGNs且可疑SMPLC患者资料共114例261枚结节,对每枚结节的HRCT征象和部位进行分析,并与病理进行对照,计算结节的HRCT征象及联合应用诊断肺癌结节的灵敏度、特异度、阴性预测值、阳性预测值、准确度,并与炎性结节的HRCT征象进行比较。结果:114例中确诊SMPLC 94例(肺癌结节208枚,炎性结节51枚,转移瘤2枚);肺癌结节的单一HRCT征象中,边缘清晰完整征的阳性预测值、准确度、阴性预测值最高(分别为93.3%、89.6%、74.0%),胸膜凹陷征、毛刺征的特异度最高(均为98.4%),胸膜凹陷征阳性预测值最高(96.8%);2个征象联合中,血管造影征+边缘完整清晰征的阳性预测值、特异度、准确度均最高(分别为97.3%、90.2%、86.1%),3个及以上征象联合中血管造影征+边缘完整清晰征+其他任何一项的阳性预测值、特异度均最高(分别为98.6%、96.1%);且与51枚炎性结节单一征象或多征象联合具有统计学差异(P<0.05);SMPLC女性发病率明显高于男性,且50~59年龄段女性为发病高峰期。结论:HRCT表现为GGNs,其中2枚及以上结节均具有原发肺癌的征象是诊断SMPLC的基础;结节的血管造影征、边缘完整清晰征单一征象应用在原发肺癌结节诊断中具有较高的灵敏度,但仍具有误诊风险;血管造影征+边缘完整清晰征或+其他征象(空泡征、分叶征、胸膜凹陷征、毛刺征)中的任何一项或多项可提高肺癌结节诊断的特异度,减少误诊的发生;50~59岁女性为高危人群,对其应提高警惕及加强筛查。

基于病理生理机制的非营养素防治多原发恶性肿瘤的食疗护理研究进展

基于慢性病病理生理机制和“家庭护士食疗理论”模型,阐述非营养素防治多原发恶性肿瘤的具体作用机制及理论依据,旨在为该类型疾病的防治提供新思路,为有效干预成分的进一步研究和合理开发利用提供理论基础,进而更好地指导临床应用。

肺微小脑膜上皮样结节——认知进展与争论

肺微小脑膜上皮样结节(minute pulmonary meningothelial-like nodules,MPMNs)是一种与脑膜上皮有相似病理学特征的肺部良性小病灶,和恶性肿瘤有相似的影像学表现,可在临床上导致误诊。关于MPMNs的发病机制尚未达成共识,有观点认为MPMNs可能是一种反应性增生,也有观点认为MPMNs与中枢神经系统脑膜瘤有共同的起源和分子机制。了解MPMNs的特征,深入研究其发病机制,有助于提高对该病的认识和诊断水平。本文就MPMNs的临床、病理、影像学特点以及鉴别诊断和发病机制进行综述,并全面分析了其发病机制的研究进展,对进一步探索提出展望。

腹膜后脂肪肉瘤合并多原发恶性肿瘤的临床特征及预后分析

目的探讨腹膜后脂肪肉瘤(RPLS)合并多原发恶性肿瘤(MPMNs)的临床特征和预后。方法搜集2014年12月—2022年9月北京大学国际医院腹膜后肿瘤外科住院电子病历系统中532例患者的病例资料,按照纳入和排除标准,最终纳入17例[占比3.2%(17/532)]RPLS合并MPMNs患者的病例资料进行回顾性分析。根据RPLS病理类型及合并肿瘤的分期,分为高风险组(9例)、低风险组(8例)。分析该类患者的临床特征、MPMNs类型及其合并疾病类型、治疗方案、预后及中位生存时间(MST)等情况,符合正态分布的计量资料以x±s表示,行t检验;不符合者以M(Q1,Q3)表示,行非参数秩和检验;计数资料比较行χ^(2)检验;采用Kaplan-Meier法检验进行生存分析。结果17例RPLS合并MPMNs患者中,异时性多原发恶性肿瘤(MMPMNs)患者11例、同时性多原发恶性肿瘤(SMPMNs)患者6例。合并的MPMNs疾病类型包括乳腺癌4例、消化道癌4例、肾透明细胞癌3例、肺腺癌1例、子宫内膜癌1例、喉癌1例、皮肤基底细胞癌1例、副神经节瘤1例、骨髓增生异常综合症-难治性贫血1例。随访至2022年9月,无瘤生存4例、带瘤生存7例、病死6例。17例RPLS合并MPMNs患者的MST为93个月(95%CI:72~162个月),其中SMPMNs患者与MMPMNs患者的MST分别为44个月(95%CI:16~73个月)、147个月(95%CI:100~213个月),差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=2.061、P=0.151)。低风险组与高风险组患者的MST分别为156个月(95%CI:89~247个月)、75个月(95%CI:32~112个月),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.664、P=0.031)。结论RPLS合并MPMNs患病率较低,合并MPMNs的疾病类型以乳腺癌和消化道癌占比较高;根据RPLS病理类型与合并肿瘤的分期进行风险分组分析,对该类患者预后有一定提示意义。

三重多原发恶性肿瘤病例分析

目的探讨多原发恶性肿瘤(MPMN)的临床特点,提高该类型肿瘤的认识,为临床诊断及治疗提供一定的经验。方法分析2021年12月广州市第一人民医院呼吸与危重症学科二区收治的1例乳腺、甲状腺及肺三重多原发恶性肿瘤的临床特点及诊治经过,并结合相关文献进行回顾分析。结果该例首患乳腺导管内癌并予手术切除,9年后再同时患肺癌及甲状腺癌,最终确诊为三重多原发恶性肿瘤。结论通过对多原发恶性肿瘤的临床特点的分析研究,可一定程度提高临床医生对MPMN的认知以及早期临床鉴别的能力,亦为肿瘤患者早期诊断、早期治疗提供更好的时机,改善患者生活质量。

同时性宫颈腺癌合并卵巢癌双原发癌一例并文献复习

报告1例较罕见的同时性宫颈腺癌合并卵巢癌双原发癌的病例。该患者为56岁女性,临床主要表现为异常阴道出血和下腹痛,血清肿瘤标志物水平显著升高,盆腔CT示子宫后壁片状强化减低,电子阴道镜下取活检示部分腺上皮高级别上皮内瘤变,不除外更重病变。该患者于2020年6月2日在气管插管全身麻醉下行开腹探查术+子宫扩大切除术+双侧附件切除术+盆腔粘连松解术+盆腔淋巴结清扫术+腹腔引流术,术后行6次化疗及1次盆腔三维适形调强放疗,后因肿瘤复发导致肠梗阻去世。复习国内外报道的宫颈癌合并卵巢癌双原发癌的病例资料,以期提高临床医生对妇科双原发肿瘤的认识。

宫体POLE突变型内膜样癌合并HPV感染相关性宫颈腺癌1例报道及文献回顾

临床上,在不同部位同时发现多个恶性肿瘤病灶常被认为是某一部位原发肿瘤继发累及多个部位的结果,两个或多个原发性肿瘤同步出现的情况罕见,且相关类型及相关起源肿瘤的鉴别具有较大难度,给临床病理诊断造成困扰。此类情况在女性生殖系统尤为突出,在实际工作中,虽然可以联合应用临床表现、影像学资料、形态学特征、免疫组织化学甚至分子检测等手段,但对于某些发生在子宫的腺癌,仍不能确定其原发部位是内膜还是宫颈,即使在全切子宫的情况下仍是如此。由于此类肿瘤的治疗及预后均有很大差异,因此精准鉴别十分必要。本文报道1例同步发生的宫体内膜样癌和宫颈来源的人乳头状瘤病毒(human papilloma virus,HPV)感染相关性宫颈腺癌(HPV-associated cervical adenocarcinoma,HPVA-CA)患者并进行相关文献回顾,以期深入分析此类较罕见病例,同时对鉴别诊断、治疗及预后等相关问题进行探讨。

多原发恶性肿瘤

目的 :探讨多原发恶性肿瘤(MPMNs)的流行病学和临床特点。方法 :回顾性分析我院1958～1997年收治的2011例MPMNs的构成比、发病年龄、性别比、间隔时间、好发部位。结果 :MPMNs所占构成比为2.0%;平均发病年龄为50.7岁;高发年龄为50～59岁 ,占31.1%。性别比(男:女)为1:1.3。结论 :恶性肿瘤病例中 ,MPMNs的发生频度似有随时间推移而增多的倾向。MPMNs的发病年龄在逐渐增大。MPMNs例数女性多于男性 ,但男性例数增加较快 ,使男女性例数逐渐接近。MPMNs的第一和第二原发癌间隔时间随时间推移在延长 ,但第一和二 ,二和三 ,三和四 ,四和五原发癌的时间间隔则逐渐缩短。MPMNs的好发器官为同一器官 ,成对器官和同系统的器官。

异源性双原发癌16例分析

回顾分析1996年1月～2003年12月收冶的16例异源性双原发癌患者临床资料,16例患者年龄36～77岁,中位年龄54岁。第一原发癌分别为食管癌4例,直肠癌、鼻咽癌、卵巢癌和子宫内膜癌各2例,胃窦癌、结肠癌、贲门癌和右肺癌各1例;Ⅰ期1例,Ⅱ期5例,Ⅲ期9例,Ⅳ期1例。第二原发癌分别为直肠癌8例,结肠癌4例,胃窦癌2例,十二指肠癌和右乳腺癌各1例;Ⅰ期2例,Ⅱ期10例,Ⅲ期4例。初步研究结果提示,异源性双原发癌患者的第二原发癌比第一原发癌检出时间提前,两者发生的时间间隔越长,治疗效果越好。