Post Cryopreservation Growth Kinetic and Photosynthetic Assessment of an Acid Tolerant Strain of Stichococcus bacillaris

Preserving microbial diversity has become a strategic undertaking. Thus, ex situ microalgal culture conservation results in strategic and functional resource in both biodiversity protection and application domains. Cryopreservation of microalgae has been practiced since the 1960s and is now considered the optimal preservation strategy. Furthermore, the overall monitoring during growth of cultures after freezing/thawing protocols was hardly investigated and there is poor evaluation related to preserve especially the photosystem apparatus. The present study focuses on Stichococcus bacillaris as case study for short-term cryopreservation at −80 °C storage. Various freezing pretreatments using cryoprotective agents, and two thawing methods were compared introducing a novel variable to evaluate viability recovery and assessing growth kinetics of cultures immediately after thawing and after a series batch cultivation. Photosynthetic rate and pigments assessment were proposed to evaluate hidden metabolic cell damage. Results underline cryoprotective agents can increase the kinetic recovery of preserved cells in terms of reduction of lag phase during batch cultivation tests: the use of dimethyl sulfoxide and glycerol granted a growth comparable to unpreserved cells when sudden thawing occurs after 24 hours of storage, but recovery after preservation is less sensitive to cryoprotective agents when gradual thawing and 1 month of storage is considered. However, cells are always able to restore their physiological pathways even without agents, so their kinetic effect has been proved and quantified. Interestingly, both the photosynthetic efficiency and the ratio between total chlorophyll and carotenoids are comparable (0.75 Fv/Fm, 2.2 ± 0.25 g/g) to unpreserved cells and they are unsensitive to chosen agents, but the ratio between chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b was clearly altered (up to 10 times), suggesting that photoactive pigments relative proportions can result in similar growth kinetic performances. Long-term studies will be carried out to assess whether the differences found could cause chronic damage to photosystem efficiency of S. bacillaris cultures.

Comparison of Net Photosynthetic Rate in Leaves of Soybean with Different Yield Levels

A total of nine soybean （Glycine max （L.） Merr.） cultivars were divided into three yield levels which were planted under the same environmental condition. The net photosynthetic rate was measured by LI-6400 portable photosynthesis system. The chlorophyll content and specific leaf weight were measured with regular methods. The results showed that the specific leaf weight, chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate of high yield varieties were higher than those of low yield varieties. The yield had a significantly positive correlation with the net photosynthetic rate. With the improvement of modem technology, the net photosynthetic rate could be measured quickly and exactly. Hence, net photosynthetic rate could be used as an effective index in the selection of high yield soybean.

Relationship Between Diurnal Changes of Net Photosynthetic Rate and Influencing Factors in Rice under Saline Sodic Stress

The net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves and influencing factors under saline sodic soil conditions were investigated at the full heading stage of rice. The net photosynthetic rate of rice leaves showed a double-peak curve in a day in both non-saline sodic and saline sodic soil treatments. The first peak of the net photosynthetic rate appeared at 9：00-10：00 and 9：00 in the saline sodic and non-saline sodic soil treatments, respectively, whereas the second peak both at 14：00. The midday depression of the net photosynthetic rate always appeared regardless of non-saline sodic or saline sodic soil conditions. In addition, the net photosynthetic rate significantly decreased in all day under saline sodic conditions compared with that under non-saline sodic conditions. Some differences were observed in correlation characters between the net photosynthetic rate and all influencing factors during 9：00-13：00. Under non-saline sodic conditions, the diurnal changes of the net photosynthetic rate in a day were mainly caused by stomatal conductance, and the limitation value and the stomatal factors served as determinants; whereas under saline sodic stress, the diurnal changes of the net photosynthetic rate in a day were mainly caused by non stomatal factors including light intensity and air temperature.

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate of Pueraria lobataand its impact factors

In order to identify the relationship between diurnal changes in the net photosynthetic rate（Pn） of Pueraria lobata and environmental factors,diurnal changes in the Pn of leaves of two P.lobata cultivars were measured using a CIRAS-1 portable photosynthesis measurement system（PP-Systems,UK）.The results show that diurnal changes in Pn of both cultivars could be interpreted as double-peak curves,indicating the occurrence of an obvious midday depression.Further analyses indicate that the correlation between Pn and stomatal conductance was positive and extremely significant（p 〈 0.01）.The correlations of Pn with intercellular CO2 concentration and transpiration rate were positive and significant（p 〈 0.05）,while the correlations of Pn with air and leaf temperatures were negative and significant（p 〈 0.05）.The results indicate that among the factors affecting photosynthetic properties,some can be grouped as stomatal limitations while others are non-stomatal limitations.

Effects of elevated CO_2 on net photosynthetic rate of trees in Changbai Mountain

Net photosynthetic rates (NPRs) of four species seedlings, Pinus koraiensis, Ptrius Syvestriformis,Fraxinus mandshuthe and Phellodendron amurense, were measured at different CO2 concentrations and time respectively in Changbai Mountain during the growing season in 1999. The seedlings were cultivated in open-top chambers (OTCs), located outdoors and exposed to natural sunlight. The experimental objects were divided into four groups by tree species. CO2 concentrations in chambers were kept at 500 μL-L-1 and 700 μL-L-1 and contrast chamber and contrast field were set. The results showed that the effects of elevated CO2 on NPR of the trees strongly depended on tree species and time. NPRs of Pin us koreaipsis and Pinus syvestriformis seedfings increased with the rising of CO2 concentration, while that of Phellodron amurense and haus mandshurica increased at some time and decreased at another time.

Gas Exchange Rates of Texas Persimmon (Diospyros texana) in Central Texas Woodlands

Diospyros texana (Texas persimmon) is a secondary species in most Juniperus ashei/Quercus fusiformis woodlands in central Texas. It has high density, but plants are mostly in the community understory. Light response curves at ambient and elevated levels of CO2 and temperature were measured for D. texana. The Anet (photosynthetic rate) increased significantly as both light level and CO2 levels increased but not temperature. The Amax (maximum photosynthetic rate) of D. texana in full sun at elevated levels of CO2 was increased for all treatments. Stomatal conductance increased with levels of CO2 but only if the interaction was removed from the model. Intercellular levels of CO2 increased with both temperature and CO2 treatments as did water use efficiency (WUE). Furthermore, light saturation (Lsat) increased with CO2 treatments and light compensation (Lcp) increased with temperature. The dark respiration (Rd) increased with both temperature and CO2 treatments. Markov population models suggested D. texana populations would remain ecologically similar in the future. However, sub-canopy light levels and herbivory should be considered when examining population projections. For example, Juniperus ashei juveniles are not recruited into any canopy unless there are high light levels. Herbivory reduces the success of Quercus juveniles from reaching the canopy. These factors do not seem to be a problem for D. texana juveniles which would allow them to reach the canopy without need of a high light gap and are not prevented by herbivory. Thus, Juniperus/Quercus woodlands will change in the future to woodlands with D. texana a more common species.

Relationship Between Net Photosynthetic Rate of Cassava SC205 and Its Physio-ecological Factors

[Objective]The aim was to measure photosynthetic characters of SC 205, a cassava cultivar, and explore the relationships of the net photosynthetic rate （Pn） with physiological and ecological factors. [Method] The diurnal variations of photosyn-thesis in leaves of SC205 were studied by LICOR-6400 portable photosynthesis system, and the relationships of the net photosynthetic rate （Pn） with physiological and ecological factors were studied by simple correlation analysis and path analysis. [Result] The curve of diurnal variation of Pn showed single peak at 10：00 am at 24.07 μ mol CO2 m2/s, without showing midday depression; the diurnal changes of stomatal conductance （Gs）, transpiration rate （Tr）, leaf temperature （Tl）, air tempera-ture （Ta） and photosynthetic active radiation （PAR） al showed single peak curves, and there were positive relationships of Pn with Gs, Tr, Tl, Ta and PAR. The diur-nal variations of intercellular CO2 concentration （Ci）, atmospheric CO2 concentration （Ca）, relative humidity （RH） showed in a U-shape curve. There were highly signifi-cant positive correlation of Pn with Gs and PAR; the diurnal variation of Pn had highly significant negative correlations with Ci and Ca. The direct impact of physio-logical factors on Pn was as fol ows： Ci＆gt;Gs＆gt;Tl＆gt;Tr, and the direct impact of ecologi-cal factors was RH＆gt;PAR＆gt;Ca＆gt;Ta. [Conclusion] The research showed that Ci, Gs and Tr play very important roles in the changes of Pn among the physiological fac-tors, and PAR and Ca affect the changes of Pn among the ecological factors.

Leaf Photosynthetic Rate and Related Influencing Factors in Super High-yield Combination C Liangyou H255

[ Objective] Study on the photosynthesis and influencing factors in super high-yield combination C Liangyou H255. [ Method] The photosynthetic characteristies were measured at a hot and muggy day under natural conditions. [ Result] A respective single peak at 11：30 was observed in diurnal variation curves of net photosynthetic rate （Pn） and transpiration rate（Tr）. Correlation analysis shows that Pn presents an extremely significant correlation with photon flux densities （PFD） of photosynthetically active radiation, in comparison assumes a significant correlation either with stomatal conductance （Gs） or with ambient CO2 concentration （Ca）. [ Conclusion] Gs followed by PFD presented most influence on Pn of super high-yield combination C Liangyou H255.

Study on the Daily Change of Photosynthetic Rate for Prunus domestica × armeniacain Different Seasons

[Objective] The aim of this study was to explore the daily change of photosyntheticratefor Prunus domestica ×armeniacain different growing seasons. The study can provide theoretical basis for arid area high yield and quality cultivation.[Method] The photosynthetic physiological properties of leaves of different types of Prunus domestica × armeniaca were measured by the Li-6400 portable photosynthesis system indifferent seasons. By this method could analysis of photosyntheticcharacteristicsfor different types of Prunus domestica×armeniaca in different seasons.[Result] Daily change of photosyntheticrate（Pn） for Prunus domestica×armeniaca in differentseasons showed a ＂double-peak＂ curve. The peak values were at 10：00 and16：00. The Pn of ‘Fengweihuanghou＇, ‘Konglongdan＇, ‘Weihou＇, ‘Weiwang＇ and‘Weidi＇ reached the maximum in July, theywere 13.75, 14.76, 12.96, 13.3, and 11.9μmol/（m^2·s）, respectively. The Pn of Prunus domestica×armeniaca reached minimumin August, they were 9.78, 10.71, 12.02, 10.43 μmol/（m^2·s）. The Pn overall average of ‘Konglongdan＇ was highest,it reached 12.65 μmol/（m^2·s）.The Pn overall average of ‘Weiwang＇ was lowest, it reached 11.31μmol/（m^2·s）. There were extremely significant positive correlation between the Pn and Gs（P0.01）. [Conclusion] Daily change of photosyntheticrate for Prunus domestica ×armeniaca in differentseasons showed a ＂double-peak＂ curve, showing significant phenomenon of ＂midday depression＂.The photosynthesis intensity of Prunus domestica ×armeniaca was strongest in July, and the photosynthesis intensity was weakest in August. ‘Konglongdan＇showed the strongest photosynthesis capacity, ‘Weihou＇ and ‘Weiwang＇, followed.There were highest correlation between the Pn and stoma conductance（Gs）.

Effects of Chilling Stress on Photosynthetic Rate and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameter in Seedlings of Two Rice Cultivars Differing in Cold Tolerance

A cold-tolerant cultivar, Xiangnuo 1, and a cold-sensitive cultivar, IR50, were used to study the influence of chilling on photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in rice seedlings. The photosynthetic rates declined dramatically during chilling, and decreased by 48.7% and 67.5% in Xiangnuo 1 and IR50 seedlings, respectively, after being subjected to chilling treatment for two days. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements showed that relatively higher qp and qNP in Xiangnuo 1 were maintained to dissipate the redundant excitation energy and protect the reaction centers from chill injury; accordingly, redundant excitation energy accumulated less in the reaction centers, and antenna systems were less injured by chilling in Xiangnuo 1. On the contrary, in IR50, qp and qNP declined rapidly while Eg increased, as the chilling persisted. This result indicated that the reaction centers and antenna systems in IR50 were damaged severely by chilling, which led to the lower photosynthetic rate.

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Photosynthetic Rate of Leymus chinensis in Grassland of Different Degrading Degrees

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on photosynthetic rate of Leymus chinensis in the grasslands of different degrading degrees. [Method] With the L. chinensis in Inner Mongolia Baiyinxile Ranch as the research object, different rations of nitrogen fertilizer were applied to the grassland （0, 30, 50, 80 g/m^2）. The effect of different gradients of nitrogen fertilizer on photo- synthetic rate of Leymus chinensis, and the effect on grasslands of different degrading degrees were analyzed. [Result] The photosynthetic rate of L. chinensis in- creased with the increase of nitrogen gradients; in the grassland communities with different degrading degrees, the responses of the photosynthetic rate of L. chinensis to nitrogen fertilizer were different, and the response in the grassland with severe degradation was the best. [Conclusion] Nitrogen fertilizer played an important role in enhancing the restoration degree of grassland.

Linear Relationships between Photosynthetic Rate and Photochemical Energy Expressed by <i>PAR</i>×<i>Fv/Fm</i>

Photosynthetic rate (Pn) of plants is simultaneously affected by photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and maximum yield of primary photochemistry (Fv/Fm). In order to explore the quantitative relationship between Pn, PAR and Fv/Fm, those parameters were simultaneously measured for different plant species (maize, sunflower, daylily and alfalfa), growth stages and irrigation treatments. Results indicated that the diurnal variation of Pn had no significant correlation with that of Fv/Fm. Mean diurnal values of Pn were linearly correlated with those of Fv/Fm among the different irrigation treatments of alfalfa (p < 0.05), but this linear correlation was not observed among the different species. There was a positive relationship between Pn and Fv/Fm only at midday (12:00 and 14:00) (p < 0.01). A significant linear relationship was observed between the diurnal variation of Pn and PAR × Fv/Fm (p < 0.05), this law was suitable for the different species, and the different growth stages and the different irrigation treatments of the same species. This study confirms that Pn is significantly related to the photochemical energy (PAR × Fv/Fm), the light energy directly used in photochemical reactions of plants.

Comparison of the S-, N- or P-Deprivations’ Impacts on Stomatal Conductance, Transpiration and Photosynthetic Rate of Young Maize Leaves

Seven-day-old maize (Zea mays) plants were grown hydroponically for ten days in deprived nutrient solutions against the corresponding control grown under full nutrition;the effects of S-, N- or P-deprivation on laminas’ mean stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E) and photosynthetic rate (A) were monitored, along with the impact on the laminas’ total dry mass (DM), water amount (W), length and surface area (Sa). Furthermore, a time series analysis of each parameter’s response ratios (Rr), i.e. the treatment’s value divided by the corresponding control’s one, was performed. Under S-deprivation, the Rr of laminas’ mean gs, E, and A presented oscillations within a ±15% fluctuation zone, notably the “control” zone, whilst those of laminas’ total DM, water amount, surface area, and length included oscillation during the first days and deviation later on, presenting deviation during d10. Under the N-deprivation conditions all Rr time courses except the A one, included early deviations from the control zone without recovering. The deviation from the control zone appeared at d4. Under P-deprivation, all Rr time courses represented oscillations within the control zone. P-deprivation’s patterns resembled those of S-deprivation. Compared to the one of the S-deprivation, the P-one’s oscillations took place within a broader zone. Linear relationships among the various Rr patterns were found between gs-E, gs-A, E-A, DM-W and DM-Sa. In conclusion, the impact of P-deprivation appeared in an early stage and included an alleviation action, the one of N-deprivation appeared early with no alleviation action, whilst that of S-deprivation appeared later, being rather weaker when compared to the impact of the P-deprivation’s impact.

QTL analysis of leaf photosynthetic rate and related physiological traits in rice(Oryza sativa L.)

Photosynthesis is one of the most important factors that influence the biomass and yield. Recently, more attention has been paid to genetic study on rice photosynthesis and rice breeding for the physiological traits related to high efficient photosynthesis. Chlorophyll content, stomatal resistance, and transpiration rate were very important physiological traits related to photosynthesis. But until now, no genetic study on these traits has been reported. A DH population derived from anther culture of ZYQ8/JX17, a typical indica/japonica hybrid was developed,

Effect of Water Deficit Stress on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Jatropha curcas

The need to mitigate climate change cannot be more emphasized, which arises, as a result of increases in CO2 emissions due to anthropogenic activities. Given the current world energy problems of high fossil fuel consumption which plays a pivotal role in the greenhouse effect, Jatropha curcas biodiesel has been considered a potential alternative source of clean energy (biodiesel is carbon neutral). However, the ability of Jatropha curcas, as a candidate source of alternative of clean energy, to grow in marginal and dry soils, has been poorly elucidated. This study, therefore aimed at investigating whether Jatropha curcas leaves could switch from carrying out C3 photosynthetic pathway to Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) as a strategy to improve its water deficit tolerance. Thirty-five-day-old Jatropha curcas accessions, from three different climatic zones of Botswana, viz., Mmadinare (Central zone), Thamaga (Southern zone) and Maun (Northern zone), were subjected to water stress, by with-holding irrigation with half-strength Hoagland culture solution. Net photosynthetic rate, transpiration and stomatal conductance were measured at weekly intervals. The leaf pH was measured to determine whether there was a decrease in pH (leaf acidification) of the leaves during the night, when the plants experienced water deficit stress. All the accessions exhibited marked reduction in all the measured photosynthetic characteristics when experience water deficit stress. However, a measurable CO2 uptake was carried out by leaves of all the accessions, in the wake of marked decreases in stomatal conductance. There is evidence to suggest that when exposed to water stress J. curcas accessions switch from C3 mode of photosynthesis to CAM photosynthetic pathway. This is attested to by the slightly low leaf pH at night. Thamaga accession exhibited an earlier stomatal closure than the other two accessions. This resulted in Thamaga accession displaying a slightly lower dry weight than both Mmadinare and Maun accessions. It could be concluded that Jatropha curcas appeared to tolerate water deficit stress due to its ability of switching from C3 photosynthetic pathway to the CAM photosynthetic pathway, but with a cost to biomass accumulation, as demonstrated by slightly more reduced CO2 assimilation by Thamaga accession, than the other two accessions.

Different Deficit Irrigation Lower Limits and Irrigation Quotas Affect the Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat by Regulating Photosynthetic Characteristics

To determine suitable thresholds for deficit irrigation of winter wheat in the well-irrigated area of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,we investigated the effects of different deficit irrigation lower limits and quotas on the photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat.Four irrigation lower limits were set for initiating irrigation(i.e.,light drought(LD,50%,55%,60%and 50%of field holding capacity(FC)at the seedling-regreening,jointing,heading and filling-ripening stages,respectively),medium drought(MD,40%,50%,55%and 45%of FC at the same stages,respectively),adequate moisture(CK1,60%,65%,70%and 60%of FC at the same stages,respectively),heavy drought(CK2,35%,40%,45%and 40%of FC at the same stages,respectively))and five irrigation quota per event(30,60,90,120 and 180 mm)were set for each lower limit.We found that the increase of drought stress is conducive to normal photosynthesis of winter wheat leaves which is supported by the following findings.First,photosynthetic rate(Pn)of LD60 treatment was higher than that of LD30,LD90,LD120,LD180,MD30,MD60,MD90,MD120 and MD180.Then,Under the 90 mm irrigation quota treatment,the yield of winter wheat basically increased with the increase of irrigation’s lower limit.Moreover,With the increase in irrigation quota,the yield of winter wheat increased,and the water use efficiency(WUE)of winter wheat increased at first and then decreased.In addition,compared with the LD30,MD30,MD60,MD90,MD120,and MD180,the yield of winter wheat in LD60 treatment increased by about 3.23%(3-year average),32.3%,19.9%,11.7%,10.1%,and 14.6%.At the same time,the WUE with LD60 treatment of winter wheat was significantly higher than LD90,LD120,LD180,MD30,MD60,MD90,MD120,MD180 treatments.There was a positive correlation between soil volumetric water content and Pn and between yield and Pn.The key period for yield formation in winter wheat is 180 days after sowing.In conclusion,to achieve the dual goals of stable winter wheat yield and efficient utilization of water resources in this region,the suitable threshold for initiating deficit irrigation of winter wheat is the LD60 treatment.This conclusion provides data support for water-saving and stable yield of winter wheat in this area.

Study on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Hybrid Mulberry in Autumn under Herbaceous Cultivation

[Objectives]This study was conducted to clarify the physiological mechanism of growth of hybrid mulberry after autumn cutting in herbaceous cultivation.[Methods]The net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),intercellular CO_(2) concentration(Ci)and transpiration rate(Tr)of leaves were measured under different treatment conditions using a Li-6400XT portable photosynthetic measurement system.[Results]After harvest of mulberry shoots in autumn,leaf Pn decreased with the extension of branch and leaf growth time,while Gs,Ci and Tr showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing.The Pn was affected by factors such as leaf positions,mulberry varieties,cutting,and fertilization,which was manifested by the 6 th to 10 th mature leaves>the 2 nd to 4 th tender leaves,‘Nongsang 14’>hybrid mulberry,intermediate cut>uncut,and normal fertilization>no fertilization,all showing significant differences(P<0.05).Combined with the results of Gs,Ci and Tr measurements,it was found that the changes in leaf Pn were mainly related to non-stomatal factors.Timely cutting and harvesting during summer and autumn could significantly improve the photosynthetic rate of mulberry leaf,which was beneficial for extending the late autumn growth period of hybrid mulberry under herbaceous cultivation.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical reference for mulberry shoot harvesting techniques in summer and autumn.

设施生菜光合和蒸腾速率影响因素分析与预测模型构建

光合速率及蒸腾速率是植物的2个重要生理指标。在全人工环境下,选取意大利生菜作为对象,设计并开展多环境变量对生菜光合速率及蒸腾速率影响的嵌套实验,得到环境因子对生菜光合速率及蒸腾速率的影响规律,应用神经网络构建生菜幼苗期光合速率及蒸腾速率预测模型。针对幼苗期生菜,选择温度、相对湿度、光子通量密度(Photosynthetic photon flux density, PPFD)及CO_(2)浓度共4个环境影响因素,采用随机森林方法对数据进行相关性分析。结果表明,与蒸腾速率相关性由大到小的因素依次为CO_(2)浓度、温度、相对湿度、PPFD,与光合速率相关性由大到小的因素依次为CO_(2)浓度、PPFD、温度、相对湿度;采用枚举法确定隐藏层节点数和训练函数,通过遗传算法优化BP神经网络的初始权值和阈值,构建GA-BP神经网络生理指标预测模型。应用测试数据对模型进行验证,光合速率及蒸腾速率预测值与实测值的决定系数分别为0.962 12、0.979 44,均方根误差(RMSE)分别为2.983 2μmol/(m^(2)·s)、0.001 435 8 mol/(m^(2)·s),表明GA-BP神经网络在模型精度和迭代次数方面性能显著提高。研究结果可为设施生菜生产环境调控提供有效依据。

酸橙夏季光合作用特性研究

[目的]研究酸橙夏季光合作用特性。[方法]采用Li-6400便携式光合作用测定系统测定酸橙不同位置叶片净光合速率、酸橙光合日变化、光响应曲线和CO_(2)响应曲线。[结果]酸橙不同方位和不同部位叶片净光合速率存在一定差异;酸橙夏季净光合速率日变化呈双峰型,存在“午睡”现象,其光合峰值分别出现在10:00和14:30;气孔导度的日变化与净光合速率日变化相似。从光响应曲线看,酸橙光饱和点高,光强为0~2000μmol/(m^(2)·s),净光合速率不断上升,最大为13.44μmol/(m^(2)·s),光补偿点为28.33μmol/(m^(2)·s),表观光量子效率为0.036。从CO_(2)响应曲线看,酸橙CO_(2)饱和点在1500μmol/mol,CO_(2)补偿点为60.65μmol/mol,羧化效率为0.079。相关及回归分析结果表明,夏季酸橙净光合速率与气孔导度、空气相对湿度、胞间CO_(2)浓度、蒸腾速率、水汽压亏缺等生理生态因子关系密切。[结论]酸橙是一种喜阳的C_(3)型植物,且对弱光有较强的适应及利用能力,对CO_(2)具有较强的同化能力,同时在夏季高温低湿环境下,酸橙光合作用受各种生理生态因子影响,此期光合有效辐射不是影响净光合速率的关键因子,空气相对湿度与净光合速率呈显著正相关,因此通过环境选择或增加相对湿度的措施,可缓解酸橙夏季“午睡”现象,提高净光合效率。

干湿交替灌溉和施氮量对粳稻光合特性和氮素吸收利用的影响

水分和氮素对水稻叶片光合特性和氮素吸收利用有重要影响,但在干湿交替灌溉条件下,水、氮是如何影响水稻叶片和根系氮代谢酶活性、产量和氮素吸收利用的仍不清楚。探明这一问题对于协同提高产量和氮肥利用效率有重要意义。本研究以超级稻品种南粳9108为材料,大田种植,设置全生育期常规灌溉(conventional irrigation,CI)和干湿交替灌溉(alternate wetting and drying irrigation,AWD)2种灌溉方式及5个施氮水平,不施氮(N0)、施氮90 kg hm^(-2)(N1)、施氮180 kg hm^(-2)(N2)、施氮270 kg hm^(-2)(N3)和施氮360 kg hm^(-2)(N4)。结果表明,与CI相比,AWD增加了水稻主要生育时期叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,提高了叶片净光合速率,并显著增加了叶片中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合成酶活性,显著降低了过氧化物酶、内肽酶活性和丙二醛含量,显著提高了根系中氮代谢酶硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸合成酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶活性;AWD的产量较CI平均增加了10.4%。AWD显著提高了氮素转运量、氮素转运率、氮肥吸收利用率和氮肥偏生产力,产量和氮肥利用率均以AWD+N3处理组合的最高。因此,轻度干湿交替灌溉配合一定的施氮量,可以充分发挥水、肥效应,促进根系和叶片的氮代谢水平,提高叶片光合特性,协调地下地上部生长,有利于水稻产量和氮肥利用率的协同提高。