Structure of Chinese City Network as Driven by Technological Knowledge Flows

Based on patent cooperation data,this study used a range of city network analysis approaches in order to explore the structure of the Chinese city network which is driven by technological knowledge flows.The results revealed the spatial structure,composition structure,hierarchical structure,group structure,and control structure of Chinese city network,as well as its dynamic factors.The major findings are:1) the spatial pattern presents a diamond structure,in which Wuhan is the central city;2) although the invention patent knowledge network is the main part of the broader inter-city innovative cooperation network,it is weaker than the utility model patent;3) as the senior level cities,Beijing,Shanghai and the cities in the Zhujiang(Pearl) River Delta Region show a strong capability of both spreading and controlling technological knowledge;4) whilst a national technology alliance has preliminarily formed,regional alliances have not been adequately established;5) even though the cooperation level amongst weak connection cities is not high,such cities still play an important role in the network as a result of their location within ′structural holes′ in the network;and 6) the major driving forces facilitating inter-city technological cooperation are geographical proximity,hierarchical proximity and technological proximity.

高聚物从高弹态到流体态的转变

将高聚物由高弹态转变为流体态的转变温度命名为流动温度Tf,该转变温度与高聚物分子量密切相关。在高聚物从高弹态转变为流体态的研究中,由于Tl,l的概念忽视对高聚物分子量的依赖性,因此采用Tf的概念更为合理。本文对高聚物的流动温度Tf的讨论涉及高聚物温度-形变曲线、高弹态温区、高聚物熔体剪切粘度。从高聚物凝聚态观点来看,高聚物熔体中凝聚缠结网络中的凝聚结点是分子链的局部向列相互作用使链单元间产生平行凝聚而形成的,而高聚物从高弹态到流体态的转变正是反映了高聚物熔体中凝聚缠结网络的物理交联点,即凝聚结点状态的变化。高聚物熔体可以流动,说明熔体中凝聚网络中的凝聚结点至少是可以在瞬间内打开的,升温使凝聚结点的解凝聚状态存在的时间加长,凝聚状态存在时间减短,当升高到某一温度时,在凝聚结点解凝聚状态的时间内,分子链通过内旋转使质量中心在外加力的方向上可以发生位移,此时高聚物从高弹态转变为流体态,而此时的温度就是流动温度Tf。对高聚物流体弛豫网络的研究,是一个很有前景的研究课题。