Security measures are urgently required to mitigate the recent rapid increase in network security attacks.Although methods employing machine learning have been researched and developed to detect various network attack...Security measures are urgently required to mitigate the recent rapid increase in network security attacks.Although methods employing machine learning have been researched and developed to detect various network attacks effectively,these are passive approaches that cannot protect the network from attacks,but detect them after the end of the session.Since such passive approaches cannot provide fundamental security solutions,we propose an active approach that can prevent further damage by detecting and blocking attacks in real time before the session ends.The proposed technology uses a two-level classifier structure:the first-stage classifier supports real-time classification,and the second-stage classifier supports accurate classification.Thus,the proposed approach can be used to determine whether an attack has occurred with high accuracy,even under heavy traffic.Through extensive evaluation,we confirm that our approach can provide a high detection rate in real time.Furthermore,because the proposed approach is fast,light,and easy to implement,it can be adopted in most existing network security equipment.Finally,we hope to mitigate the limitations of existing security systems,and expect to keep networks faster and safer from the increasing number of cyber-attacks.展开更多
During the late 18th and early 19th centuries,a series of conflicts erupted in the Caribbean,leading to the spread of yellow fever to North America and Europe.This yellow fever epidemic was aggravated by war,migration...During the late 18th and early 19th centuries,a series of conflicts erupted in the Caribbean,leading to the spread of yellow fever to North America and Europe.This yellow fever epidemic was aggravated by war,migration,trade,and other human behaviors,resulting in a decadelong transatlantic pandemic.Groups of physicians in Europe and the United States established a transatlantic network focused on epidemic prevention,to investigate the pathology,causes,and treatments of yellow fever Subsequently,some consular officers were also concerned about the yellow fever epidemic,which led to the expansion of this network.The formation and expansion of the transatlantic knowledge network profoundly demonstrated the spirit of transnationalism and promotes progress in international public health.It sets a precedent for international health cooperation.However,this network was dominated by the so-called"white elite",with European and American countries holding the knowledge hegemony,it had a clear racist and colonialism feature.展开更多
Pattern matching is one of the most performance-critical components for the content inspection based applications of network security, such as network intrusion detection and prevention.To keep up with the increasing ...Pattern matching is one of the most performance-critical components for the content inspection based applications of network security, such as network intrusion detection and prevention.To keep up with the increasing speed network, this component needs to be accelerated by well designed custom coprocessor.This paper presents a parameterized multilevel pattern matching architecture (MPM) which is used on FPGAs.To achieve less chip area, the architecture is designed based on the idea of selected character decoding (SCD) and multilevel method which are analyzed in detail.This paper also proposes an MPM generator that can generate RTL-level codes of MPM by giving a pattern set and predefined parameters.With the generator, the efficient MPM architecture can be generated and embedded to a total hardware solution.The third contribution is a mathematical model and formula to estimate the chip area for each MPM before it is generated, which is useful for choosing the proper type of FPGAs.One example MPM architecture is implemented by giving 1785 patterns of Snort on Xilinx Virtex 2 Pro FPGA.The results show that this MPM can achieve 4.3 Gbps throughput with 5 stages of pipelines and 0.22 slices per character, about one half chip area of the most area-efficient architecture in literature.Other results are given to show that MPM is also efficient for general random pattern sets.The performance of MPM can be scalable near linearly, potential for more than 100 Gbps throughput.展开更多
Objective Oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neurotoxicity(OIPN) is the main limitation for its continuation in cancer patients.Traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs) have been used to prevent OIPN in China and have been...Objective Oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neurotoxicity(OIPN) is the main limitation for its continuation in cancer patients.Traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs) have been used to prevent OIPN in China and have been demonstrated to be effective.However,due to the lack of direct comparison among TCMs,it remains unclear that which TCM is the best for OIPN prevention.Consequently,the present study aimed to compare the relative efficacies of TCMs to find out the best TCM by applying a network meta-analysis.Methods Studies were identified by searching PubMed,EMbase,Cochrane Libraries,CNKI,WanFang,and WeiPu database from January 1990 to May2016.Randomized controlled trials(RCTs) that evaluated the efficacy of TCMs in preventing OIPN in cancer patients were included.Statistical analysis was performed with ADDIS 1.1 6.6.Results Twenty-five RCTs(1572 patients) involving five TCMs were included.The results of network meta-analyses showed that compared with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy alone,the combination with Huangqi Injection(HQI),Shenmai Injection(SMI),Shenfu Injection(SFI),Buyang Huanwu Decoction(BHD),and Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction(HGWD) could decrease the overall OIPN incidence and the severe OIPN incidence in cancer patients.In addition,probability ranking results showed the order of efficacy in preventing overall OIPN incidence was HQI 〉 HGWD 〉 SFI =SMI 〉 BHD,while the order of efficacy in preventing severe OIPN incidence was HQI 〉HGWD 〉 BHD 〉 SFI = SMI.Conclusion All five TCMs are effective neuroprotective agents against OIPN.Among these TCMs,HQI and HGWD were superior to others in clinical efficacy.Moreover,Astragalus membranaceus might be a more promising herb for the OIPN prevention.However,more direct head-to-head RCTs with high quality and large sample size are still needed to further confirm the conclusion.展开更多
基金This work was supported in part by the Information Technology Research Center(ITRC)Support Program supervised by the Institute for Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation(IITP)(IITP-2020-2016-0-00313),and in part by and the 2021 Yeungnam University Research Grant.
文摘Security measures are urgently required to mitigate the recent rapid increase in network security attacks.Although methods employing machine learning have been researched and developed to detect various network attacks effectively,these are passive approaches that cannot protect the network from attacks,but detect them after the end of the session.Since such passive approaches cannot provide fundamental security solutions,we propose an active approach that can prevent further damage by detecting and blocking attacks in real time before the session ends.The proposed technology uses a two-level classifier structure:the first-stage classifier supports real-time classification,and the second-stage classifier supports accurate classification.Thus,the proposed approach can be used to determine whether an attack has occurred with high accuracy,even under heavy traffic.Through extensive evaluation,we confirm that our approach can provide a high detection rate in real time.Furthermore,because the proposed approach is fast,light,and easy to implement,it can be adopted in most existing network security equipment.Finally,we hope to mitigate the limitations of existing security systems,and expect to keep networks faster and safer from the increasing number of cyber-attacks.
基金research result of the major research project of the Humanities and Social Sciences Key Research Base of the Ministry of Education:"Infectious Diseases and the Foundation of Early Epidemic Prevention and public health system in the United States"(Project No.:22JJD770038).
文摘During the late 18th and early 19th centuries,a series of conflicts erupted in the Caribbean,leading to the spread of yellow fever to North America and Europe.This yellow fever epidemic was aggravated by war,migration,trade,and other human behaviors,resulting in a decadelong transatlantic pandemic.Groups of physicians in Europe and the United States established a transatlantic network focused on epidemic prevention,to investigate the pathology,causes,and treatments of yellow fever Subsequently,some consular officers were also concerned about the yellow fever epidemic,which led to the expansion of this network.The formation and expansion of the transatlantic knowledge network profoundly demonstrated the spirit of transnationalism and promotes progress in international public health.It sets a precedent for international health cooperation.However,this network was dominated by the so-called"white elite",with European and American countries holding the knowledge hegemony,it had a clear racist and colonialism feature.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 60803002)the Excellent Young Scholars Research Fund of Beijing Institute of Technology
文摘Pattern matching is one of the most performance-critical components for the content inspection based applications of network security, such as network intrusion detection and prevention.To keep up with the increasing speed network, this component needs to be accelerated by well designed custom coprocessor.This paper presents a parameterized multilevel pattern matching architecture (MPM) which is used on FPGAs.To achieve less chip area, the architecture is designed based on the idea of selected character decoding (SCD) and multilevel method which are analyzed in detail.This paper also proposes an MPM generator that can generate RTL-level codes of MPM by giving a pattern set and predefined parameters.With the generator, the efficient MPM architecture can be generated and embedded to a total hardware solution.The third contribution is a mathematical model and formula to estimate the chip area for each MPM before it is generated, which is useful for choosing the proper type of FPGAs.One example MPM architecture is implemented by giving 1785 patterns of Snort on Xilinx Virtex 2 Pro FPGA.The results show that this MPM can achieve 4.3 Gbps throughput with 5 stages of pipelines and 0.22 slices per character, about one half chip area of the most area-efficient architecture in literature.Other results are given to show that MPM is also efficient for general random pattern sets.The performance of MPM can be scalable near linearly, potential for more than 100 Gbps throughput.
基金Science and Technology Project of Public Health Bureau(No.2014KY09)
文摘Objective Oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neurotoxicity(OIPN) is the main limitation for its continuation in cancer patients.Traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs) have been used to prevent OIPN in China and have been demonstrated to be effective.However,due to the lack of direct comparison among TCMs,it remains unclear that which TCM is the best for OIPN prevention.Consequently,the present study aimed to compare the relative efficacies of TCMs to find out the best TCM by applying a network meta-analysis.Methods Studies were identified by searching PubMed,EMbase,Cochrane Libraries,CNKI,WanFang,and WeiPu database from January 1990 to May2016.Randomized controlled trials(RCTs) that evaluated the efficacy of TCMs in preventing OIPN in cancer patients were included.Statistical analysis was performed with ADDIS 1.1 6.6.Results Twenty-five RCTs(1572 patients) involving five TCMs were included.The results of network meta-analyses showed that compared with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy alone,the combination with Huangqi Injection(HQI),Shenmai Injection(SMI),Shenfu Injection(SFI),Buyang Huanwu Decoction(BHD),and Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction(HGWD) could decrease the overall OIPN incidence and the severe OIPN incidence in cancer patients.In addition,probability ranking results showed the order of efficacy in preventing overall OIPN incidence was HQI 〉 HGWD 〉 SFI =SMI 〉 BHD,while the order of efficacy in preventing severe OIPN incidence was HQI 〉HGWD 〉 BHD 〉 SFI = SMI.Conclusion All five TCMs are effective neuroprotective agents against OIPN.Among these TCMs,HQI and HGWD were superior to others in clinical efficacy.Moreover,Astragalus membranaceus might be a more promising herb for the OIPN prevention.However,more direct head-to-head RCTs with high quality and large sample size are still needed to further confirm the conclusion.