Role of Neuroimmune Interactions in COVID-19-related Cardiovascular Damage

Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has caused a global pandemic impacting over 200 countries/regions and more than 200 million patients worldwide.Among the infected patients,there is a high prevalence of COVID-19-related cardiovascular injuries.However,the specific mechanisms linking cardiovascular damage and COVID-19 remain unclear.The COVID-19 pandemic also has exacerbated the mental health burden of humans.Considering the close association between neuroimmune interactions and cardiovascular disease,this review assessed the complex pathophysiological mechanisms connecting neuroimmune interactions and cardiovascular disease.It was revealed that the mental health burden might be a pivotal accomplice causing COVID-19-associated cardiovascular damage.Specifically,the proinflammatory status of patients with a terrible mood state is closely related to overdrive of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal(HPA)axis,sympathovagal imbalance,and endothelial dysfunction,which lead to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular injury during COVID-19.Therefore,during the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular complications in COVID-19 patients,particular attention should be given to relieve the mental health burden of these patients.

Neuroimmune interactions and their roles in neurodegenerative diseases

The nervous system possesses bidirectional,sophisticated and delicate communications with the immune system.These neuroimmune interactions play a vitally important role in the initiation and development of many disorders,especially neurodegenerative diseases.Although scientific advancements have made tremendous progress in this field during the last few years,neuroimmune communications are still far from being elucidated.By organizing recent research,in this review,we discuss the local and intersystem neuroimmune interactions and their roles in Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Unveiling these will help us gain a better understanding of the process of interplay inside the body and how the organism maintains homeostasis.It will also facilitate a view of the diseases from a holistic,pluralistic and interconnected perspective,thus providing a basis of developing novel and effective methods to diagnose,intervene and treat diseases.

TRPV1:The key bridge in neuroimmune interactions

The nervous and immune systems are crucial in fighting infections and inflammation and in maintaining immune homeostasis.The immune and nervous systems are independent,yet tightly integrated and coordinated organi-zations.Numerous molecules and receptors play key roles in enabling communication between the two systems.Transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member 1(TRPV1)is a non-selective cation channel,recently shown to be widely expressed in the neuroimmune axis and implicated in neuropathic pain,autoimmune disor-ders,and immune cell function.TRPV1 is a key bridge in neuroimmune interactions,allowing for smooth and convenient communication between the two systems.Here,we discuss the coordinated cross-talking between the immune and nervous systems and the functional role and the functioning manner of the TRPV1 involved.We suggest that TRPV1 provides new insights into the collaborative relationship between the nervous and im-mune systems,highlighting exciting opportunities for advanced therapeutic approaches to treating neurogenic inflammation and immune-mediated diseases.

Neuroimmune actions in the brain and interactions with the effects of alcohol

The neuroimmune system of the brain:Early studies(1990’s)on the neurological consequences of human immunodeficiency virus-1(HIV-1)infection in the brain were instrumental in establishing that specific brain cell types can function as an innate immune system within the brain and in that role influence cognitive function(Kaul et al.,2005).