Anti-IgLON5 disease: a novel topic beyond neuroimmunology

Anti-IgLON5 disease is a recently defined autoimmune disorder of the nervous system associated with autoantibodies against IgLON5. Given its broad clinical spectrum and extremely complex pathogenesis, as well as difficulties in its early diagnosis and treatment, anti-IgLON5 disease has become the subject of considerable research attention in the field of neuroimmunology. Anti-IgLON5 disease has characteristics of both autoimmunity and neurodegeneration due to the unique activity of the antiIgLON5 antibody. Neuropathologic examination revealed the presence of a tauopathy preferentially affecting the hypothalamus and brainstem tegmentum, potentially broadening our understanding of tauopathies. In contrast to that seen with other autoimmune encephalitis-related antibodies, basic studies have demonstrated that IgLON5 antibody-induced neuronal damage and degeneration are irreversible, indicative of a potential link between autoimmunity and neurodegeneration in antiIgLON5 disease. Herein, we comprehensively review and discuss basic and clinical studies relating to anti-IgLON5 disease to better understand this complicated disorder.

Frontiers and future perspectives of neuroimmunology

Neuroimmunology is an interdisciplinary branch of biomedical science that emerges from the intersection of studies on the nervous system and the immune system.The complex interplay between the two systems has long been recognized.Research efforts directed at the underlying functional interface and associated pathophysiology,however,have garnered attention only in recent decades.In this narrative review,we highlight significant advances in research on neuroimmune interplay and modulation.A particular focus is on early-and middle-career neuroimmunologists in China and their achievements in frontier areas of"neuroimmune interface","neuro-endocrine-immune network and modulation","neuroimmune interactions in diseases","meningeal lymphatic and glymphatic systems in health and disease",and"tools and methodologies in neuroimmunology research".Key scientific questions and future directions for potential breakthroughs in neuroimmunology research are proposed.

Applying clustering coefficient to the pattern of international author collaboration in neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation

Aim: To apply cluster coefficient (CC) to the pattern of international author collaborations in neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation using data from Medline and to visualize results using Google maps and social network analysis (SNA). Methods: Selecting 2799 abstracts, author names, countries, and keywords on January 22, 2018 from Medline based on keyword neuroimmunology (or neuroinflammation) within the article title since 1982, we reported following features: (1) nation distribution for the 1st author's nationality;(2) eminent journals and authors in the field of neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation;(3) notable keywords defined by authors representing both neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation;and (4) CCs in networks. We programmed Microsoft Excel VBA routines to extract data from Medline and used Google Maps and SNA Pajek software to display graphical representations with an easy-to-read feature for readers. Results: We found that: (1) the most number of papers in neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation are from the USA (902, 32.23%) and China (363, 12.97%);(2) the productive journals and authors in neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation are J Neuroinflammation and PLoS One, and Michael T. Heneka (Germany) and Richard M. Ransohoff (USA);(3) the most linked keywords are interleukin (IL), IL-1beta, and blood brain barrier;(4) author networks present higher CC than those nation networks. Conclusion: SNA provides wide and deep insight into the relationships among nations in co-author collaboration. The results can help readers in future submission to a journal in neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation.

Correlation Study of Neurotransmitter and Immune Levels in Pre-Hospital Emergency Nurses with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Objective: To investigate the occurrence of PTSD in pre-hospital emergency nurses and its related factors, and to compare the differences of neurotransmitter and immune-related factors between pre-hospital emergency nurses who experienced traumatic events and those who did not develop PTSD and healthy people. How: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Self-Rating Scale (PCL-C) tests were performed on pre-hospital emergency nurses in PTSD group, non-PTSD group and healthy control group, and the plasma monoamine neurotransmitters and serum cytokines were determined by double-antibody sandwich ABC-ELISA assay using enzyme-linked adsorption kit provided by Shanghai Xitang Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Results: 1) There were statistically significant differences in PCL-C scores between PTSD group, non-PTSD group and healthy group (p α between PTSD group, non-PTSD group and healthy group (p Conclusion: Pre-hospital emergency nurses should have early psychological intervention and guidance to reduce the occurrence of PTSD in emergency and emergency nurses.

Cytokines,synaptic plasticity and network dynamics:a matter of balance

The modern view of the immune system as a sensitizing and modulating machinery of the central nervous system is now well recognized.However,the specific mechanisms underlying this fine crosstalk have yet to be fully disentangled.To control cognitive function and behavior,the two systems are engaged in a subtle interacting act.In this scenario,a dual action of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the modulation of brain network connections is emerging.Pro-inflammatory cytokines are indeed required to express physiological plasticity in the hippocampal network while being detrimental when over-expressed during uncontrolled inflammatory processes.In this dynamic equilibrium,synaptic functioning and the performance of neural networks are ensured by maintaining an appropriate balance between pro-and anti-inflammatory molecules in the central nervous system microenvironment.

Functional and immunological peculiarities of peripheral nerve allografts

This review addresses the accumulating evidence that live(not decellularized)allogeneic peripheral nerves are functionally and immunologically peculiar in comparison with many other transplanted allogeneic tissues.This is relevant because live peripheral nerve allografts are very effective at promoting recovery after segmental peripheral nerve injury via axonal regeneration and axon fusion.Understanding the immunological peculiarities of peripheral nerve allografts may also be of interest to the field of transplantation in general.Three topics are addressed:The first discusses peripheral nerve injury and the potential utility of peripheral nerve allografts for bridging segmental peripheral nerve defects via axon fusion and axon regeneration.The second reviews evidence that peripheral nerve allografts elicit a more gradual and less severe host immune response allowing for prolonged survival and function of allogeneic peripheral nerve cells and structures.Lastly,potential mechanisms that may account for the immunological differences of peripheral nerve allografts are discussed.

Neuroinmunological response in HIV-associated Guillain-Barre syndrome: A case report

Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus infec- tion is associated with several different types of peripheral neuropathy: distal predominantly sensory axonal polyneuropathy, like Guillain Barre syndrome. Case presentation: A 55-year-old Caucasian woman with Human immunodeficiency virus infection, diag- nosed with Guillain Barre syndrome was studied. Serum and CSF immunoglobulin G and Albumin levels were quantified by using an immunodiffusion technique. She had preceding viral symptoms. The clinical diagnosis of the illness in this patient was pa-resthesias or sensory loss, tendon reflexes. It was also observed cranial nerves abnormalities, acute mo- tor and sensory axonal neuropathy and ophthalmoplegia. The mean CD4 count was 367/mm3, CSF white blood cell 25 wbc/mm3. The serum sodium concentration was significantly low (133 mmol/L). She had a respiratory compromise as a result of their neuropa- thy and developed congestive heart failure and hy- potension and died of a cardiac arrest. The neuro-immunological response described by our patient was a blood/CSF barrier dysfunction without IgG intra-thecal synthesis. Conclusion: There is no doubt that this study is of great importance because will help clinicians increase their knowledge of the immune response in patients with this autoimmune disorder on the basis of this case report, in which, for first time, could be seen the neuroimmunological response through the reibergram in a patient with HIV- asso-ciated Guillain-Barre syndrome.

Olfactory immune response to SARS-CoV-2

Numerous pathogens can infect the olfactory tract,yet the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has strongly emphasized the importance of the olfactory mucosa as an immune barrier.Situated in the nasal passages,the olfactory mucosa is directly exposed to the environment to sense airborne odorants;however,this also means it can serve as a direct route of entry from the outside world into the brain.As a result,olfactotropic infections can have serious consequences,including dysfunction of the olfactory system,CNS invasion,dissemination to the lower respiratory tract,and transmission between individuals.Recent research has shown that a distinctive immune response is needed to protect this neuronal and mucosal tissue.A better understanding of innate,adaptive,and structural immune barriers in the olfactory mucosa is needed to develop effective therapeutics and vaccines against olfactotropic microbes such as SARS-CoV-2.Here,we summarize the ramifications of SARS-CoV-2 infection of the olfactory mucosa,review the subsequent immune response,and discuss important areas of future research for olfactory immunity to infectious disease.

The role of cellular and molecular neuroimmune crosstalk in gut immunity

The gastrointestinal tract is densely innervated by the peripheral nervous system and populated by the immune system.These two systems critically coordinate the sensations of and adaptations to dietary,microbial,and damaging stimuli from the external and internal microenvironment during tissue homeostasis and inflammation.The brain receives and integrates ascending sensory signals from the gut and transduces descending signals back to the gut via autonomic neurons.Neurons regulate intestinal immune responses through the action of local axon reflexes or through neuronal circuits via the gut-brain axis.This neuroimmune crosstalk is critical for gut homeostatic maintenance and disease resolution.In this review,we discuss the roles of distinct types of gut-innervating neurons in the modulation of intestinal mucosal immunity.We will focus on the molecular mechanisms governing how different immune cells respond to neural signals in host defense and inflammation.We also discuss the therapeutic potential of strategies targeting neuroimmune crosstalk for intestinal diseases.

Type 2 immunity in the brain and brain borders

Recent research in neuroimmunology has revolutionized our understanding of the intricate interactions between the immune system and the central nervous system(CNS).The CNS,an“immune-privileged organ”,is now known to be intimately connected to the immune system through different cell types and cytokines.While type 2 immune responses have traditionally been associated with allergy and parasitic infections,emerging evidence suggests that these responses also play a crucial role in CNS homeostasis and disease pathogenesis.Type 2 immunity encompasses a delicate interplay among stroma,Th2 cells,innate lymphoid type 2 cells(ILC2s),mast cells,basophils,and the cytokines interleukin(IL)-4,IL-5,IL-13,IL-25,TSLP and IL-33.In this review,we discuss the beneficial and detrimental roles of type 2 immune cells and cytokines in CNS injury and homeostasis,cognition,and diseases such as tumors,Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis.

Letter from the Editors-in-Chief

Under the joint collaboration of all the Editorial Board Members, Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation (NN) has achieved outstanding success with 198 articles published since its launch date on June 27th, 2014. On behalf of all staff and faculty members, the Editors-in-Chief would like to convey our sincere gratitude to all readers and supporters. Many thanks to you all.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalitis in a patient with sarcoidosis on hydroxychloroquine with negative cerebrospinal fluid testing for the John Cunningham virus

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a severe demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by the John Cunningham (JC) virus typically seen in immuno-compromised patients. Several drugs that suppress that immune system have already been known to cause PML such as natalizumab and rituximab. We present a patient with sarcoidosis who develops PML in the rare setting of minimal immunosuppression with only hydroxychloroquine. There was significant delay in the diagnosis due to negative cerebrospinal fluid testing for JC virus and concern for neuro-sarcoidosis, but eventually a diagnosis of PML was made via brain biopsy.

GENERAL INFORMATION

About the Journal Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation(Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation)(ISSN:Print 2347-8659,Online 2349-6142)is a peerreviewed online journal with print on demand compilation of articles published.The journal’s full text is available online at http://www.nnjournal.net.The journal allows free access(Open Access)to its contents and permits authors to self-archive final accepted version of the articles on any OAI-compliant institutional/subject-based repository.The journal focuses on neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation,and the coverage extends to other basic and clinical studies related to neuroscience,including molecular biology,pharmacology,endocrinology,pathology,physiology,psychology,oncology,etc.The journal is indexed with CAS,Google Scholar,EBSCO,Eurasian Scientific Journal Index,Hinari,Root Indexing,CNKI,Wanfang Data,JournalGuide,JournalTOCs,DRJI,Open J-Gate,SHERPA/RoMEO,ResearchBib,and Bielefeld Academic Search Engine(BASE).

GENERAL INFORMATION

About the Journal Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation(Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation)(ISSN:Print 2347-8659,Online 2349-6142)is a peer-reviewed online journal with print on demand compilation of articles published.The journal’s full text is available online at www.nnjournal.net.The journal allows free access(Open Access)to its contents and permits authors to self-archive final accepted version of the articles on any OAI-compliant institutional/subject-based repository.The journal focuses on neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation,and the coverage extends to other basic and clinical studies related to neuroscience,including molecular biology,pharmacology,endocrinology,pathology,physiology,psychology,oncology,etc.The journal is indexed with Bielefeld Academic Search Engine(BASE),CAS,Chaoxing“Domain”Publishing Platform,Cite Factor,CNKI,DRJI,EBSCO,Eurasian Scientific Journal Index,Google Scholar,Hinari,JournalGuide,JournalTOCs,Open J-Gate,ResearchBib,Root Indexing,SHERPA/RoMEO,Wanfang Data and Worldcat.

GENERAL INFORMATION

About the Journal Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation(Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation)(ISSN:Print 2347-8659,Online 2349-6142)is a peerreviewed online journal with print on demand compilation of articles published.The journal’s full text is available online at http://www.nnjournal.net.The journal allows free access(Open Access)to its contents and permits authors to self-archive final accepted version of the articles on any OAI-compliant institutional/subject-based repository.The journal focuses on neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation,and the coverage extends to other basic and clinical studies related to neuroscience,including molecular biology,pharmacology,endocrinology,pathology,physiology,psychology,oncology,etc.The journal is indexed with CAS,DOAJ,Google Scholar,EBSCO,Eurasian Scientific Journal Index,Hinari,Root Indexing,CNKI,Wanfang Data,JournalGuide,JournalTOCs,DRJI,Open J-Gate,SHERPA/RoMEO,ResearchBib,and Bielefeld Academic Search Engine(BASE).

GENERAL INFORMATION

About the Journal Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation(Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation)(ISSN:Print 2347-8659,Online 2349-6142)is a peer-reviewed online journal with print on demand compilation of articles published.The journal’s full text is available online at www.nnjournal.net.The journal allows free access(Open Access)to its contents and permits authors to self-archive final accepted version of the articles on any OAI-compliant institutional/subject-based repository.The journal focuses on neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation,and the coverage extends to other basic and clinical studies related to neuroscience,including molecular biology,pharmacology,endocrinology,pathology,physiology,psychology,oncology,etc.The journal is indexed with CAS,Google Scholar,EBSCO,Eurasian Scientific Journal Index,Hinari,Root Indexing,CNKI,Wanfang Data,JournalGuide,JournalTOCs,DRJI,Open J-Gate,SHERPA/RoMEO,ResearchBib,and Bielefeld Academic Search Engine(BASE).

GENERAL INFORMATION

About the Journal Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation(Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation)(ISSN:Print 2347-8659,Online 2349-6142)is a peer-reviewed online journal with print on demand compilation of articles published.The journal’s full text is available online at www.nnjournal.net.The journal allows free access(Open Access)to its contents and permits authors to self-archive final accepted version of the articles on any OAI-compliant institutional/subject-based repository.The journal focuses on neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation,and the coverage extends to other basic and clinical studies related to neuroscience,including molecular biology,pharmacology,endocrinology,pathology,physiology,psychology,oncology,etc.The journal is indexed with CAS,Google Scholar,EBSCO,Eurasian Scientific Journal Index,Hinari,Root Indexing,CNKI,Wanfang Data,JournalGuide,JournalTOCs,DRJI,Open J-Gate,SHERPA/RoMEO,ResearchBib,and Bielefeld Academic Search Engine(BASE).

GENERAL INFORMATION

About the Journal Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation(Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation)(ISSN:Print 2347-8659,Online 2349-6142)is a peerreviewed online journal with print on demand compilation of articles published.The journal’s full text is available online at http://www.nnjournal.net.The journal allows free access(Open Access)to its contents and permits authors to self-archive final accepted version of the articles on any OAI-compliant institutional/subject-based repository.The journal focuses on neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation,and the coverage extends to other basic and clinical studies related to neuroscience,including molecular biology,pharmacology,endocrinology,pathology,physiology,psychology,oncology,etc.The journal is indexed with CAS,DOAJ,Google Scholar,EBSCO,Eurasian Scientific Journal Index,Hinari,Root Indexing,CNKI,Wanfang Data,JournalGuide,JournalTOCs,DRJI,Open J-Gate,SHERPA/RoMEO,ResearchBib,and Bielefeld Academic Search Engine(BASE).