Antidepressant-like potential of silymarin and silymarin-sertraline combination in mice:Highlighting effects on behaviour,oxidative stress,and neuroinflammation

BACKGROUND Currently,there is increasing advocacy for the use of diet,dietary supplements,and herbal remedies in depression management.AIM To determine the antidepressant effects of standardized silymarin(SILY)extract either as a sole agent or as an adjunct in depression therapy.METHODS Adult mice were assigned into three main groups based on the neurobehavioural models;and each main group had ten treatment groups of 10 mice each.Treatment groups were:Vehicle control group,oral sertraline(SERT)group,two groups fed SILY)-supplemented diet(SILY at 140 and 280 mg/kg of feed,respectively),dexamethasone(DEX;i.p.)group,DEX/SERT group,two groups of DEX/SILY(SILY at 140 and 280 mg/kg of feed,respectively),and another two groups of(SERT/DEX/SILY)(SILY at 140 and 280 mg/kg of feed,respectively,plus i.p.DEX plus SERT).Duration of the study was 7 wk,and treatments were administered daily.RESULTS SILY(alone)increased body weight,open field locomotor activity,rearing,and grooming;it also enhanced spatial working memory while decreasing anxietyrelated behaviours and behavioural despair.SILY also improved antioxidant status while decreasing lipid peroxidation,acetylcholinesterase activity,and inflammatory markers.Neuronal integrity of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was preserved.Overall,when administered alone or with SERT,SILY counteracted DEX-induced behavioural and biochemical changes while preserving neuromorphological integrity.CONCLUSION In conclusion,SILY is beneficial in mitigating DEX-induced central nervous system and other related changes in mice.

A review of Mott insulator in memristors:The materials,characteristics,applications for future computing systems and neuromorphic computing

Mott insulator material,as a kind of strongly correlated electronic system with the characteristic of a drastic change in electrical conductivity,shows excellent application prospects in neuromorphological calculations and has attracted significant attention in the scientific community.Especially,computing systems based on Mott insulators can overcome the bottleneck of separated data storage and calculation in traditional artificial intelligence systems based on the von Neumann architecture,with the potential to save energy,increase operation speed,improve integration,scalability,and three-dimensionally stacked,and more suitable to neuromorphic computing than a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor.In this review,we have reviewed Mott insulator materials,methods for driving Mott insulator transformation(pressure-,voltage-,and temperature-driven approaches),and recent relevant applications in neuromorphic calculations.The results in this review provide a path for further study of the applications in neuromorphic calculations based on Mott insulator materials and the related devices.