Production of neutron-rich actinide isotopes in isobaric collisions via multinucleon transfer reactions

We systematically calculated the multinucleon transfer reactions of ^(208)Os,^(208)Pt,^(208)Hg,^(208)Pb,^(208)Po,^(208)Rn,^(208)Ra,and ^(132,136) Xe when bombarded on ^(232) Th and ^(248) Cm at Coulomb barrier energies within the dinuclear system model.These results are in good agreement with the available experimental data.The influence of Coulomb and shell effects on actinide production in these reactions has been rigorously studied.We calculated and analyzed the potential energy surface (PES) and total kinetic energy (TKE) mass distributions for the reactions involving ^(208)Hg,^(208)Pb,and ^(208) Po with ^(248) Cm and ^(232)Th.The PES and TKE spectra shed light on the fragment formation mechanisms in multinucleon transfer reactions,with clear indications of isospin and shell effects.The production cross sections for multinucleon transfer products show a strong dependence on isobar projectiles with a mass number A=208.Isobar projectiles with high N/Z ratios are advantageous for generating neutron-rich target-like fragments.Conversely,products induced by isobar projectiles with larger charge numbers tend to shift toward proton-rich regions.The intertwining of the Coulomb potential and shell effect is evident in the production cross sections of actinide isotopes.Drawing from reactions induced by radioactive projectiles,we anticipate the discovery of several new actinide isotopes near the nuclear drip lines,extending our reach into the superheavy nuclei domain.

Continuum Skyrme Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory with Green’s function method for neutron-rich Ca,Ni,Zr,and Sn isotopes

The possible exotic nuclear properties in the neutron-rich Ca,Ni,Zr,and Sn isotopes are examined with the continuum Skyrme Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory in the framework of the Green’s function method.The pairing correlation,the couplings with the continuum,and the blocking effects for the unpaired nucleon in odd-A nuclei are properly treated.The Skyrme interaction SLy4 is adopted for the ph channel and the density-dependentinteraction is adopted for the pp chan-nel,which well reproduce the experimental two-neutron separation energies S_(2n)and one-neutron separation energies Sn.It is found that the criterion S_(n)>0 predicts a neutron drip line with neutron numbers much smaller than those for S_(2n)>0.Owing to the unpaired odd neutron,the neutron pairing energies−E_(pair)in odd-A nuclei are much lower than those in the neighbor-ing even-even nuclei.By investigating the single-particle structures,the possible halo structures in the neutron-rich Ca,Ni,and Sn isotopes are predicted,where sharp increases in the root-mean-square(rms)radii with significant deviations from the traditional rA^(1∕3)rule and diffuse spatial density distributions are observed.Analyzing the contributions of various partial waves to the total neutron densityρlj(r)∕ρ(r)reveals that the orbitals located around the Fermi surface-particularly those with small angular momenta-significantly affect the extended nuclear density and large rms radii.The number of neutrons Nλ(N_(0))occupying above the Fermi surfacen(continuum threshold)is discussed,whose evolution as a function of the mass number A in each isotope is consistent with that of the pairing energy,supporting the key role of the pairing correlation in halo phenomena.

Experimental study of intruder components in light neutron-rich nuclei via single-nucleon transfer reaction

With the development of radioactive beam facilities,studies concerning the shell evolution of unstable nuclei have recently gained prominence.Intruder components,particularly s-wave intrusion,in the low-lying states of light neutron-rich nuclei near N=8 are of importance in the study of shell evolution.The use of single-nucleon transfer reactions in inverse kinematics has been a sensitive tool that can be used to quantitatively investigate the single-particle orbital component of selectively populated states.The spin-parity,spectroscopic factor(or single-particle strength),and effective singleparticle energy can all be extracted from such reactions.These observables are often useful to explain the nature of shell evolution,and to constrain,check,and test the parameters used in nuclear structure models.In this article,the experimental studies of the intruder components in lowlying states of neutron-rich nuclei of He,Li,Be,B,and C isotopes using various single-nucleon transfer reactions are reviewed.The focus is laid on the precise determination of the intruder s-wave strength in low-lying states.

β-Decay of Light Neutron-Rich Nuclei

The β-decays of neutron-rich carbon, nitrogen and fluorine isotopes have been systematically studied using the OXBASH shell Model. In the psd, spsd and spsdpf model space, we use the WBP interaction to calculate the half-lives and neutron emission probabilities of neutron- rich carbon and nitrogen isotopes, respectively. With the USD （W） and CW interactions, we calculate the half-lives and neutron emission probabilities of neutron-rich fluorine isotope in the sd model space, respectively. The calculated half-lives and neutron emission probabilities reproduce recent experimental data very well. It seems to show that the particles of the neutron-rich carbon and nitrogen isotopes are mainly excited in the spsd space. The β-decay of 21N to the neutron bound states in 210 is mostly the first forbidden transition which makes the neutron emission probability increase. The theoretical calculation of β-decay of 25F to 25Ne with CW interaction shows that CW interaction is better than USD interaction.

Isospin Dependence of Fragmentation Cross Sections in Collisions of Neutron-Rich Ca Isotopes with ^(12)C

The cross sections of fragments （δf） produced in the even 36～52Ca projectile frag- mentation reactions at 80 AMeV are calculated in the framework of the statistical abrasion- ablation model. The distributions of af are investigated. Linear correlations between the peak positions of the distributions and charge numbers of the fragment isotopes are found.

2-3 High-spin Level Structure of the Neutron-rich Nucleus 91Y

The high-spin states of near-spherical nuclei can be constructed by coupling the angular momentums of openshell nucleons. The maximum-spin state of valence space is made by aligning the angular momentums of all valenceFig. 1 The revised level scheme of 91Y deduced from thepresent work.nucleons. Beyond that, the higher-spin states can begenerated by breaking the shell closures. Many studieshave been made about such excitation process of nucleiaround the quasi-doubly magic nucleus[1??4].

An Effective Method for Studying Heavy Neutron-Rich Nuclide

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Temperature and symmetry energy of neutron-rich fragments in the 1A GeV^(124,136)Xe+Pb reactions

In this work we study the symmetry-energy coefficient of neutron-rich nuclei,and the temperature dependence of nuclear symmetry energy at low temperatures.An isobaric method is used to extract the symmetry-energy coefficients of neutron-rich nucleus(asym) at zero temperature(T) and asym/T at nonzero temperature in the measured 1A GeV124,136Xe+Pb reactions.T of fragment is obtained from the ratio of its asym to asym/T.The results show that,for fragment with the same neutron-excess(I=N Z),the heavier the fragment is,the higher T it has,and T tends to saturate around 1 MeV for the large mass fragments.It is also shown that the more neutron-rich the isobar is,the higher temperature it has.The T2dependence of symmetry energy of finite nucleus at low temperatures is verified by the extracted results.

Effect of an electron gas on a neutron-rich nuclear pasta

We studied the role that electron gas has on the formation of nuclear structures at subsaturation densities and low temperatures(T<1 Me V).Using a classical molecular dynamics model we studied isospin symmetric and asymmetric matter at subsaturation densities and low temperatures varying the Coulomb interaction strength.The effect of such variation was quantified on the fragment size multiplicity,the inter-particle distance,the isospin content of the clusters,the nucleon mobility and cluster persistence,and on the nuclear structure shapes.We found that the presence of an electron gas distributes matter more evenly,disrupts the formation of larger objects,reduces the isospin content,and modifies the nucleon average displacement,but does not affect the inter-nucleon distance in clusters.The nuclear structures are also found to change shapes by different degrees depending on their isospin content,temperature and density.

Production of heavy neutron-rich nuclei with radioactive beams in multinucleon transfer reactions

The production mechanism of heavy neutronrich nuclei is investigated by using the multinucleon transfer reactions of ^(136;148)Xe+^(208)Pb and ^(238)U+^(208)Pb in the framework of a dinuclear system model. The evaporation residual cross sections of target-like fragments are studied with the reaction system ^(148)Xe+^(208)Pb at near barrier energies. The results show that the final isotopic production cross sections in the neutron-deficient side are very sensitive to incident energy while it is not sensitive in the neutron-rich side. Comparing the isotopic production cross sections for the reactions of ^(208)Pb bombarded with stable and radioactive projectiles, we find that neutron-rich radioactive beams can significantly increase the production cross sections of heavy neutron-rich nuclei.

Isospin dependence of nucleon effective masses in neutron-rich matter

In this talk,we first briefly review the isospin dependence of the total nucleon effective mass M Jinferred from analyzing nucleon-nucleus scattering data within an isospin-dependent non-relativistic optical potential model,and the isospin dependence of the nucleon E-mass M;E J obtained from applying the Migdal–Luttinger theorem to a phenomenological single-nucleon momentum distribution in nuclei constrained by recent electron-nucleus scatteringexperiments.Combining information about the isospin dependence of both the nucleon total effective mass and E-mass,we then infer the isospin dependence of nucleon k-mass using the well-known relation M_J~*=M_ J^(*1E).Implications of the results on the nucleon mean free path in neutron-rich matter are discussed.

Structure analysis of ^(159)Sm and properties of odd-mass neutron-rich nuclei in mass-160 region

Recent fission experiment data provide interesting structure information for neutron-rich nuclei in the mass A ～ 160 region. We apply the projected shell model to study the strongly-deformed, neutron-rich Sm isotopes. We perform calculations for rotational bands up to spin I = 20 (29/2) for even-even (odd-neutron) Sm isotopes, and analyze the band structure of low-lying states with quasiparticle excitations. Emphasis is given to rotational bands based on one-quasiparticle (1-qp) configurations in the odd-mass 159Sm. The 159 Sm result is discussed together with those of the even-even isotopes 158,160Sm. New bands in 159Sm based on neutron 1-qp 1/2 and 5/2+ configurations are predicted. Electromagnetic transition probabilities are discussed.

New multi-phonon gamma vibrational bands in A～110 neutron-rich nuclei

The high spin states of neutron-rich 103Nb, 107Tc and 109Tc nuclei in A^110 region have been investigated by measuring prompt γ-γ-γ coincident measurements populated with the spontaneous fission of 252Cf with the Gammasphere detector array. In 103Nb, one-phonon K = 9/2 and two-phonon K = 13/2 γ-vibrational bands have been identified. In 107Tc and 109Tc, one-phonon K = 11/2 and two-phonon K = 15/2 γ-vibrational bands, in which the zero-phonon bands are based on K=7/2 excited states, have also been identified. The two-phonon bands are first observed in odd-Z nuclei. The characteristics for these band structures have been discussed.

The low-lying rotational bands of the neutron-rich nucleus ^(172)Tm

The microscopic mechanism of four experimentally observed bands in 172Tm is investigated using the particle-number conserving method of the cranked shell model with monopole and quadrupole paring interactions.The experimental results,including the moments of inertia and angular momentum alignments of four bands in 172Tm are reproduced well by the particle-number conserving calculations.The ω variation of the occupation probability of each cranked orbital and the contribution to moment of inertia from each cranked orbital are analyzed.Other unobserved low-lying bands of 2-quansiparticles in 172Tm are predicted.

Experimental determination of one-and two-neutron separation energies for neutron-rich copper isotopes

A method is proposed to determine the one-neutron Sn or two-neutron S2n separation energy of neutron- rich isotopes. Relationships between Sn （S2n） and isotopic cross sections have been deduced from an empirical formula, i.e., the cross section of an isotope exponentially depends on the average binding energy per nucleon B/A. The proposed relationships have been verified using the neutron-rich copper isotopes measured in the 64A MeV S6Kr 9Be reaction. Sn, S2n, and B/A for the very neutron-rich 77,78,79Cu isotopes are determined from the proposed correlations. It is also proposed that the correlations between Sn, S2n and isotopic cross sections can be used to find the location of neutron drip line isotopes.

Tensor force effect on the exotic structure of neutron-rich Ca isotopes

The structure of neutron-rich Ca isotopes is studied in the spherical Skyrme-Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov(SHFB)approach with SLy5,SLy5+T,and 36 sets of TIJ parametrizations.The calculated results are compared with the available experimental data for the average binding energies,two-neutron separation energies and charge radii.It is found that the SLy5+T,T31,and T32 parametrizations reproduce best the experimental properties,especially the neutron shell effects at N=20,28 and 32,and the recently measured two-neutron separation energy of 56Ca.The calculations with the SLy5+T and T31 parametrizations are extended to isotopes near the neutron drip line.The neutron giant halo structure in the very neutron-rich Ca isotopes is not seen with these two interactions.However,depleted neutron central densities are found in these nuclei.By analyzing the neutron mean-potential,the reason for the bubble-like structure formation is given.

High-K isomer and the rotational properties in the odd-Z neutron-rich nucleus 163Eu

The newly observed isomer and ground-state band in the odd-Z neutron-rich rare-earth nucleus 163 Eu are investigated by using the cranked shell model(CSM), with pairing treated by the particle-number conserving(PNC)method. This is the first time detailed theoretical investigations are performed of the observed 964(1) keV isomer and ground-state rotational band in 163 Eu. The experimental data are reproduced very well by the theoretical results. The configuration of the 964(1) keV isomer is assigned as the three-particle state 13^-/2(v7^+/2 [633]■v1^-/2[521]■π5^+/2[413]).More low-lying multi-particle states are predicted in 163 Eu. Due to its significant effect on the nuclear mean field, the high-order ε6 deformation plays an important role in the energy and configuration assignment of the multi-particle states. Compared to its neighboring even-even nuclei 162 Sm and 164 Gd,there is a 10%15% increase of J(1) of the oneparticle ground-state band in 163 Eu. This is explained by the pairing reduction due to the blocking of the nucleon on the proton π5+/2 [413] orbital in 163 Eu.

K~π=5^- rotational bands in neutron-rich Mo,Ru,and Pd nuclei

The collective rotations of the K^π=5^- configuration in neutron-rich Mo, Ru and Pd isotopes were systematically investigated by the configuration-constrained cranking shell model based on the Skyrme Hartree-Fock method with pairing treated by shell-model diagonalization. The calculations efficiently reproduce the experimental moments of inertia of both the ground-state and side bands. Rotational bands built on two-particle K^π=5^- configurations have been the subject of intense study. Possible configurations were assigned to the observed 5^- bands in ^102-106Mo,^108-112Ru and ^112-114Pd. We predict the existence of the 5^- bands in ^108,110Mo. These results provide deep insights into the structure of neutron-rich nuclei, and provide useful information for future experiments.

Gamma Vibrational Bands and Chiral Doublet Bands in A≈100 Neutron-rich Nuclei

The level structures of neutron-rich 105Mo,106Mo,108Mo and 110Ru nuclei in A ≈ 100 region have been carefully investigated by coincidence measurements of the prompt γ-rays populated in the spontaneous fission of 252Cf with the Gammasphere detector array. In 105Mo,one-phonon K=9/2 and two-phonon K=13/2 γ-vibrational bands have been identified. In 108Mo,one-phonon γ-vibrational band is expanded and two-phonon γ-vibrational band has been identified. Two similar sets of bands in 106Mo and 110Ru are observed to high spins,which have been proposed as the soft chiral γ-vibrational bands. The characteristics for these γ-vibrational bands and chiral doublet bands have been discussed.

Production mechanism of neutron-rich nuclei around N =126 in the multi-nucleon transfer reaction ^(132)Sn+^(208)Pb

The time-dependent Hartree-Fock approach in three dimensions is employed to study the multi-nucleon transfer reaction 132Sn ＋ 208spb at various incident energies above the Coulomb barrier. Probabilities for different transfer channels are calculated by using the particle-number projection method. The results indicate that neutron stripping （transfer from the projectile to the target） and proton pick-up （transfer from the target to the projectile） are favored. De-excitation of the primary fragments is treated by using the state-of-art statistical code GEMINI＋＋. Primary and final production cross sections of the target-like fragments （with Z=77 to Z=87） are investigated. The results reveal that fission decay of heavy nuclei plays an important role in the de-excitation process of nuclei with Z 〉 82. It is also found that the final production cross sections of neutron-rich nuclei depend only slightly on the incident energy, while those of neutron-deficient nuclei depend strongly on the incident energy.