A new family of planthoppers Fulgoromorpha from the Lower Jurassic of southern China is described to comprise Qiyangiricania cesta Lin,1986.The new family differs in venation pattern from the other Jurassic representa...A new family of planthoppers Fulgoromorpha from the Lower Jurassic of southern China is described to comprise Qiyangiricania cesta Lin,1986.The new family differs in venation pattern from the other Jurassic representatives of Fulgoroidea,presenting particular model of tegmen venation,not found among extinct and recent planthoppers.The Mesozoic stage of Fulgoroidea evolution is discussed.The extinct taxon Ricaniites fulgens(Brodie,1845)from the Purbeck of United Kingdom is excluded from the Hemiptera.展开更多
The present paper deals with three new species of the family Salticidae collected from Mount Jianfengling, Hainan, China. All types are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Beijing. 1. Laufeia prosz...The present paper deals with three new species of the family Salticidae collected from Mount Jianfengling, Hainan, China. All types are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Beijing. 1. Laufeia proszynskii sp. nov. (figs.1-2) Holotype, Mount Jianfengling (18°7′N, 108°8′E), rain forest, May 3,1982.展开更多
Euniphysa, originally a genus of the family Eunicidae, was erected by Wesenberg-Lund in 1949, and for a longtime there has been only one species in this genus. The present report is based on our samples collected from...Euniphysa, originally a genus of the family Eunicidae, was erected by Wesenberg-Lund in 1949, and for a longtime there has been only one species in this genus. The present report is based on our samples collected from the South China Sea, and we consider that the differences between Euniphysa and Eunice are very significant: Five occipital tentacles distributed unequidistantly; the jaw consists of 6 pairs of maxillary plates; the body may be divided into anterior region and posterior region, etc. Therefore we suggest that Euniphysa should be separated from Eunicidae, and become a new family Euniphysi-dae. At present this family includes 3 genera, namely, Euniphysa , Paraeuniphysa and 1 new genira Heterophysa; Totally there are 7 species, including 3 new species and 1 new combination species.展开更多
The present paper seeks to shed light on the main factors lying behind the non-implementation of Article 20 of the New Moroccan Family Law reformed in 2004 which is concerned with legal minimum age of marriage for bot...The present paper seeks to shed light on the main factors lying behind the non-implementation of Article 20 of the New Moroccan Family Law reformed in 2004 which is concerned with legal minimum age of marriage for both sexes, 18 years old for both. This study aims at investigating why the number of marriages of young girls continue to increase despite the establishment of the Law. The author takes the region of Fez as a case in point to explore this social behavior in Moroccan society. A qualitative approach has been adopted by interviewing 10 persons including Family Affairs Judges, lawyers and University Professors of Islamic studies at the University of Fez. Added to this, the technique of observation has equally been utilized to have everyday life concrete experiences of young girls "marriages". It has been argued that a unilateral approach to this social phenomenon cannot succeed to understand the complex nature of this bad social habit that is still predominant among rural areas and marginalized urban districts. A rather global approach taking into account the economic, socio-cultural, and legal dimension of the issue under investigation proves to be much more adequate to explore the intricate nature of this problems in which a number of diverse variables interact. The paper ends up with a conclusion and a number of recommendations on how to reduce this social act.展开更多
Type genus:Aclistochara Peck,1937 emend.Peck,1957 Diagnosis:Gyrogonites composed of five sinistral spiral cells,apicalpart truncated or contracted forming a short neck,summits flat.Spiralcells become distinctly thinne...Type genus:Aclistochara Peck,1937 emend.Peck,1957 Diagnosis:Gyrogonites composed of five sinistral spiral cells,apicalpart truncated or contracted forming a short neck,summits flat.Spiralcells become distinctly thinner and narrower in the apical periphery,formingapical peripheral depression of various depths.The apical centre is eithermarked by an apical rosette formed by inflation of spital ends,orl thin andflat when the spiral ends are not inflated,without apical orifice and utricle.展开更多
The numbers of farmers in-terested in learning about human reproduction,living healthy,well-balanced lives,improving standards of living and education,and finding out more about technological pro-duction,are growing d...The numbers of farmers in-terested in learning about human reproduction,living healthy,well-balanced lives,improving standards of living and education,and finding out more about technological pro-duction,are growing daily.They thoroughly approve of,hence sup-port,the new methods,and these methods have also gone a long way toward improving relations between officials and the people.Song Jiyin,who used to be the family planning official for his village,infuriated his neighbors so much by his uncouth manner,they destroyed his fruit trees and vegetable garden on sev-eral occasions.He finally set things right with the community last year by applying the I new,method of combining family planning with economic benefits:he set up a car-pet factory that employed 33 wom-en from single-child families.展开更多
A new family of so-called ‘higher’ planthoppers, Weiwoboidae fam. nov., from the Lower Eocene of Yunnan is described. A new monotypic genus, Weiwoboa gen. nov., with Weiwoboa meridiana sp. nov. is also described and...A new family of so-called ‘higher’ planthoppers, Weiwoboidae fam. nov., from the Lower Eocene of Yunnan is described. A new monotypic genus, Weiwoboa gen. nov., with Weiwoboa meridiana sp. nov. is also described and illustrated. The characters of tegmen venation of the new family, its evolution, and supposed relationships are briefly discussed.展开更多
Ciliated protists represent one of the most primitive and diverse lineages of eukaryotes,with nuclear dimorphism,a distinctive sexual process(conjugation),and extensive genome rearrangements.Among divergent ciliate li...Ciliated protists represent one of the most primitive and diverse lineages of eukaryotes,with nuclear dimorphism,a distinctive sexual process(conjugation),and extensive genome rearrangements.Among divergent ciliate lineages,the peritrich order Sessilida includes members with a colonial lifestyle,which may hint to an independent evolutionary attempt for multicellularity,although they are still single-celled organisms.To date,the evolution and phylogeny of this group are still far from clear,in part due to the paucity of molecular and/or morphological data for many taxa.In this study,we extend taxon sampling of a loricate group of sessilids by obtaining 69 new r DNA(SSU r DNA,ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2,and LSU r DNA)sequences from 20 wellcharacterized representative species and analyze the phylogenetic relationships within Sessilida.The main findings are:(i)the genera Rhabdostyla and Campanella each represents a unique taxon at family level,supporting the establishment of two new families,i.e.,Rhabdostylidae n.fam.and Campanellidae n.fam.,respectively,the former being sister to a morphologically heterogeneous clade comprising Astylozoidae and several incertae sedis species and the latter occupying the basal position within the Sessilida clade;(ii)the structure of infundibular polykinety 3 is likely to be a phylogenetically informative character for resolving evolutionary relationships among sessilids;(iii)differences between sparsely and the densely arranged silverline systems could be a suprageneric taxonomic character;(iv)the monophyly of Vaginicolidae is confirmed,which is consistent with its specialized morphology,i.e.,the possession of a typical peritrich lorica which might be an apomorphy for this group;(v)within Vaginicolidae,the monotypic Cothurniopsis sensu Stokes,1893 is a synonym of Cothurnia Ehrenberg,1831,and a new combination is created,i.e.,Cothurnia valvata nov.comb.;(vi)Vaginicola sensu lato comprises at least two distinctly divergent clades,one affiliated with Thuricola and the other with a systematically puzzling clade represented by Vaginicola tincta.展开更多
Clavicipitoid fungi comprise three families,namely Clavicipitaceae,Cordycipitaceae,and Ophiocordycipitaceae.They are found worldwide and are specialized pathogens of invertebrate,plant and fungal hosts.Over the last d...Clavicipitoid fungi comprise three families,namely Clavicipitaceae,Cordycipitaceae,and Ophiocordycipitaceae.They are found worldwide and are specialized pathogens of invertebrate,plant and fungal hosts.Over the last decade,morphology-and phylogeny-based studies on clavicipitoid fungi have increased.The latter have revealed that Polycephalomyces,Perennicordyceps and Pleurocordyceps consistently cluster together.These genera are currently considered as members of Ophiocordycipitaceae.Nonetheless,information with regard to their diversity and ecology remains sparse.To fill this gap,we collected 29 fresh specimens from insect and fungal substrates from tropical and subtropical evergreen forests in Thailand and southwestern China.We performed detailed morphological analyses and constructed photoplates for all isolated fungi.We used extensive taxon sampling and a dataset comprising internal transcribed spacer gene region(ITS),small subunit ribosomal RNA gene region(SSU),large subunit rRNA gene region(LSU),translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene region(TEF-1α),RNA polymerase II largest subunit gene region(RPB1)and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit(RPB2)to infer order-,family and genus-level phylogenetic trees.Based on these biphasic analyses,we segregate Polycephalomyces,Perennicordyceps,and Pleurocordyceps from Ophiocordycipitaceae and introduce the new family Polycephalomycetaceae to accomodate these three genera.The majority of species in this family have a vast range of insect and fungal hosts.The sexual morph of Polycephalomycetaceae has stromatic ascomata,long stipes,thick peridium,and cylindrical secondary spores.The asexual morph is characterized by colonies on the host surface or synnemata with stipes on the host,one or two types of phialides,and cylindrical to fusiform conidia.We expand the number of taxa in the new family by introducing seven new species(Polycephalomyces albiramus,Perennicordyceps lutea,Pleurocordyceps parvicapitata,Pleurocordyceps lanceolatus,Pleurocordyceps nutansis,Pleurocordyceps heilongtanensis,Pleurocordyceps vitellina),nine new hosts,and one new combination(Perennicordyceps elaphomyceticola).The results herein hint at a high level of diversity for Polycephalomycetaceae.Future investigations focusing on obtaining additional collections and specimens from different geographical areas would help to reveal not only the extent of the group’s diversity,but also resolve its deeper phylogenetic placement.展开更多
A completely preserved cockroach Socialaperlucida gen. et sp. nov. (Blattida: Socialidae faro. nov.) is described from the Mesozoic (Albian Early Cretaceous) amber of Archingeay in France. It is categorized withi...A completely preserved cockroach Socialaperlucida gen. et sp. nov. (Blattida: Socialidae faro. nov.) is described from the Mesozoic (Albian Early Cretaceous) amber of Archingeay in France. It is categorized within the new family Socialidae, originating from the Mesozoic cockroach family Liberiblattinidae, and representing the sister group to the most basal known eutermite families. Numerous direct and indirect morphological evidence (such as a unique narrow body and pronotum with reduced coloration, legs without carination and with numerous sensillar pitts (forelegs) as adaptations to life in nests analogical to the living termitophillous species; enlarged head, long palps for communication, a general venation modified in a direction towards termites (subcosta and radial vein [R] approximated, R branches approximated, simplified, cross-veins reduced), and possibly also the development of the breaking forewing sutura for detaching wings after marriage flight), suggest its eusocial mode of life. Thus, the first eusociality originated within cockroaches, prior to giving birth to termites; termites and Cryptocercus are not directly related. The group of eusocial cockroaches makes termite morphotaxon polyphyletic, but also in this case, the erection of a new order for mastotermites (including Cratomastotermitidae) and/or the inclusion of eusocial, morphological cockroaches within termites appears counterproductive, thus an example of such a general exception to the taxonomical procedure is provided.展开更多
The half-industrial and half-agricultural working structure in rural China is a key phenomenon supporting China's industrialization and urbanization. Based on inter-generational division of labor, the current half...The half-industrial and half-agricultural working structure in rural China is a key phenomenon supporting China's industrialization and urbanization. Based on inter-generational division of labor, the current half-industrial and half-agricultural working structure has given birth to the elderly agriculture and mainstay agriculture, the latter of which has gone out of agricultural involution and to some extent changed the management philosophy of traditional agriculture, becoming a key direction of China's agricultural development. Such a structure has also shaped the "new three-generation family" and facilitated the expansion of middle-income rural groups. While supporting long-term farmers in rural China, it also paves the way for China's urbanization. This structure plays a significant role in the economic, political and social development of rural China. Therefore, this structure is a rural economic structure which concerns farmers' income structure and livelihood patterns. Meanwhile, it is also a rural political structure, village structure and family structure. Through development and refinement, the half-industrial and halfagricultural working structure in rural China has far extended the scope of a descriptive concept. As a dominant variable, the structure, along with its derivatives, through permutation and combination, can establish logical relationships and an interpretation chain among a variety of major economic, political and social phenomena in rural China. Therefore, it can expect to be constructed into an analyticity-oriented mid-level concept.展开更多
A new family, Grammolingiidae of fossil lacewings is erected, of which 3 new genera and 6 new species are described and illustrated: Grammolingia boi. gen. nov. et sp. nov., Litholingia rhora gen. nov. et sp. nov., Li...A new family, Grammolingiidae of fossil lacewings is erected, of which 3 new genera and 6 new species are described and illustrated: Grammolingia boi. gen. nov. et sp. nov., Litholingia rhora gen. nov. et sp. nov., Litholingia eumorpha gen. nov. et sp. nov. and Litholingia polychotoma gen. nov. et sp. nov., Leptolingia jurassica gen. nov. et sp. nov. and Leptolingia tianyiensis gen. noc. et sp. nov.. A key to genera within this new family is provided. All specimens described were collected from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Eastern Inner Mongolia, China. The present discovery demonstrates that present knowledge of the Jurassic Neuropetra fauna remains very poor. The fossil specimens are deposited in Yizhou Fossil Museum and Department of Biology, Capital Normal University, respectively.展开更多
In the aquatic microbial food web,scuticociliates are diverse and predominant in almost all kinds of biotopes while extremely confused regarding their taxonomy and systematic relationships within the subclass Scuticoc...In the aquatic microbial food web,scuticociliates are diverse and predominant in almost all kinds of biotopes while extremely confused regarding their taxonomy and systematic relationships within the subclass Scuticociliatia.Here we provide detailed descriptions of two new and one known species,Glauconema sinica sp.nov.,Pleuronema parasetigerum sp.nov.,and Histiobalantium natans viridis,isolated from a freshwater wetland in northern China,along with their molecular phylogeny based on SSU rRNA gene sequences.Our results show:(1)both molecular and morphological data strongly support that the isolated lineage containing the genera Glauconema,Miamiensis,Paramesanophrys,and Anophryoides should be identified as a new taxon at the family level in the order Philasterida;hence,a new family,Glauconematidae fam.nov.,is established.This new family is mainly characterized by the polymorphic life cycle of its members(macrostome and microstome stages);the trophont(or macrostome)has closely spaced membranelles 1–3,whereas in the tomite(or microstome)membranelle 1 is distant from membranelle 2.(2)Phylogenetic analyses using novel data for these species revealed that all three cluster with their congeners,supporting the validity of the genera to which they belong.Molecular information also supports the monophyly of the two main scuticociliate orders Pleuronematida and Philasterida.展开更多
Scarabaeoidea are known from the Lower Jurassic and may have originated in the Triassic based on fossil evidence and phylogenetic research. However, the early diversification of Scarabaeoidea remains unclear due to th...Scarabaeoidea are known from the Lower Jurassic and may have originated in the Triassic based on fossil evidence and phylogenetic research. However, the early diversification of Scarabaeoidea remains unclear due to the lack of high-quality fossil evidence. Here we describe an exceptionally well-preserved new fossil of Scarabaeoidea, Alloioscarabaeus cheni gen. et sp. nov from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Inner Mongolia, China. Based on a morphometric analysis using 17 landmarks of the hind wing of Alloioscarabaeus and 10 scarabaeoid families, we found that Alloioscarabaeus cheni gen. et sp. nov clearly does not belong to any of the known scarabaeoid families and, consequently, is a new family, Alloioscarabaeidae fam. nov., was erected. The discovery of Alloioscarabaeus brought further evidence for the early diversification of major scarab lineages which could allow more detail in the palaeobiogeography of the Scarabaeoidea and Northeast of China which might be one of the originating places or an important radiation place during the evolution of Scarabaeoidea. Alloioscarabaeidae were very likely not good diggers and might have fed on decaying organic materials. Based on the evidence we have now, we tend to believe that most families and some subfamilies of Scarabaeoidea were present in the Jurassic period.展开更多
Cancellidium is a remarkable fungal genus which has been collected from wood submerged in freshwater and has unique conidia that are important in dispersal in running streams.With such a remarkable morphology,one woul...Cancellidium is a remarkable fungal genus which has been collected from wood submerged in freshwater and has unique conidia that are important in dispersal in running streams.With such a remarkable morphology,one would have expected it to be a distinct family or order.However,due to the dearth of molecular evidence in related taxa,this genus has previ-ously been placed in the order Hypocreales,subclass Hypocreomycetidae of Sordariomycetes.In this study,we made three new collections of this remarkable aquatic genus from streams in China and Thailand,isolated them into culture,extracted DNA and carried out multigene phylogenetic analysis and divergence time estimation which placed the genus in Diaporthomycetidae.This is one of the seven subclasses of Sordariomycetes and contains 30 lineages that are only known from freshwater.The subclass is therefore of interest when considering the evolution of freshwater fungi.Several lineages of Diaporthomycetidae are morphologically unique and taxa cluster with strong support,but have weak support at the base of the trees.The phylogenetic and MCC trees generated in this study indicate that Aquapteridospora,Barbatosphaeriaceae,Bullimyces,Cancellidium,Ceratolenta,Conlarium,Phialemoniopsis,Pseudostanjehughesia and Rhamphoriaceae are distinct genera/families that evolved in the family/order time frame.The new orders Barbatosphaeriales(177 MYA),Cancellidiales(137 MYA),Ceratolentales(147 MYA),Conlariales(138 MYA)and Rhamphoriales(133 MYA)and six new families,Aquapteridosporaceae(110 MYA),Cancellidiaceae(137 MYA),Ceratolentaceae(81 MYA),Bullimycetaceae(81 MYA),Phialemoniopsaceae(59 MYA),and Pseudostanjehughesiaceae(111 MYA)are introduced with evidence from phylogenies,divergence estimates and distinct morphologies.Of these families,Aquapteridosporaceae,Cancellidiaceae,Bullimycetaceae,and Pseudostanjehughesiaceae are only known from freshwater.展开更多
Polydnaviruses(PDVs)are obligatory symbionts of parasitoid wasps and play an important role in suppressing host immune defenses.Although PDV genes that inhibit host melanization are known in Microplitis bracovirus,the...Polydnaviruses(PDVs)are obligatory symbionts of parasitoid wasps and play an important role in suppressing host immune defenses.Although PDV genes that inhibit host melanization are known in Microplitis bracovirus,the functional homologs in Cotesia bracoviruses remain unknown.Here,we find that Cotesia vestalis bracovirus(CvBV)can inhibit hemolymph melanization of its host,Plutella xylostella larvae,during the early stages of parasitization,and that overexpression of highly expressed CvBV genes reduced host phenoloxidase activity.Furthermore,CvBV-7-I in particular reduced host phenolox-idase activity within 12 h,and the injection of anti-CvBV-7-1 antibody increased the melanization of parasitized host larvae.Further analyses showed that CvBV-7-1 and three homologs from other Cotesia bracoviruses possessed a C-terminal leucine/isoleucine-rich region and had a similar flinction in inhibiting melanization.Therefore,a new family of bracovirus genes was proposed and named as C-terminal Leucine/isoleucine-rich Protein(CLP).Ectopic expression of CvBV-7-1 in Drosophila hemocytes increased susceptibility to bacterial repression of melanization and reduced the melanotic encapsulation of par-asitized D.melanogaster by the parasitoid Leptopilina boulardi.The formation rate of wasp pupae and the eclosion rate of C.vestalis were affected when the function of CvBV-7-1 was blocked.Our findings suggest that CLP genes from Cotesia bracoviruses encoded proteins that contain a C-terminal leucine/isoleucine-rich region and function as melanization inhibitors during the early stage of parasitization,which is important for successful parasitization.展开更多
The class Pezizomycetes is monophyletic within the subdivision Pezizomycotina. The main distinguishing character of thisclass is operculate asci, although in some taxa this character has been lost. The circumscription...The class Pezizomycetes is monophyletic within the subdivision Pezizomycotina. The main distinguishing character of thisclass is operculate asci, although in some taxa this character has been lost. The circumscription of the families and genericlevel delimitation in Pezizomycetes is still controversial, although several molecular phylogenetic studies have beenpublished on this group. This paper reviews 21 families of Pezizomycetes including five new families, which are introduced here, viz. Kallistoskyphaceae, Pseudombrophilaceae, Pulvinulaceae, Strobiloscyphaceae and Tarzettaceae. Moreover, this study provides a modified backbone tree based on phylogenetic analysis of five combined loci. Descriptions andillustrations of representative taxa for the families are provided from collections made in China, Thailand and the UK,herbarium material from international herbaria (FH, FLAS, H, HKAS and MA) and the literature. Pezizales separates intosix major clades. Clade 1 of Pezizales includes the families Ascobolaceae and Pezizaceae. Clade 2 is the new familyKallistoskyphaceae. Clade 3 comprises the families Caloscyphaceae, Karstenellaceae and Rhizinaceae. Clade 4 representsthe families Discinaceae, Helvellaceae, Morchellaceae, Tuberaceae and Underwoodia columnaris lineage. Clade 5includes Chorioactidaceae, Sarcoscyphaceae and Sarcosomataceae and Clade 6 comprises Ascodesmidaceae, Glaziellaceae, Otideaceae, Pseudombrophilaceae, Pulvinulaceae, Pyronemataceae, Strobiloscyphaceae and Tarzettaceae. Newsequence data belonging to ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF, RPB2 gene regions from 40 pezizalian species are provided here. Thepaper provides a working document for apothecial Pezizomycetes which can be modified as new data comes to light. It ishoped that by illustrating taxa we provide stimulation and interest in the operculate discomycetes, so that further research iscarried out on this remarkable, but poorly studied group of fungi.展开更多
Numerous new taxa and classifications of Dothideomycetes have been published following the last monograph of families of Dothideomycetes in 2013.A recent publication by Honsanan et al.in 2020 expanded information of f...Numerous new taxa and classifications of Dothideomycetes have been published following the last monograph of families of Dothideomycetes in 2013.A recent publication by Honsanan et al.in 2020 expanded information of families in Dothideo-mycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae with modern classifications.In this paper,we provide a refined updated document on orders and families incertae sedis of Dothideomycetes.Each family is provided with an updated description,notes,including figures to represent the morphology,a list of accepted genera,and economic and ecological significances.We also provide phylogenetic trees for each order.In this study,31 orders which consist 50 families are assigned as orders incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes,and 41 families are treated as families incertae sedis due to lack of molecular or morphological evidence.The new order,Catinellales,and four new families,Catinellaceae,Morenoinaceae Neobuelliellaceae and Thyrinulaceae are introduced.Seven genera(Neobuelliella,Pseudomicrothyrium,Flagellostrigula,Swinscowia,Macroconstrictolumina,Pseudobogoriella,and Schummia)are introduced.Seven new species(Acrospermum urticae,Bogoriella complexoluminata,Dothiorella ostryae,Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus,Macroconstrictolumina megalateralis,Patellaria microspora,and Pseu-domicrothyrium thailandicum)are introduced base on morphology and phylogeny,together with two new records/reports and five new collections from different families.Ninety new combinations are also provided in this paper.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.40872015, J0630967)Major Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2006CB806400)+1 种基金The research resulted in this paper was also supported by the scientific exchange project of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Polish Academy of Sciences "Palaeobiodiversity of Fulgoromorpha and Cicadomorpha (Insecta:Hemiptera) of Daohugou Biota",the Chinese-Polish Scientific and Technological Cooperation project "Fulgoromorpha and Cicadomorpha (Insecta:Hemiptera) of the Daohugou Biota:morphology, classification,evolution"The paper is a contribution to the research grant "Extinct and extant genus in the palaeontological record of recent families of insects" from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland NN 303 2979 37 awarded to JS for the years 2009-2012
文摘A new family of planthoppers Fulgoromorpha from the Lower Jurassic of southern China is described to comprise Qiyangiricania cesta Lin,1986.The new family differs in venation pattern from the other Jurassic representatives of Fulgoroidea,presenting particular model of tegmen venation,not found among extinct and recent planthoppers.The Mesozoic stage of Fulgoroidea evolution is discussed.The extinct taxon Ricaniites fulgens(Brodie,1845)from the Purbeck of United Kingdom is excluded from the Hemiptera.
文摘The present paper deals with three new species of the family Salticidae collected from Mount Jianfengling, Hainan, China. All types are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Beijing. 1. Laufeia proszynskii sp. nov. (figs.1-2) Holotype, Mount Jianfengling (18°7′N, 108°8′E), rain forest, May 3,1982.
文摘Euniphysa, originally a genus of the family Eunicidae, was erected by Wesenberg-Lund in 1949, and for a longtime there has been only one species in this genus. The present report is based on our samples collected from the South China Sea, and we consider that the differences between Euniphysa and Eunice are very significant: Five occipital tentacles distributed unequidistantly; the jaw consists of 6 pairs of maxillary plates; the body may be divided into anterior region and posterior region, etc. Therefore we suggest that Euniphysa should be separated from Eunicidae, and become a new family Euniphysi-dae. At present this family includes 3 genera, namely, Euniphysa , Paraeuniphysa and 1 new genira Heterophysa; Totally there are 7 species, including 3 new species and 1 new combination species.
文摘The present paper seeks to shed light on the main factors lying behind the non-implementation of Article 20 of the New Moroccan Family Law reformed in 2004 which is concerned with legal minimum age of marriage for both sexes, 18 years old for both. This study aims at investigating why the number of marriages of young girls continue to increase despite the establishment of the Law. The author takes the region of Fez as a case in point to explore this social behavior in Moroccan society. A qualitative approach has been adopted by interviewing 10 persons including Family Affairs Judges, lawyers and University Professors of Islamic studies at the University of Fez. Added to this, the technique of observation has equally been utilized to have everyday life concrete experiences of young girls "marriages". It has been argued that a unilateral approach to this social phenomenon cannot succeed to understand the complex nature of this bad social habit that is still predominant among rural areas and marginalized urban districts. A rather global approach taking into account the economic, socio-cultural, and legal dimension of the issue under investigation proves to be much more adequate to explore the intricate nature of this problems in which a number of diverse variables interact. The paper ends up with a conclusion and a number of recommendations on how to reduce this social act.
文摘Type genus:Aclistochara Peck,1937 emend.Peck,1957 Diagnosis:Gyrogonites composed of five sinistral spiral cells,apicalpart truncated or contracted forming a short neck,summits flat.Spiralcells become distinctly thinner and narrower in the apical periphery,formingapical peripheral depression of various depths.The apical centre is eithermarked by an apical rosette formed by inflation of spital ends,orl thin andflat when the spiral ends are not inflated,without apical orifice and utricle.
文摘The numbers of farmers in-terested in learning about human reproduction,living healthy,well-balanced lives,improving standards of living and education,and finding out more about technological pro-duction,are growing daily.They thoroughly approve of,hence sup-port,the new methods,and these methods have also gone a long way toward improving relations between officials and the people.Song Jiyin,who used to be the family planning official for his village,infuriated his neighbors so much by his uncouth manner,they destroyed his fruit trees and vegetable garden on sev-eral occasions.He finally set things right with the community last year by applying the I new,method of combining family planning with economic benefits:he set up a car-pet factory that employed 33 wom-en from single-child families.
基金supported by the following research projects: the Scientific Exchange Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Polish Academy of Sciences"Palaeobiodiversity of Fulgoromorpha and Cicadomorpha(Insecta:Hemiptera) of Daohugou Biota"and the Chinese-Polish Scientific and Technological Cooperation Project"Fulgoromorpha and Cicadomorpha(Insecta:Hemiptera) of the Daohugou Biota: Morphology,Classification,Evolution"supported by a research grant from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland(No.NN 303 2979 37) awarded to JS+2 种基金QBL and DYH acknowledge financial support from the National Science Foundation of China(grant No.40672013 and 40632010)Chinese Academy of Sciences(grant No.KZCX2- YW-QN104)the Major Basic Research Projects (2006CB806400) of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China
文摘A new family of so-called ‘higher’ planthoppers, Weiwoboidae fam. nov., from the Lower Eocene of Yunnan is described. A new monotypic genus, Weiwoboa gen. nov., with Weiwoboa meridiana sp. nov. is also described and illustrated. The characters of tegmen venation of the new family, its evolution, and supposed relationships are briefly discussed.
基金supported by the Laoshan Laboratory(LSKJ202203201)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32030015,41976086,32270558,32111530116)+2 种基金Young Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province(tsqn202103037)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(202141007)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M703037)。
文摘Ciliated protists represent one of the most primitive and diverse lineages of eukaryotes,with nuclear dimorphism,a distinctive sexual process(conjugation),and extensive genome rearrangements.Among divergent ciliate lineages,the peritrich order Sessilida includes members with a colonial lifestyle,which may hint to an independent evolutionary attempt for multicellularity,although they are still single-celled organisms.To date,the evolution and phylogeny of this group are still far from clear,in part due to the paucity of molecular and/or morphological data for many taxa.In this study,we extend taxon sampling of a loricate group of sessilids by obtaining 69 new r DNA(SSU r DNA,ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2,and LSU r DNA)sequences from 20 wellcharacterized representative species and analyze the phylogenetic relationships within Sessilida.The main findings are:(i)the genera Rhabdostyla and Campanella each represents a unique taxon at family level,supporting the establishment of two new families,i.e.,Rhabdostylidae n.fam.and Campanellidae n.fam.,respectively,the former being sister to a morphologically heterogeneous clade comprising Astylozoidae and several incertae sedis species and the latter occupying the basal position within the Sessilida clade;(ii)the structure of infundibular polykinety 3 is likely to be a phylogenetically informative character for resolving evolutionary relationships among sessilids;(iii)differences between sparsely and the densely arranged silverline systems could be a suprageneric taxonomic character;(iv)the monophyly of Vaginicolidae is confirmed,which is consistent with its specialized morphology,i.e.,the possession of a typical peritrich lorica which might be an apomorphy for this group;(v)within Vaginicolidae,the monotypic Cothurniopsis sensu Stokes,1893 is a synonym of Cothurnia Ehrenberg,1831,and a new combination is created,i.e.,Cothurnia valvata nov.comb.;(vi)Vaginicola sensu lato comprises at least two distinctly divergent clades,one affiliated with Thuricola and the other with a systematically puzzling clade represented by Vaginicola tincta.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31760014,31760011,32060007,32072645)the Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Province(No.[2019]2451-3)+1 种基金Macrofungi diversity research from the Lancang-Mekong Watershed and Surrounding areas(Grant No.DBG6280009)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Yunnan Province(No.202207AB110016).
文摘Clavicipitoid fungi comprise three families,namely Clavicipitaceae,Cordycipitaceae,and Ophiocordycipitaceae.They are found worldwide and are specialized pathogens of invertebrate,plant and fungal hosts.Over the last decade,morphology-and phylogeny-based studies on clavicipitoid fungi have increased.The latter have revealed that Polycephalomyces,Perennicordyceps and Pleurocordyceps consistently cluster together.These genera are currently considered as members of Ophiocordycipitaceae.Nonetheless,information with regard to their diversity and ecology remains sparse.To fill this gap,we collected 29 fresh specimens from insect and fungal substrates from tropical and subtropical evergreen forests in Thailand and southwestern China.We performed detailed morphological analyses and constructed photoplates for all isolated fungi.We used extensive taxon sampling and a dataset comprising internal transcribed spacer gene region(ITS),small subunit ribosomal RNA gene region(SSU),large subunit rRNA gene region(LSU),translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene region(TEF-1α),RNA polymerase II largest subunit gene region(RPB1)and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit(RPB2)to infer order-,family and genus-level phylogenetic trees.Based on these biphasic analyses,we segregate Polycephalomyces,Perennicordyceps,and Pleurocordyceps from Ophiocordycipitaceae and introduce the new family Polycephalomycetaceae to accomodate these three genera.The majority of species in this family have a vast range of insect and fungal hosts.The sexual morph of Polycephalomycetaceae has stromatic ascomata,long stipes,thick peridium,and cylindrical secondary spores.The asexual morph is characterized by colonies on the host surface or synnemata with stipes on the host,one or two types of phialides,and cylindrical to fusiform conidia.We expand the number of taxa in the new family by introducing seven new species(Polycephalomyces albiramus,Perennicordyceps lutea,Pleurocordyceps parvicapitata,Pleurocordyceps lanceolatus,Pleurocordyceps nutansis,Pleurocordyceps heilongtanensis,Pleurocordyceps vitellina),nine new hosts,and one new combination(Perennicordyceps elaphomyceticola).The results herein hint at a high level of diversity for Polycephalomycetaceae.Future investigations focusing on obtaining additional collections and specimens from different geographical areas would help to reveal not only the extent of the group’s diversity,but also resolve its deeper phylogenetic placement.
基金supported by UNESCO-AMBA,UNESCO-IGCP 458,Schwarz stipend, VEGA 6002 and 2/0125/09,MVTS,and the Literarny Fond.a contribution to the CNRS ANR program"AMBRACE"(project no.BLAN07-1-184190)
文摘A completely preserved cockroach Socialaperlucida gen. et sp. nov. (Blattida: Socialidae faro. nov.) is described from the Mesozoic (Albian Early Cretaceous) amber of Archingeay in France. It is categorized within the new family Socialidae, originating from the Mesozoic cockroach family Liberiblattinidae, and representing the sister group to the most basal known eutermite families. Numerous direct and indirect morphological evidence (such as a unique narrow body and pronotum with reduced coloration, legs without carination and with numerous sensillar pitts (forelegs) as adaptations to life in nests analogical to the living termitophillous species; enlarged head, long palps for communication, a general venation modified in a direction towards termites (subcosta and radial vein [R] approximated, R branches approximated, simplified, cross-veins reduced), and possibly also the development of the breaking forewing sutura for detaching wings after marriage flight), suggest its eusocial mode of life. Thus, the first eusociality originated within cockroaches, prior to giving birth to termites; termites and Cryptocercus are not directly related. The group of eusocial cockroaches makes termite morphotaxon polyphyletic, but also in this case, the erection of a new order for mastotermites (including Cratomastotermitidae) and/or the inclusion of eusocial, morphological cockroaches within termites appears counterproductive, thus an example of such a general exception to the taxonomical procedure is provided.
文摘The half-industrial and half-agricultural working structure in rural China is a key phenomenon supporting China's industrialization and urbanization. Based on inter-generational division of labor, the current half-industrial and half-agricultural working structure has given birth to the elderly agriculture and mainstay agriculture, the latter of which has gone out of agricultural involution and to some extent changed the management philosophy of traditional agriculture, becoming a key direction of China's agricultural development. Such a structure has also shaped the "new three-generation family" and facilitated the expansion of middle-income rural groups. While supporting long-term farmers in rural China, it also paves the way for China's urbanization. This structure plays a significant role in the economic, political and social development of rural China. Therefore, this structure is a rural economic structure which concerns farmers' income structure and livelihood patterns. Meanwhile, it is also a rural political structure, village structure and family structure. Through development and refinement, the half-industrial and halfagricultural working structure in rural China has far extended the scope of a descriptive concept. As a dominant variable, the structure, along with its derivatives, through permutation and combination, can establish logical relationships and an interpretation chain among a variety of major economic, political and social phenomena in rural China. Therefore, it can expect to be constructed into an analyticity-oriented mid-level concept.
文摘A new family, Grammolingiidae of fossil lacewings is erected, of which 3 new genera and 6 new species are described and illustrated: Grammolingia boi. gen. nov. et sp. nov., Litholingia rhora gen. nov. et sp. nov., Litholingia eumorpha gen. nov. et sp. nov. and Litholingia polychotoma gen. nov. et sp. nov., Leptolingia jurassica gen. nov. et sp. nov. and Leptolingia tianyiensis gen. noc. et sp. nov.. A key to genera within this new family is provided. All specimens described were collected from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Eastern Inner Mongolia, China. The present discovery demonstrates that present knowledge of the Jurassic Neuropetra fauna remains very poor. The fossil specimens are deposited in Yizhou Fossil Museum and Department of Biology, Capital Normal University, respectively.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project number:32030015,32100404)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Project number:ZR2021QC045)the King Saud University,Saudi Arabia(Project number:RSP2024R7).
文摘In the aquatic microbial food web,scuticociliates are diverse and predominant in almost all kinds of biotopes while extremely confused regarding their taxonomy and systematic relationships within the subclass Scuticociliatia.Here we provide detailed descriptions of two new and one known species,Glauconema sinica sp.nov.,Pleuronema parasetigerum sp.nov.,and Histiobalantium natans viridis,isolated from a freshwater wetland in northern China,along with their molecular phylogeny based on SSU rRNA gene sequences.Our results show:(1)both molecular and morphological data strongly support that the isolated lineage containing the genera Glauconema,Miamiensis,Paramesanophrys,and Anophryoides should be identified as a new taxon at the family level in the order Philasterida;hence,a new family,Glauconematidae fam.nov.,is established.This new family is mainly characterized by the polymorphic life cycle of its members(macrostome and microstome stages);the trophont(or macrostome)has closely spaced membranelles 1–3,whereas in the tomite(or microstome)membranelle 1 is distant from membranelle 2.(2)Phylogenetic analyses using novel data for these species revealed that all three cluster with their congeners,supporting the validity of the genera to which they belong.Molecular information also supports the monophyly of the two main scuticociliate orders Pleuronematida and Philasterida.
文摘Scarabaeoidea are known from the Lower Jurassic and may have originated in the Triassic based on fossil evidence and phylogenetic research. However, the early diversification of Scarabaeoidea remains unclear due to the lack of high-quality fossil evidence. Here we describe an exceptionally well-preserved new fossil of Scarabaeoidea, Alloioscarabaeus cheni gen. et sp. nov from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Inner Mongolia, China. Based on a morphometric analysis using 17 landmarks of the hind wing of Alloioscarabaeus and 10 scarabaeoid families, we found that Alloioscarabaeus cheni gen. et sp. nov clearly does not belong to any of the known scarabaeoid families and, consequently, is a new family, Alloioscarabaeidae fam. nov., was erected. The discovery of Alloioscarabaeus brought further evidence for the early diversification of major scarab lineages which could allow more detail in the palaeobiogeography of the Scarabaeoidea and Northeast of China which might be one of the originating places or an important radiation place during the evolution of Scarabaeoidea. Alloioscarabaeidae were very likely not good diggers and might have fed on decaying organic materials. Based on the evidence we have now, we tend to believe that most families and some subfamilies of Scarabaeoidea were present in the Jurassic period.
基金the Thailand Research Fund for the grant RDG6130001MSImpact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion.S.Honsanan would like to thank National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project ID:31950410548)+1 种基金J.Yang would like to thank Prof.Zuoyi Liu for the financial support of the lab work in China.D.F.Bao would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project ID:31660008 and 31860006)Fungal diversity conservation and utilization innovation team of Dali University(ZKLX2019213).
文摘Cancellidium is a remarkable fungal genus which has been collected from wood submerged in freshwater and has unique conidia that are important in dispersal in running streams.With such a remarkable morphology,one would have expected it to be a distinct family or order.However,due to the dearth of molecular evidence in related taxa,this genus has previ-ously been placed in the order Hypocreales,subclass Hypocreomycetidae of Sordariomycetes.In this study,we made three new collections of this remarkable aquatic genus from streams in China and Thailand,isolated them into culture,extracted DNA and carried out multigene phylogenetic analysis and divergence time estimation which placed the genus in Diaporthomycetidae.This is one of the seven subclasses of Sordariomycetes and contains 30 lineages that are only known from freshwater.The subclass is therefore of interest when considering the evolution of freshwater fungi.Several lineages of Diaporthomycetidae are morphologically unique and taxa cluster with strong support,but have weak support at the base of the trees.The phylogenetic and MCC trees generated in this study indicate that Aquapteridospora,Barbatosphaeriaceae,Bullimyces,Cancellidium,Ceratolenta,Conlarium,Phialemoniopsis,Pseudostanjehughesia and Rhamphoriaceae are distinct genera/families that evolved in the family/order time frame.The new orders Barbatosphaeriales(177 MYA),Cancellidiales(137 MYA),Ceratolentales(147 MYA),Conlariales(138 MYA)and Rhamphoriales(133 MYA)and six new families,Aquapteridosporaceae(110 MYA),Cancellidiaceae(137 MYA),Ceratolentaceae(81 MYA),Bullimycetaceae(81 MYA),Phialemoniopsaceae(59 MYA),and Pseudostanjehughesiaceae(111 MYA)are introduced with evidence from phylogenies,divergence estimates and distinct morphologies.Of these families,Aquapteridosporaceae,Cancellidiaceae,Bullimycetaceae,and Pseudostanjehughesiaceae are only known from freshwater.
基金supported by the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(31630060)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFD0300104)to XXC+5 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0200400)the National Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars(31622048)the National Science Foundation of China(31772522)to JHHthe National Science Foundation of China(31672079)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LR18C140001)to MSthe National Science Foundation of China(31901942)to ZHW.
文摘Polydnaviruses(PDVs)are obligatory symbionts of parasitoid wasps and play an important role in suppressing host immune defenses.Although PDV genes that inhibit host melanization are known in Microplitis bracovirus,the functional homologs in Cotesia bracoviruses remain unknown.Here,we find that Cotesia vestalis bracovirus(CvBV)can inhibit hemolymph melanization of its host,Plutella xylostella larvae,during the early stages of parasitization,and that overexpression of highly expressed CvBV genes reduced host phenoloxidase activity.Furthermore,CvBV-7-I in particular reduced host phenolox-idase activity within 12 h,and the injection of anti-CvBV-7-1 antibody increased the melanization of parasitized host larvae.Further analyses showed that CvBV-7-1 and three homologs from other Cotesia bracoviruses possessed a C-terminal leucine/isoleucine-rich region and had a similar flinction in inhibiting melanization.Therefore,a new family of bracovirus genes was proposed and named as C-terminal Leucine/isoleucine-rich Protein(CLP).Ectopic expression of CvBV-7-1 in Drosophila hemocytes increased susceptibility to bacterial repression of melanization and reduced the melanotic encapsulation of par-asitized D.melanogaster by the parasitoid Leptopilina boulardi.The formation rate of wasp pupae and the eclosion rate of C.vestalis were affected when the function of CvBV-7-1 was blocked.Our findings suggest that CLP genes from Cotesia bracoviruses encoded proteins that contain a C-terminal leucine/isoleucine-rich region and function as melanization inhibitors during the early stage of parasitization,which is important for successful parasitization.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31360015)the CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams,and the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KSCX2-EW-Z-9 KIB2016002)Kevin D.Hyde would like to thank the Thailand Research Funds entitled Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion(grant no:RDG6130001).
文摘The class Pezizomycetes is monophyletic within the subdivision Pezizomycotina. The main distinguishing character of thisclass is operculate asci, although in some taxa this character has been lost. The circumscription of the families and genericlevel delimitation in Pezizomycetes is still controversial, although several molecular phylogenetic studies have beenpublished on this group. This paper reviews 21 families of Pezizomycetes including five new families, which are introduced here, viz. Kallistoskyphaceae, Pseudombrophilaceae, Pulvinulaceae, Strobiloscyphaceae and Tarzettaceae. Moreover, this study provides a modified backbone tree based on phylogenetic analysis of five combined loci. Descriptions andillustrations of representative taxa for the families are provided from collections made in China, Thailand and the UK,herbarium material from international herbaria (FH, FLAS, H, HKAS and MA) and the literature. Pezizales separates intosix major clades. Clade 1 of Pezizales includes the families Ascobolaceae and Pezizaceae. Clade 2 is the new familyKallistoskyphaceae. Clade 3 comprises the families Caloscyphaceae, Karstenellaceae and Rhizinaceae. Clade 4 representsthe families Discinaceae, Helvellaceae, Morchellaceae, Tuberaceae and Underwoodia columnaris lineage. Clade 5includes Chorioactidaceae, Sarcoscyphaceae and Sarcosomataceae and Clade 6 comprises Ascodesmidaceae, Glaziellaceae, Otideaceae, Pseudombrophilaceae, Pulvinulaceae, Pyronemataceae, Strobiloscyphaceae and Tarzettaceae. Newsequence data belonging to ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF, RPB2 gene regions from 40 pezizalian species are provided here. Thepaper provides a working document for apothecial Pezizomycetes which can be modified as new data comes to light. It ishoped that by illustrating taxa we provide stimulation and interest in the operculate discomycetes, so that further research iscarried out on this remarkable, but poorly studied group of fungi.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China for supporting the project Biodiversity,Taxonomy,Phylogeny,Evolution and Phytogeography of phytopathogens in Dothideomycetes from Southern China(Grant No.31950410548)for funding this research.Ning Xie would like to thank Project of DEGP(2019KTSCX150)+29 种基金.Kevin D Hyde thanks the Thailand Research Fund for the grant RDG6130001 entitled“Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion”.Rungtiwa Phookamsak thanks CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for young staff(Grant No.Y9215811Q1)the Yunnan Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security(Grant No.Y836181261)National Science Foundation of China(NSFC)project code 31850410489(Grant No.Y81I982211)for financial supportDhanushka Wanasinghe would like to thank CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for funding his postdoctoral research(number 2019PC0008)the 64th batch of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.Y913083271).Vemuri V.Sarma would like to thank SERB,Department of Science and Technology,Government of India,for funding a project(SERB/SB/SO/PS/18/2014 dt.19.5.2015)Ministry of Earth Sciences(MOES),Govt.of India for funding a project(Sanction order:MOES/36/OO1S/Extra/40/2014/PC-IV dt.14.01.2015)the Department of Biotechnology,Pondicherry University for facilitiesthe National Research Council of Thailand(projects no.61215320013 and No.61215320023)the Thailand Research Fund(project no.TRG6180001)Plant Genetic Conservation Project under the Royal Initiation of Her Royal High-ness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn-Mae Fah Luang University.Alan JL Phillips acknowledges the support from UIDB/04046/2020 and UIDP/04046/2020 Centre grants from FCT,Portugal(to Bio-ISI).Saowaluck Tibpromma would like to thank the International Postdoctoral Exchange Fellowship Program(number Y9180822S1)CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)(number 2020PC0009)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project Nos.31800010 and 31750001)for financial support.the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.NSFC 31950410558)Guizhou Medical University(grant number FAMP201906K)tthe National Nat-ural Science Foundation of China(No.NSFC 31760013)the Scientific Research Foundation of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education(2017ZZX186)the Thousand Talents Plan,Youth Project of Yun-nan Provinces for finance supportthe 5th batch of Postdoctoral Orientation Training Personnel in Yunnan Province(Grant No.Y934283261)the 64th batch of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.Y913082271)M Niranjan thanks SERB,Govt.of India for a fellow-ship.Huang Zhang would like to thank Natural Science Foundation of China(NSF 31500017).Jadson DP Bezerra thanks the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(CNPq),the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior(CAPES,Finance Code 001)the Fundação de AmparoàCiência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco(FACEPE)for fellowship.B.Devadatha thanks MOES,Govt.of India for a fellowship.Hai-Xia Wu would like to the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Non-profit Research Institution of CAF(Grant No.CAFYBB2019QB005)the Ten Thousand Talents Plan,Youth Top Project of Yunnan Provinces for finance support.Ausana Mapook thanks to Research and Research-ers for Industries(RRI)under Thailand Research Fund for a personal grant(PHD57I0012)Putarak Chomnunti would like to thank Mae Fah Luang University(Grant No.DR256201012003)Diversity-Based Economy Development Office and National Research Council of Thailand Research(Grant No.T2561022)for the financial support.Satinee Suetrong thanks the collaborative project between BIOTEC and Department of Marine and Coastal Resources(DMCR),Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmentunder a project:Marine Microbes for National Reserves:Alternative Ways of State Property.N.Chai-wan would like to thank the Thailand Research Fund(PHD60K0147).
文摘Numerous new taxa and classifications of Dothideomycetes have been published following the last monograph of families of Dothideomycetes in 2013.A recent publication by Honsanan et al.in 2020 expanded information of families in Dothideo-mycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae with modern classifications.In this paper,we provide a refined updated document on orders and families incertae sedis of Dothideomycetes.Each family is provided with an updated description,notes,including figures to represent the morphology,a list of accepted genera,and economic and ecological significances.We also provide phylogenetic trees for each order.In this study,31 orders which consist 50 families are assigned as orders incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes,and 41 families are treated as families incertae sedis due to lack of molecular or morphological evidence.The new order,Catinellales,and four new families,Catinellaceae,Morenoinaceae Neobuelliellaceae and Thyrinulaceae are introduced.Seven genera(Neobuelliella,Pseudomicrothyrium,Flagellostrigula,Swinscowia,Macroconstrictolumina,Pseudobogoriella,and Schummia)are introduced.Seven new species(Acrospermum urticae,Bogoriella complexoluminata,Dothiorella ostryae,Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus,Macroconstrictolumina megalateralis,Patellaria microspora,and Pseu-domicrothyrium thailandicum)are introduced base on morphology and phylogeny,together with two new records/reports and five new collections from different families.Ninety new combinations are also provided in this paper.