The optimum control of seizures requires adequate dosing of appropriately selected anti-epileptic medications. The availability of AEDs in Nigeria is limited and this constrains the prescription latitude of clinicians...The optimum control of seizures requires adequate dosing of appropriately selected anti-epileptic medications. The availability of AEDs in Nigeria is limited and this constrains the prescription latitude of clinicians. This study was conducted to describe the prescribing pattern of anti-epileptic drugs in the outpatient service of a psychiatric facility in southeast Nigeria. The case records of the epileptic patients attending the outpatient clinic of a psychiatric hospital were retrieved, reviewed and data abstracted with a prepared proforma. The information extracted include age, sex, marital status, residence, type of seizure and anti-seizure medications prescribed, frequency of administration and dosage among other variables. Of the 178 patients whose prescriptions and case records were assessed, males constituted 62.9% and females 37.1%. Most of the patients were single (78.1%) and the group had a mean age of 25.6 ± 10.9 years. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures predominated (61.2%) among the seizure types, whilst complex partial seizure type was identified in 35.4% of the patients. Patient diagnosis relied heavily on the use of clinical description alone. About 92.7% of the patients were treated with monotherapy, whereas 7.3% received two anti-epileptic drug combinations. Carbamazepine was the most frequently prescribed drug, and was utilized in the treatment of 87.9% of patients receiving monotherapy and 92.3% of individuals receiving two drug combinations. Adjunctive medications like benzodiazepines were rarely utilised to improve the effect of the AEDs. The patients that received polytherapy could only be distinguished from those that received monotherapy by higher frequency of epileptic auras and higher mean dose of AEDs per day. The predominant use of monotherapy is in accordance with the treatment recommendations and needs to be encouraged. The greater use of carbamazepine is probably related to its perceived benefits in the control of behavioural symptoms.展开更多
Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a member of the Herpesviridae family, is a significant human pathogen that results in mucocutaneous lesions in the oral cavity or genital infections. Acyclovir (ACV) and related nucleos...Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a member of the Herpesviridae family, is a significant human pathogen that results in mucocutaneous lesions in the oral cavity or genital infections. Acyclovir (ACV) and related nucleoside analogues can successfully treat HSV infections, but the emergence of drug resistance to ACV has created a barrier for the treatment of HSV infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. There is an urgent need to explore new and effective tactics to circumvent drug resistance to HSV. This review summarises the current strategies in the development of new targets (the DNA helicase/primase (H/P) complex), new types of molecules (nature products) and new antiviral mechanisms (lethal mutagenesis of Janus-type nucleosides) to fight the drug resistance of HSV.展开更多
Neurotrophins:Neurotrophins are peptides or proteins that are known to regulate neuronal viability,development,and function Beyond synaptic plasticity,neurotrophins protect neurons from apoptosis and also promote neu...Neurotrophins:Neurotrophins are peptides or proteins that are known to regulate neuronal viability,development,and function Beyond synaptic plasticity,neurotrophins protect neurons from apoptosis and also promote neurogenesis to recover neuronal defici even in adulthood.展开更多
Colorectal cancer(CRC)represents one of the most frequent malignancies in terms of incidence and mortality,thus representing the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide.In the last decade,few drugs have enriched...Colorectal cancer(CRC)represents one of the most frequent malignancies in terms of incidence and mortality,thus representing the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide.In the last decade,few drugs have enriched the treatment landscape of metastatic CRC and have significantly affected prognosis.Unlike other neoplasms,metastatic CRC patients who have exhausted treatment options often still maintain a good performance status.There are many challenges to increasing potential treatment options,notably a better understanding of disease biology and the mechanisms of resistance underlying cancer treatment failure.The development of new drugs for metastatic CRC certainly represents one of the most important challenges in medical oncology.This article discusses the main limitations in the development of new drugs and potential future scenarios.In particular,we addressed three questions:(1)The main limitations of targeted therapy in the treatment of metastatic CRC(mCRC);(2)New target armamentarium that could escape primary and secondary resistance and lead to more personalized mCRC therapy;and(3)Future directions.展开更多
Objective To promote the application of TRIZ theory in the new drug R&D and the innovative development of medical devices.Methods TRIZ can be literally translated as“theory of inventive problem resolving”,focusi...Objective To promote the application of TRIZ theory in the new drug R&D and the innovative development of medical devices.Methods TRIZ can be literally translated as“theory of inventive problem resolving”,focusing on clarifying and solving contradictions in the system.This article introduces the TRIZ theory and the general process of new drug development.It collects literature in the field of new drug development and medical devices and refers to ideas for solving problems in some successful cases of applying TRIZ theory in other fields.Results and Conclusion After summarizing the general ideas of TRIZ to solve the problems,it is concluded that attention should be paid to applying TRIZ theory in the development of new drug and medical devices.展开更多
Since President Obama announced the Precision Medicine Initiative from a national strategy perspective in his State of the Union address,precision medicine has rapidly become a world-wide hotspot and drawn global atte...Since President Obama announced the Precision Medicine Initiative from a national strategy perspective in his State of the Union address,precision medicine has rapidly become a world-wide hotspot and drawn global attention in the medical field.Precision medicine aims at applying genetic information of individual diseases to guide his or her diagnosis and treatment.展开更多
The development of new drugs for therapeutic purposes has become very expensive and time-consuming in American and European countries.It is estimated that on the average 50 to 100 million dollars and 10 or more years ...The development of new drugs for therapeutic purposes has become very expensive and time-consuming in American and European countries.It is estimated that on the average 50 to 100 million dollars and 10 or more years from the time of patenting are required to make a new drug available for general prescription. Every new drug needs to be charac-展开更多
Objective To provide a scientific reference for China’s drug shortage and supply mechanism by conducting a specific study on New Zealand’s management measures for dealing with the shortage of drugs.Methods Through r...Objective To provide a scientific reference for China’s drug shortage and supply mechanism by conducting a specific study on New Zealand’s management measures for dealing with the shortage of drugs.Methods Through reviewing the official website of the New Zealand Pharmaceutical Management Agency(PHARMAC)and relevant literature,the specific measures to deal with drug supply and shortage in New Zealand were sorted out,and then some countermeasures were put forward for our domestic drug supply.Results and Conclusion PHARMAC worked closely with the pharmaceutical suppliers and signed contracts to maintain their relationship.A sound drug supply mechanism has been established to respond to various supply issues.At present,there are some problems in drug supply in China,such as the lack of timely publicity of shortage information,the lack of management team for supply,and the lack of alternative drug supply mechanism.China should learn from the PHARMAC to establish a supply contract management team to promote the transparency of drug shortage information and seek alternative drug supply actively.展开更多
The rivalry between T cells and tumor cells somewhat mimics the scene of 'Tom and Jerry,' an animated series in which Tom (a house cat) rarely succeeds in catching Jerry (a mouse), mainly because of Jerry’s c...The rivalry between T cells and tumor cells somewhat mimics the scene of 'Tom and Jerry,' an animated series in which Tom (a house cat) rarely succeeds in catching Jerry (a mouse), mainly because of Jerry’s cleverness and cunning abilities. In a way, tumor cells are like Jerry, in terms of their crafty and sneaky features.展开更多
In this manuscript a comprehensive coverage of recent developments in the drug therapy of vasospasm while providing the background information that neuroscientists need to understand its rationale. The range of new ag...In this manuscript a comprehensive coverage of recent developments in the drug therapy of vasospasm while providing the background information that neuroscientists need to understand its rationale. The range of new agents available for treatment of cerebral vasospasm is expanding rapidly along with rapid advances in pharmacology and physiology that are uncovering the mechanisms of this disease. Although there are many publications for treatment of cerebral vaso-spasm, most are focusing on different aspects of vasospasm treatment and many have limited value due to insufficient quality. Moreover, the complexity of this, in many cases deleterious condition, is enormous and the information needed to understand drug effects is accordingly often not readily available in a single source. A number of pharmacological and medical therapies are currently in use or being investigated in an attempt to reverse cerebral vasospasm, but only a few have proven to be useful. Current research efforts promise the eventual production of new medical therapies. At last, recommendations for the use of different treatment stages based on currently available clinical data are provided.展开更多
Objective To analyze the application of real-world evidence(RWE)in the field of medicine in European Union,and provide suggestions for RWE supporting the review and approval of new drugs in China.Methods The European ...Objective To analyze the application of real-world evidence(RWE)in the field of medicine in European Union,and provide suggestions for RWE supporting the review and approval of new drugs in China.Methods The European Medicines Agency(EMA)and other databases were used to search relevant documents for analyzing the European Union’s new drug review and approval process with the support of RWE.Results and Conclusion The European Union carrying out new drug review and approval with the support of RWE has just begun.The decision-making process includes three stages such as new drug research and development,review,and approval.However,there are some challenges in data quality,research methods,evidence sufficiency,and research process of RWE supporting the European Union in reviewing and approving new drugs.At present,RWE can accurately grasp the clinical effects of drugs and improve the safety and effectiveness in the process of assisting the review and approval of new drugs.At the same time,RWE also can promote the development and application of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)and help find out the potential value of TCM such as new indications.展开更多
After some six years of hard work, a research team headed by Prof. Liu Zhivu (Z.Y. Liu) at the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, has scored major progress in independently generating a novel cancer killer ...After some six years of hard work, a research team headed by Prof. Liu Zhivu (Z.Y. Liu) at the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, has scored major progress in independently generating a novel cancer killer called epothilone. Their findings have been granted three patents, and their research paper Total Synthesis of Epothilone: A Thorough Stereospecific Expoxidation of the 3-0-(4-methoxy) Benzyl Ether of Epothilone C has been accepted for publication in the Chemistry - European Journal.展开更多
Objective To help investors assess and control the costs of new drug development and reduce the risks of new drug development projects.Methods Cost analysis and financial forecasting were carried out with the integrat...Objective To help investors assess and control the costs of new drug development and reduce the risks of new drug development projects.Methods Cost analysis and financial forecasting were carried out with the integrated approach of earned value management.According to the principle of earned value management deviation analysis,the basic process of the new drug research and development project was combined with the hypothesis method from the research of Tufts Drug Development Research Center.Results and Conclusion If the project progress check was carried out in the clinical trial,the project costs were found overspent,the efficiency was low,the project progress was faster,and the resource investment was ahead.It is recommended that the adjustment should be made to reduce the input of resources,and increase the efficient key personnel to take the place of some less efficient staff.展开更多
The Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), the top national research hub for natural sciences, has always been committed itself to the national target of research and development (R&D) of new medicines. During the past...The Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), the top national research hub for natural sciences, has always been committed itself to the national target of research and development (R&D) of new medicines. During the past several decades, a great number of R&D achievements have been attained. During the period from 1986 to 1999, for example, 135 pharmacutical projects won prizes of the CAS awards for natural sciences, inventions and S&T progress (roughly ac-展开更多
文摘The optimum control of seizures requires adequate dosing of appropriately selected anti-epileptic medications. The availability of AEDs in Nigeria is limited and this constrains the prescription latitude of clinicians. This study was conducted to describe the prescribing pattern of anti-epileptic drugs in the outpatient service of a psychiatric facility in southeast Nigeria. The case records of the epileptic patients attending the outpatient clinic of a psychiatric hospital were retrieved, reviewed and data abstracted with a prepared proforma. The information extracted include age, sex, marital status, residence, type of seizure and anti-seizure medications prescribed, frequency of administration and dosage among other variables. Of the 178 patients whose prescriptions and case records were assessed, males constituted 62.9% and females 37.1%. Most of the patients were single (78.1%) and the group had a mean age of 25.6 ± 10.9 years. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures predominated (61.2%) among the seizure types, whilst complex partial seizure type was identified in 35.4% of the patients. Patient diagnosis relied heavily on the use of clinical description alone. About 92.7% of the patients were treated with monotherapy, whereas 7.3% received two anti-epileptic drug combinations. Carbamazepine was the most frequently prescribed drug, and was utilized in the treatment of 87.9% of patients receiving monotherapy and 92.3% of individuals receiving two drug combinations. Adjunctive medications like benzodiazepines were rarely utilised to improve the effect of the AEDs. The patients that received polytherapy could only be distinguished from those that received monotherapy by higher frequency of epileptic auras and higher mean dose of AEDs per day. The predominant use of monotherapy is in accordance with the treatment recommendations and needs to be encouraged. The greater use of carbamazepine is probably related to its perceived benefits in the control of behavioural symptoms.
基金the National Natural Science Foundations of China(document no.:81321002,81500860,81300888)a grant from 111 Project of Ministry of Education,China,for fi nancial support
文摘Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a member of the Herpesviridae family, is a significant human pathogen that results in mucocutaneous lesions in the oral cavity or genital infections. Acyclovir (ACV) and related nucleoside analogues can successfully treat HSV infections, but the emergence of drug resistance to ACV has created a barrier for the treatment of HSV infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. There is an urgent need to explore new and effective tactics to circumvent drug resistance to HSV. This review summarises the current strategies in the development of new targets (the DNA helicase/primase (H/P) complex), new types of molecules (nature products) and new antiviral mechanisms (lethal mutagenesis of Janus-type nucleosides) to fight the drug resistance of HSV.
文摘Neurotrophins:Neurotrophins are peptides or proteins that are known to regulate neuronal viability,development,and function Beyond synaptic plasticity,neurotrophins protect neurons from apoptosis and also promote neurogenesis to recover neuronal defici even in adulthood.
文摘Colorectal cancer(CRC)represents one of the most frequent malignancies in terms of incidence and mortality,thus representing the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide.In the last decade,few drugs have enriched the treatment landscape of metastatic CRC and have significantly affected prognosis.Unlike other neoplasms,metastatic CRC patients who have exhausted treatment options often still maintain a good performance status.There are many challenges to increasing potential treatment options,notably a better understanding of disease biology and the mechanisms of resistance underlying cancer treatment failure.The development of new drugs for metastatic CRC certainly represents one of the most important challenges in medical oncology.This article discusses the main limitations in the development of new drugs and potential future scenarios.In particular,we addressed three questions:(1)The main limitations of targeted therapy in the treatment of metastatic CRC(mCRC);(2)New target armamentarium that could escape primary and secondary resistance and lead to more personalized mCRC therapy;and(3)Future directions.
基金Source of the project:Liaoning Provincial Department of Science and Technology Public Welfare Fund Project:“Research on Innovative Method for Large-scale Production of Anticancer Drug Liposome Based on Integrated TRIZ”[20170018].
文摘Objective To promote the application of TRIZ theory in the new drug R&D and the innovative development of medical devices.Methods TRIZ can be literally translated as“theory of inventive problem resolving”,focusing on clarifying and solving contradictions in the system.This article introduces the TRIZ theory and the general process of new drug development.It collects literature in the field of new drug development and medical devices and refers to ideas for solving problems in some successful cases of applying TRIZ theory in other fields.Results and Conclusion After summarizing the general ideas of TRIZ to solve the problems,it is concluded that attention should be paid to applying TRIZ theory in the development of new drug and medical devices.
文摘Since President Obama announced the Precision Medicine Initiative from a national strategy perspective in his State of the Union address,precision medicine has rapidly become a world-wide hotspot and drawn global attention in the medical field.Precision medicine aims at applying genetic information of individual diseases to guide his or her diagnosis and treatment.
文摘The development of new drugs for therapeutic purposes has become very expensive and time-consuming in American and European countries.It is estimated that on the average 50 to 100 million dollars and 10 or more years from the time of patenting are required to make a new drug available for general prescription. Every new drug needs to be charac-
文摘Objective To provide a scientific reference for China’s drug shortage and supply mechanism by conducting a specific study on New Zealand’s management measures for dealing with the shortage of drugs.Methods Through reviewing the official website of the New Zealand Pharmaceutical Management Agency(PHARMAC)and relevant literature,the specific measures to deal with drug supply and shortage in New Zealand were sorted out,and then some countermeasures were put forward for our domestic drug supply.Results and Conclusion PHARMAC worked closely with the pharmaceutical suppliers and signed contracts to maintain their relationship.A sound drug supply mechanism has been established to respond to various supply issues.At present,there are some problems in drug supply in China,such as the lack of timely publicity of shortage information,the lack of management team for supply,and the lack of alternative drug supply mechanism.China should learn from the PHARMAC to establish a supply contract management team to promote the transparency of drug shortage information and seek alternative drug supply actively.
文摘The rivalry between T cells and tumor cells somewhat mimics the scene of 'Tom and Jerry,' an animated series in which Tom (a house cat) rarely succeeds in catching Jerry (a mouse), mainly because of Jerry’s cleverness and cunning abilities. In a way, tumor cells are like Jerry, in terms of their crafty and sneaky features.
文摘In this manuscript a comprehensive coverage of recent developments in the drug therapy of vasospasm while providing the background information that neuroscientists need to understand its rationale. The range of new agents available for treatment of cerebral vasospasm is expanding rapidly along with rapid advances in pharmacology and physiology that are uncovering the mechanisms of this disease. Although there are many publications for treatment of cerebral vaso-spasm, most are focusing on different aspects of vasospasm treatment and many have limited value due to insufficient quality. Moreover, the complexity of this, in many cases deleterious condition, is enormous and the information needed to understand drug effects is accordingly often not readily available in a single source. A number of pharmacological and medical therapies are currently in use or being investigated in an attempt to reverse cerebral vasospasm, but only a few have proven to be useful. Current research efforts promise the eventual production of new medical therapies. At last, recommendations for the use of different treatment stages based on currently available clinical data are provided.
基金Special Fund of the National Medical Products Administration’s Drug Regulatory Science Research Base-Research Institute of Drug Regulatory Science of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University(No.2020jgkx005).
文摘Objective To analyze the application of real-world evidence(RWE)in the field of medicine in European Union,and provide suggestions for RWE supporting the review and approval of new drugs in China.Methods The European Medicines Agency(EMA)and other databases were used to search relevant documents for analyzing the European Union’s new drug review and approval process with the support of RWE.Results and Conclusion The European Union carrying out new drug review and approval with the support of RWE has just begun.The decision-making process includes three stages such as new drug research and development,review,and approval.However,there are some challenges in data quality,research methods,evidence sufficiency,and research process of RWE supporting the European Union in reviewing and approving new drugs.At present,RWE can accurately grasp the clinical effects of drugs and improve the safety and effectiveness in the process of assisting the review and approval of new drugs.At the same time,RWE also can promote the development and application of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)and help find out the potential value of TCM such as new indications.
文摘After some six years of hard work, a research team headed by Prof. Liu Zhivu (Z.Y. Liu) at the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, has scored major progress in independently generating a novel cancer killer called epothilone. Their findings have been granted three patents, and their research paper Total Synthesis of Epothilone: A Thorough Stereospecific Expoxidation of the 3-0-(4-methoxy) Benzyl Ether of Epothilone C has been accepted for publication in the Chemistry - European Journal.
文摘Objective To help investors assess and control the costs of new drug development and reduce the risks of new drug development projects.Methods Cost analysis and financial forecasting were carried out with the integrated approach of earned value management.According to the principle of earned value management deviation analysis,the basic process of the new drug research and development project was combined with the hypothesis method from the research of Tufts Drug Development Research Center.Results and Conclusion If the project progress check was carried out in the clinical trial,the project costs were found overspent,the efficiency was low,the project progress was faster,and the resource investment was ahead.It is recommended that the adjustment should be made to reduce the input of resources,and increase the efficient key personnel to take the place of some less efficient staff.
文摘The Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), the top national research hub for natural sciences, has always been committed itself to the national target of research and development (R&D) of new medicines. During the past several decades, a great number of R&D achievements have been attained. During the period from 1986 to 1999, for example, 135 pharmacutical projects won prizes of the CAS awards for natural sciences, inventions and S&T progress (roughly ac-