Review of Black Start on New Power System Based on Energy Storage Technology

With the continuous development of new energy generation technology and the increasingly complex power grid environment,the traditional black start scheme cannot meet the requirements of today’s power grid in order to ensure the stable operation of the power system can be restored quickly in the face of large power outages,so a more complete black start scheme needs to be developed to cope with the new power system.With the development of energy storage technology,the limitations of the traditional black-start scheme can be solved by new energy farms with energy storage configuration.Therefore,this paper investigates the problems faced by black-start,the key technologies of energy storage assisted new energy black-start,and introduces the research related to new energy black-start technology to provide reference for future research and application of new energy black-start.

Energy storage for black start services:A review

With the increasing deployment of renewable energy-based power generation plants,the power system is becoming increasingly vulnerable due to the intermittent nature of renewable energy,and a blackout can be the worst scenario.The current auxiliary generators must be upgraded to energy sources with substantially high power and storage capacity,a short response time,good profitability,and minimal environmental concern.Difficulties in the power restoration of renewable energy generators should also be addressed.The different energy storage methods can store and release electrical/thermal/mechanical energy and provide flexibility and stability to the power system.Herein,a review of the use of energy storage methods for black start services is provided,for which little has been discussed in the literature.First,the challenges that impede a stable,environmentally friendly,and cost-effective energy storage-based black start are identified.The energy storagebased black start service may lack supply resilience.Second,the typical energy storage-based black start service,including explanations on its steps and configurations,is introduced.Black start services with different energy storage technologies,including electrochemical,thermal,and electromechanical resources,are compared.Results suggest that hybridization of energy storage technologies should be developed,which mitigates the disadvantages of individual energy storage methods,considering the deployment of energy storage-based black start services.

China Starts Studies into New Systems of Nuclear Energy

With the support of the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), scientists from the Chinese Academy of Atomic Energy and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) formally kicked off a new project to look into clean nuclear energy on September 27th in Beijing. The study, known as the accelerator-driven system of clean

The role of new energy in carbon neutral

Carbon dioxide is an important medium of the global carbon cycle,and has the dual properties of realizing the conversion of organic matter in the ecosystem and causing the greenhouse effect.The fixed or available carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is defined as"gray carbon",while the carbon dioxide that cannot be fixed or used and remains in the atmosphere is called"black carbon".Carbon neutral is the consensus of human development,but its implementation still faces many challenges in politics,resources,technology,market,and energy structure,etc.It is proposed that carbon replacement,carbon emission reduction,carbon sequestration,and carbon cycle are the four main approaches to achieve carbon neutral,among which carbon replacement is the backbone.New energy has become the leading role of the third energy conversion and will dominate carbon neutral in the future.Nowadays,solar energy,wind energy,hydropower,nuclear energy and hydrogen energy are the main forces of new energy,helping the power sector to achieve low carbon emissions."Green hydrogen"is the reserve force of new energy,helping further reduce carbon emissions in industrial and transportation fields.Artificial carbon conversion technology is a bridge connecting new energy and fossil energy,effectively reducing the carbon emissions of fossil energy.It is predicted that the peak value of China’s carbon dioxide emissions will reach 110×10^(8) t in 2030.The study predicts that China’s carbon emissions will drop to 22×10^(8) t,33×10^(8) t and 44×10^(8) t,respectively,in 2060 according to three scenarios of high,medium,and low levels.To realize carbon neutral in China,seven implementation suggestions have been put forward to build a new"three small and one large"energy structure in China and promote the realization of China’s energy independence strategy.

Regional Power System Black Start with Run-of-river Hydropower Plant and Battery Energy Storage

Battery energy storage systems(BESSs)are a kind of important asset for power systems with high integration levels of renewable energy,and they can be controlled to provide various critical services to the power grid.This paper presents the real-world experience of using a megawatt-scale BESS with grid-following(GFL)and grid-forming(GFM)controls and a run-of-river(ROR)hydropower plant to restore a regional power system.To demonstrate this,we carry out power-hardwarein-the-loop experiments integrating an actual GFL-or GFM-controlled BESS and a load bank.Both the simulation and experimental results presented in this paper show the different roles of GFL-or GFM-controlled BESS in power system black starts.The results provide further insight for system operators on how GFL-or GFM-controlled BESS can enhance grid stability and how an ROR hydropower plant can be converted into a black-start-capable unit with the support of a small-capacity BESS.The results show that an ROR hydropower plant combined with a BESS has the potential of becoming one of enabling elements to perform bottom-up black-start schemes as opposed to conventional bottom-down method,thus enhancing the system resiliency and robustness.

基于多储能动态调控的光储黑启动控制策略

首先,建立多储能光伏联合系统,根据储能实时状态将储能系统进行分级,设计3种不同优先等级的储能分别承担不同任务;然后,将不同优先等级的储能设定相应的控制方案,提出基于多储能动态调控的光储黑启动控制策略,实时监控储能的运行状态,以防止多储能系统因越限等原因造成黑启动任务失败;最后,通过Matlab对3种不同工况进行仿真模拟,验证多储能动态调控的黑启动控制策略的有效性。

基于光储联合系统的电网分段恢复策略

当前新能源大量引入至电力系统,为了使其代替传统的水电、燃气机组作为黑启动电源,文中研究了基于光储联合系统的电网分段恢复策略。首先,根据光储系统的结构和控制方式,提出由储能系统建立稳定的并网母线线电压,光伏系统分步并网的启动方式;其次,为了增强光伏发电系统的惯性阻尼支撑,提出在光伏系统逆变器侧加入虚拟同步控制;最后,在待启动机组和系统负荷并网过程中,利用储能系统配置附加阻尼控制器抑制电网黑启动产生的次同步振荡,保证电网稳定恢复。在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建光储联合系统黑启动的电磁暂态仿真模型并进行分析,结果表明系统恢复过程中母线线电压偏差不超过0.65%、系统频率偏差不超过1%,满足黑启动要求,验证了文中所提启动策略的可行性。

黑启动中考虑新能源不确定性的移动-固定式混合储能优化配置方法

近年来极端天气频发,电力系统的弹性水平亟须有效提升。针对黑启动中电网的储能配置展开研究,提出了一种考虑新能源不确定性的移动式储能与固定式储能的混合配置方案,以增强电网黑启动的灵活性与可靠性。首先,考虑移动式储能在电网中的行驶状态、行驶时间等动态运行过程,建立了移动式储能的时空交互模型和运行调度模型;其次,对电力系统中各黑启动电源进行分析与建模,应用场景法考虑新能源出力的不确定性,并对火电机组在恢复过程中的爬坡率和有功功率变化进行分析;然后,结合固定式储能的运行模型,以移动式储能和固定式储能的投资成本和运维成本最小化为目标函数,建立了面向电力系统黑启动的混合储能优化配置模型。该模型考虑了黑启动中系统对负荷的恢复要求,并从负荷稳定角度应对系统的不安全扰动,构建了黑启动中各机组、节点和线路的恢复模型。最后,以改进的IEEE30节点算例验证了混合配置移动式储能和固定式储能对提升极端事件中电力系统恢复能力的有效性,为实际工程提供参考价值。

计及新能源场站黑启动时空支撑能力的分区目标网架优化

为提升新型电力系统的非常规安全防御能力,提出了计及新能源场站黑启动时空支撑能力的分区目标网架优化方法。首先,基于新能源场站黑启动时空支撑能力定义了扩展黑启动电源;其次,以最小化分区内电气距离之和和分区间联络线数目为优化目标,将扩展黑启动电源转化为分区数量约束,并同时计及功率平衡、分区连通性、灵活性资源等约束,建立了计及扩展黑启动电源的分区目标网架整数线性规划模型;最后通过仿真系统验证了所提方法有助于新能源场站黑启动分区恢复决策。

基于自启动系统的海上风电并网技术

针对目前海上风电项目建设存在并网周期长的问题,提出了一种自启动的风机并网方法,并基于该方法开发了一套风机并网调试自启动装置。该装置可以安装在海上升压站平台上,在大电网电源送达海上升压站前,通过海缆为风机提供稳定电源,在此期间提前完成风机各项调试与并网工作。待正式电源送达海上升压站后,风机直接并网,大幅缩短海上风电项目建设工期,帮助风机提前并网发电,创造可观的经济价值,并能够加速清洁能源并网,助力“碳达峰,碳中和”的能源环境战略目标实现。目前,该技术已在江苏如东多个海上风电场落地应用,现场试验数据验证了研制系统和所提方法的先进性与有效性。

我国磷系新能源电池材料研究现状与展望

新能源是决定我国先进制造业竞争力的战略性领域,是先进生产力的标志,而磷化工产业是新能源的重要基础。为了打造高端磷化工产业,大力发展绿色新能源板块,促进磷化工产业与新能源产业之间的交叉耦合与横向多元发展,加强磷系新能源材料研究非常重要。本文综述了我国磷化工行业发展现状和磷系新能源电池材料的研究现状。磷酸盐正极复合材料、单质磷或金属磷化物负极复合材料可以解决目前新能源电池存在的导电性差、比容量低、循环稳定性差等问题。我国应依托现有基础化学品磷、磷酸,努力提升磷化工产品的附加值,其中高端磷系新材料是磷化工绿色发展的主要方向。

基于事件驱动的液流电池控制系统实现方式

液流电池具有充放电循环次数大、容量高及寿命长等优点,是长时大规模储能的理想选择,但是其复杂的结构对电池控制系统的要求较高,传统开发方式难以满足其多样的控制需求,因此提出精准度更高、实时性更好的基于事件驱动技术的液流电池控制系统开发方法。首先针对液流电池稳定性需求高、内部损耗大等问题,提出了主/辅助电堆协同架构,并对该架构系统进行建模分析;然后基于事件驱动技术对控制系统进行模块化设计,包括柔性充放电控制、辅助电堆参与的黑启动控制、基于卡尔曼滤波的电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)估计等;最后搭建半实物仿真平台,对所提架构和策略进行验证,证明了该架构和策略能提高系统的能量转换效率和稳定性。

Two-stage power system restoration model

In response to the need for robust black-start strategies in modern smart grids during blackouts,this paper proposes a two-stage black-start model that integrates wind turbines(WT),photovoltaic generators(PV),and energy storage systems(ESS).The system restoration path model in the first stage utilizes the Dijkstra algorithm to create a skeleton network and formulate a post-outage generator start-up plan.The second stage involved a load pick-up model,structured as a mixed-integer linear programming problem,aimed at restoring the load with the assistance of the ESS.This stage was designed for computational efficiency,allowing solutions to be obtained using standard commercial solvers.The performance and efficacy of the proposed model were demonstrated through its application to modified IEEE 39/118-bus transmission systems,with the results affirming its high efficiency and effectiveness in power system restoration scenarios.

基于积分反馈频率无差控制的构网型储能黑启动频率稳定提升研究

构网控制可有效提升储能系统对电网的主动支撑能力,但在电网黑启动过程中,构网型储能系统自身调频特性引起的频率偏差会影响频率的稳定性,严重时可能导致频率失稳,黑启动失败。为提高构网型储能系统黑启动过程中的频率稳定性,提出一种积分反馈频率无差控制策略。通过在原有虚拟同步发电机(VSG)控制环路中添加积分反馈环路、改变系统阶数,实现黑启动过程中频率的无差调节,且无须引入锁相环、无须切换底层控制策略。最后,通过仿真验证控制效果及关键参数的变化对于控制性能的影响,证明控制策略的正确性与有效性。

不同支撑电源下9F级燃机黑启动方案与技术分析

大型燃机(9F级)的黑启动技术比较稀缺,现阶段针对大型燃机(9F级)黑启动的启动电源主要有储能蓄电池和柴油发电机两种。对其基本原理及黑启动容量确定进行了分析,并从响应速度、稳定性、经济性、巡视巡检、可持续性和运行费用等多项指标对两种不同支撑电源下9F级大型燃机黑启动建设方案与关键技术进行对比,为9F级大型燃机黑启动系统建设、运行和维护提供理论依据。

孤立微电网的黑启动策略

利用多代理(Agent)系统,提出了一种针对全黑的孤立微电网的黑启动策略。参考电源及其他具有黑启动能力的微电源首先由微电网中心控制(MGCC)Agent以电压控制模式启动,再根据参考微电源的电压进行预同步后进行并联。接着,具有黑启动能力的微电源切换至PQ控制模式,其输出功率和电流被功率锁存功能锁定以避免切换振荡。最后,无黑启动能力的微电源被MGCC Agent以PQ控制模式启动,在与参考电源进行同步后并入微电网。MGCC Agent通过协调微电源的输出功率,使微电网可以高效、稳定地运行。微电网稳定运行后,由主网-微电网控制(GMGC)Agent恢复微电网与大电网的连接。利用MATLAB/Simulink建立微电网仿真模型,仿真结果验证了所提策略是高效、可行的。

一种适用于黑启动的光储联合发电系统协调控制策略

为研究光储联合发电系统的黑启动能力,采用孤岛运行条件下光储系统启动厂用异步电动机的方法模拟电网黑启动过程,建立了光储联合发电系统模型及其控制系统。选择储能作为主电源,采用恒压恒频控制平抑光伏系统出力波动,为系统提供电压与频率支撑。考虑到因储能剩余充电容量不足将引起黑启动失败的情况,基于常规MPPT(maximum power point tracking)算法,提出一种负荷跟踪与MPPT相结合的方法,使光伏系统出力充足时有效跟踪负荷变化,无多余功率向储能充电;出力不足时实现最大功率跟踪,联合储能共同为负荷供电,从而减小所需储能容量。仿真结果验证了所提协调控制策略的可行性和有效性,同时验证了光储联合发电系统能够为大电网的恢复提供黑启动电源,具备快速黑启动能力。

辅助风电场参与初期黑启动时储能电站容量配置策略

为了让风电参与初期黑启动,提出了新的储能配置策略。首先求取了初期恢复系统所能平抑的最大功率波动,将此作为风电输出功率的限幅目标。然后将限幅目标作为确定储能电站功率的主要依据,将限幅目标和典型火电机组辅机的启动时间作为确定储能电站容量的主要依据,从而确保在储能电站发挥平抑作用的时间长度内,风电场的输出功率波动值限定在限幅目标内。最后用PSCAD/EMTDC搭建了风储模型,通过仿真验证了配置的储能电站能够使风电场安全平稳地参与初期黑启动。此储能电站容量配置策略同样适用于参与黑启动的其他新能源。

辅助重型燃气轮机黑启动的大容量储能系统控制技术及其应用

该文结合世界首个大容量储能系统辅助9F级联合循环燃气机组黑启动项目,讨论重型燃气轮机黑启动过程及需要应对的问题,设计了辅助重型燃气轮机黑启动的大容量储能系统接入方案及"三层两网"架构的储能控制系统方案,基于此方案研究储能系统电压、频率稳定控制方法,储能变流器采用虚拟同步发电机控制方式,通过虚拟阻抗及补偿策略实现多机并联稳定运行、功率均衡分配并补偿虚拟阻抗造成的电压偏差,提出一种基于快速同步反馈的储能系统黑启动调频调压控制策略,搭建含储能、燃机、负载换相逆变器、励磁的半实物实时数字仿真系统,并在横琴热电2×390MW燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组配套22MW混合电池储能系统进行黑启动实验,验证相关技术方案的有效性和可行性。

新能源在碳中和中的地位与作用

二氧化碳是全球碳循环的重要介质,具有实现生态系统有机物的转换和造成温室效应的双重属性。将大气圈中被固定或可利用的二氧化碳定义为"灰碳";无法被固定或利用,并留存在大气圈中的二氧化碳定义为"黑碳"。碳中和是人类发展的共识,但在实施过程中面临着政治、资源、技术、市场、能源结构等诸多挑战。提出碳替代、碳减排、碳封存、碳循环是实现碳中和的4种主要途径,其中碳替代将是碳中和的中坚力量。新能源已经成为第3次能源转换的主角,未来将成为碳中和的主导。目前,太阳能、风能、水能、核能、氢能等是新能源的主力军,助力电力部门实现低碳排放;"绿氢"是新能源的后备军,助力工业与交通等领域进一步降低碳排放;人工碳转化技术是连接新能源与化石能源的桥梁,有效降低化石能源的碳排放。预测2030年中国碳达峰的峰值约110×10^(8) t。按照高、中、低3种情景预测2060年中国碳排放将分别降至22×10^(8),33×10^(8),44×10^(8)t。针对中国实现碳中和提出7项实施建议。构建中国新的"三小一大"能源结构,推动实现中国能源"独立自主"战略。