This paper will mention Marxist propositions, presented since the mid-19th century, about capitalism, socialism, and internationalism. According to Marx, socialism would replace capitalism and internationalism would o...This paper will mention Marxist propositions, presented since the mid-19th century, about capitalism, socialism, and internationalism. According to Marx, socialism would replace capitalism and internationalism would occur through the dissolution of nation states. Later, Marxist circles presented a historical arrow in the form of 〉 capitalism 〉 socialism 〉 internationalism. Taking into account recent steps of globalization and measures imposed by national governments in the face of the deep financial crisis of 2008, it is interesting to compare the above theory with some historical events that have happened since the 19th century. Much has happened that Marx did not predict. Considering the world trajectory since the Second World War, it seems that the historical arrow has the form of 〉 capitalism 〉 internationalism 〉 hybridism of capitalism and socialism 〉？展开更多
In a poem composed in 1832, the Chosrn-Korean polymath Chrng Yagyong （1762-1836） declared his fidelity towards Confucian literary principles. Chrng＇s poem was a product of an elite education, and in both form and c...In a poem composed in 1832, the Chosrn-Korean polymath Chrng Yagyong （1762-1836） declared his fidelity towards Confucian literary principles. Chrng＇s poem was a product of an elite education, and in both form and content, it embodied the ideals of the Chosrn elite： written in classical Chinese rather than Korean, it was an expression of cultural self-confidence. From the point of view of nationalism and its emphasis on vernaculars, it seems strange to define oneself through a cosmopolitan written language. But Chrng was no nationalist. He was a Confucian conservative, and the sense of distinction and difference that animated Chrng＇s poem was Confucian and literary. His articulation of such ideals manifested unease over the erosion of Confucian literary values in China and the prospect of the same occurring in Chos6n under Chinese influence. The source of that influence was books imported from China. What Chrng was reacting against was, at root, the commodification of literature and all that had entailed in Ming （1368-1644） and Qing （1644-1911） China. Although such concerns had grown increasingly urgent a half-century before, they had a long pedigree in Choson, stretching back to debates that had arisen in relation to Ming China and the principal emblem of the commodification of literature： commercial bookstores. This paper examines some of the principal differences between Chinese and Korean literary cultures that were embodied in Chang. It therefore begins with a brief overview of Chang and his poem, before turning to a discussion of some key sociopolitical and intellectual features that distinguished Chosrn＇s literary culture from that of China. Sixteenth-century attitudes towards bookstores are discussed to contextualize subsequent worries over Chinese books, with special attention given to the historical and historiographical dimensions of the question, before concluding with an assessment of the final moments of direct Chinese literary influence in Korea.展开更多
文摘This paper will mention Marxist propositions, presented since the mid-19th century, about capitalism, socialism, and internationalism. According to Marx, socialism would replace capitalism and internationalism would occur through the dissolution of nation states. Later, Marxist circles presented a historical arrow in the form of 〉 capitalism 〉 socialism 〉 internationalism. Taking into account recent steps of globalization and measures imposed by national governments in the face of the deep financial crisis of 2008, it is interesting to compare the above theory with some historical events that have happened since the 19th century. Much has happened that Marx did not predict. Considering the world trajectory since the Second World War, it seems that the historical arrow has the form of 〉 capitalism 〉 internationalism 〉 hybridism of capitalism and socialism 〉？
文摘In a poem composed in 1832, the Chosrn-Korean polymath Chrng Yagyong （1762-1836） declared his fidelity towards Confucian literary principles. Chrng＇s poem was a product of an elite education, and in both form and content, it embodied the ideals of the Chosrn elite： written in classical Chinese rather than Korean, it was an expression of cultural self-confidence. From the point of view of nationalism and its emphasis on vernaculars, it seems strange to define oneself through a cosmopolitan written language. But Chrng was no nationalist. He was a Confucian conservative, and the sense of distinction and difference that animated Chrng＇s poem was Confucian and literary. His articulation of such ideals manifested unease over the erosion of Confucian literary values in China and the prospect of the same occurring in Chos6n under Chinese influence. The source of that influence was books imported from China. What Chrng was reacting against was, at root, the commodification of literature and all that had entailed in Ming （1368-1644） and Qing （1644-1911） China. Although such concerns had grown increasingly urgent a half-century before, they had a long pedigree in Choson, stretching back to debates that had arisen in relation to Ming China and the principal emblem of the commodification of literature： commercial bookstores. This paper examines some of the principal differences between Chinese and Korean literary cultures that were embodied in Chang. It therefore begins with a brief overview of Chang and his poem, before turning to a discussion of some key sociopolitical and intellectual features that distinguished Chosrn＇s literary culture from that of China. Sixteenth-century attitudes towards bookstores are discussed to contextualize subsequent worries over Chinese books, with special attention given to the historical and historiographical dimensions of the question, before concluding with an assessment of the final moments of direct Chinese literary influence in Korea.
