Influence of new town development on the urban heat island-The case of the Bundang area

Five new towns have been developed around the Seoul metropolitan area since 1996 However, these new towns generate lots of traffic and related problems in the areas including those new towns and Seoul as a result of increases in population and a lack of ecological-self-sufficiency. Currently, construction of another new town is under deliberation, and what should be a major consider is the notion that the new town be located within a wide, green zone. Many studies have revealed that green space can play an important role in improving urban eco-meteorological capability and air quality. In order to analyze the urban heat island which will be created by the new urban development, and to investigate the local thermal environment and its negative effects caused by a change of land use type and urbanization, Landsat TM images were used for extraction of urban surface temperature according to changes of land use over the last 15 years. These data are analyzed together with digital land use and topographic information. As a study result, it was found the urban heat island of the study area from 1985 to 1999 rapidly developed which showed a difference of mean temperature above +2 0 Before the Bundang new town construction the temperature of the residential area was the same as a forest, but during the new town construction in 1991 analysis revealed the creation of an urban heat island. The temperature of a forest whose size is over 50% of the investigation area was lowest, and thus the presence of a forest is believed to have a direct cooling effect on the urban environment and its surroundings. The mean temperature of the residential and commercial areas in the study was found to be +4 5 higher than the forest, and therefore this part of land use is believed to be the main factor causing the temperature increase of the urban heat island.

Land use suitability analysis for town development planning in Nanjing hilly areas: A case study of Tangshan new town, China

Land use suitability analysis plays an important role in sustainable land use and solving environmental problems caused by rapid urban development.A land use suitability mapping approach for town development planning in hilly areas was constructed based on two multi-criteria evaluation methods:Weighted Linear Combination(WLC)and Ordered Weighted Averaging(OWA),to comparatively evaluate and map land use suitability of Tangshan new town in Nanjing,China.Fourteen evaluation factors related to topographic,environmental,socio-economics and historical sites data were used as suitability criteria.The analytic hierarchy process(AHP)method and GIS techniques were integrated into the evaluation models to create the land use suitability map for town development planning.The results of WLC approach showed that 11.4%of the total area is highly suitable while the 48.6%is unsuitable.The results of WLC and OWA approach showed the distribution of degree of land use suitability is almost the same.The areas located at the southern and eastern flat regions are highly suitable for land use,whereas the areas close to the mountain forests,steep slopes,waters,and hot springs,have lower suitability for land use.Sensitivity analysis indicated that the suitability results of the two proposed methods are robust.Indirect validation was achieved by mutual comparison of suitability maps derived from the WLC and OWA methods.It demonstrated that the overall agreement is 90.81%and kappa coefficient is 0.81,indicating that both methods provide very similar spatial suitability distributions.By overlaying the resultant map with the previous master plan map of Tangshan new town,the overlay map once again indicated a satisfactory ecological fit between the two maps.At last,several recommendations are proposed aiming at improving the long-term town development plan for Tangshan new town.

TRANSPORT PLANNING FOR NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT:EXPERIENCE OF HONG KONG

Since the 1960s, Hong Kongs new towns have been builton the assumption that they could be socially and economically selfcontained entities. A study of the linkage between three new townsand metropolitan area confirms that substantial commuting trips arestill made. The new towns serve as dormitories for people workingin the metropolitan area. The commuters' reliance on publictransport is significant. The towns are thus far from self-containedeven aller 20 years of development. The public transport network,trip rate, peak factor, purpose, mode choice, costs and journey time,are signilicantly different from those originally estimated. Thesemay be related to distance from the metropolitan area,theavailability of modes, the structure of the public transport netwrk,and changs in the economical structure of Hong Kong. lt suggeststhat the direct and indiscriminant importation of Westernplanning practice to plan new towns with an oriental socio-economicsetting deserves critical review.

New Life in a New Town

Standing on the highest point of the Three Gorges worksite, a vast expanse of white building structures comes into view, a new town nestling deep in the green hills and blue water like a mini-landscape pot decorating the huge Three Gorges Dam just one kilometer away. This is the youngest county town in the present-day China. Living in it are 45,000 people displaced by the mammoth Three Gorges Water Project on China’s longest river of the Yangtze. One could see no overhead lines in the town or chimneys on top of the roofs or walls on the four sides. Rainwater and sewage water go down into separate pipelines, with rainwater discharged directly into the Yangtze

Post-suburbanization in Qingpu New Town:Process and formation mechanism

Under the wave of globalization,some cities in China,especially the so-called “megacities” are entering or have already entered the stage of post-suburbanization.The study places Shanghai suburbs in the post-suburbanization landscape and takes Qingpu New Town as an example to systematically analyze the development and formation mechanism of post-suburbanization spaces.This study reveals the features of the post-suburbanization in China as follows.Firstly,In China,post-suburbanization is achieved based on industrialization as well as on the promotion of urbanization.Although urbanization has strengthened other functions of suburban spaces aside from living and production,the production attributes of suburbs remain stable.Secondly,post-suburbanization space with the new town as the development model is an important path for a new round of suburban space growth,it has expanded the space for capital accumulation in metropolitan areas,thus promoting the possibility of reorganizing economic activities within metropolitan areas.At the same time,it focuses on the integration of industries and cities,and the simultaneous development of urbanization and industrialization.In turn,this promotes the accumulation of capital centered on the urban environment and manufacturing production.Furthermore,China’s special institutional circumstance enables its government to organize various actors to form a growth alliance,which will act together in the production of post-suburbanization space.

Post-Reform New Town Development in China

In this paper, we present an overview of urban practice in China since the late 1970s and come up with a refreshed concept regarding "new towns" as existing in a widely different politico-economic context. With the urbanization of capital being the theoretical backbone of this paper, we attempt to reveal basic laws inherent in the emergence and proliferation of various forms of urban spaces within a rapidly modernizing country. Considered from various viewpoints such as land institutions, national policy designs, and the fi nancial capital and bank system, our paper covers: a historical overview of China's post-reform new towns, a theoretical framework to explain related phenomena, empirical approaches to interpreting the contributory factors, and a theoretical outline for further research.

Development of Suburban New Towns in Shanghai: Jobs-Housing Spatial Relationship Analysis

This paper identifies the employment and housing locations of residents in Shanghai based on mobile phone signaling data, so as to obtain the employment density and commuting data and analyze the development of nine suburban new towns from the perspective of jobs-housing spatial relationship. Firstly, the paper defines employment-intensive areas and gets the average employment density of each new town according to the employment density data. Then it marks out the scope of the employment influence through analyzing the sources of workers in each new town in accordance with the commuting data. Finally, it analyzes the jobs-housing balance of each new town using independence index, finding that suburban new towns in Shanghai have become main clusters of economic activities, while the scope of employment influence in each new town is still concentrated in its administrative area, with less attraction to residents in other areas. The independence index demonstrates a law that the suburban new town which is farther from the central city sees a higher degree of jobs-housing balance. Among them, new towns located in the outer suburbs with a low independence index indicate their special development situation, the reason of which is worth further study.

Dynamic Analysis on Population Suburbanization and New Town Development in Shanghai

This paper studies the suburbanization process of Shanghai from 2000 to 2010 and the population aggregation of its five suburban new towns including Jiading,Songjiang,Qingpu,Nanqiao,and Lingang.It finds that Shanghai's population distribution pattern is featured by both continuity and variety.In detail,although Shanghai is still dominated by a single-centered expansion pattern,a multi-centered spatial pattern is gradually formed with a narrowing gap in population density between the central city and the suburbs.As the suburbanization of the migrant population is faster than that of the registered population and migrants re-gather in the central city as a result of its service industry development,there is a relatively smaller migrant population in the area between the Inner Ring Road and the Outer Ring Road.Consequently,the population in the new towns that the city planning strategy has focused on is not increasing at the expected speed,thus more attention should be paid to a reasonable central citycentered,multi-leveled,towns-grouped,and compact urban spatial structure.

Selection of New Countryside Construction Model and Enlightenment for Ganlu Town, Zizhong County, Neijiang City

Basic conditions and new countryside construction of Ganlu Town, Zizhong County, Neijiang City were analyzed, SWOT adopted to analyze internal strengths, weaknesses, external opportunities and threats of its new countryside construction. On this basis, positive and practical strategies were put forward to promote the new countryside construction in the local area, and provide references for the new countryside construction in other regions.

Anyang:A Case Study of Foreign University Involvement in Chinese Sustainable New Town Planning

Over the last ten to fifteen years,planning and design professionals in the United States and Europe have increasingly been engaged in consulting work in China.Major Architectural & Engineering firms from the United Kingdom and the United States,for example,have been opening offices in Beijing and Shanghai.Recently,the concern with sustainable urban development and China's policies to alleviate pressures of urbanization has been an engine for commissions for new town plans and city expansion plans across China's provinces.During the 2007-2009 academic years,the School of Planning at the University of Cincinnati prepared a conceptual plan for the expansion of the City of Anyang through a collaborative agreement between the city and it.The experience of the faculty leading this project with field work,the planning process,plan preparation,and the engagement of students has revealed some important issues that need to be addressed by planning schools and planning professionals engaged in planning in provincial China.Thus,this paper is a case study of foreign university involvement in Chinese sustainable new town planning,and the following sections discuss the Anyang Eastern New Town Conceptual Plan,identify the key issues regarding preparing the plan,contracting and payment,data availability,data sharing and field investigation,and finally discuss the lessons learned regarding the planning process,project program and expectations.

Study on Network System Construction of Forest Ecological in Huaining New Town

Urban forest isan importantcomposition and the window and soul of modern cities, which has a close relationship with ecologicalenvironment andinvesting environment. Sourban foresthasbeen constructed in China. Huaining County could hold of the historical opportunity and come up with the great blueprintof forest ecological network system construction for the new town. This paper mainly introduces the guiding ideas, principles, goals and overall layouts of the construction in the new town, and hope that it will be a modelfor other county-level forest ecological network system construction in China.

Planning of Small Cities and Towns in Northwest China Based on New Urbanization Concepts

Construction and development of small cities and towns is signifi cant for promoting economic and social development,and solving issues concerning "agriculture,rural areas and peasants". In view of the rapid development of small cities and towns,confl icts and problems in the planning and construction of the small cities and towns in northwest China have emerged and brought negative infl uence on their healthy and sustainable development. On the basis of analyzing scientifi c connotations and construction needs of new urbanization,development of northwest China,and reviews on planning of small cities and towns in this region,planning paths against the background of new urbanization were explored.

地方传统文化在新城镇公共设施设计中融创研究

目的探讨地方传统文化在新城镇公共设施设计中的融入与创新的方法和策略,为公共设施设计提供更多、更优质的思路。方法分析新型城镇化的内涵,探讨新城镇公共服务设施的内涵,对新城镇公共设施设计中地域文化元素的缺失展开论述,并根据以上几点探讨地方传统文化在新城镇公共设施设计中的融创策略。结论要将地方传统文化更好地融入到新城镇公共设施设计中,需要凝练本地的特色地域物质文化与精神文化要素,关注并考虑民风民俗与文化认同,优化居民生活幸福感,利用现代科技手段为地方文化注入新的内涵,打造出亦古亦今、古今结合的公共设施。

基于空间供需的工业小城镇绿色空间体系建构——以重庆市万古镇为例

工业小城镇的特色发展与品质提升,需要供需匹配的绿色空间体系作为支撑。通过分析典型工业小城镇的空间结构、规模、布局特征,以及小城镇发展在生态环境、产业发展、人群游憩等方面的空间需求,总结工业小城镇的空间供需特征,并结合规划现状明确当前问题。提出绿色空间在保护生态环境、协同产业发展和服务游憩需求3个维度的价值,并构建包含生态、防护、游憩、风貌四大体系的绿色空间响应框架。最后,以万古镇为例,初步探讨构建城乡一体化生态体系、多层级防护体系、多样化游憩体系、地域特色风貌体系的具体策略。

基于兴趣点的上海五个新城设施空间结构研究

本文基于高德地图兴趣点(POI)数据,将其分为生活、生产、公共3类设施,采用核密度估计法、Ripley’s K函数等空间分析方法,并设计了一个反映设施类型结构在空间中演化的三角轨迹模型,以上海主城区为参考,基于不同类型设施的数量、分布和聚集程度,分析了上海五个新城的设施空间结构特征和分布规律,探讨了五个新城进一步建设的方向。研究发现:与上海主城区相比,五个新城的设施空间分布特征差异明显,发展历史较长的新城已经出现明显的单中心空间结构,而发展历史较短的新城表现为微弱的多中心结构;从设施高密度圈层到低密度圈层,主城区的设施类型结构变化较小,表现出内部“城市功能趋同”的特征,而五个新城则均表现出生活设施的占比逐步降低而公共设施和生产设施的占比升高的趋势,新城之间呈现“扩张结构趋同”的特征;新城的高密度圈层中,生活设施占比均高于主城区水平,表现出一定的“卧城”特征;低密度圈层中,尽管生产设施占比均高于高密度圈层,但不同类型设施聚集中心高度重合表明生产设施的聚集中心同样在新城的中心区,其外围城市功能薄弱,并没有出现完善的“专业功能中心”。因此,新城的进一步建设需强调设施的均衡协调发展,完善城市功能,避免出现“卧城”“空城”等现象。

基于手机信令数据的上海五个新城独立性动态特征与趋势研究

“独立的综合性节点城市”是上海“十四五”对五个新城发展的战略性定位和重要要求之一。基于2014年、2020年的两期手机信令数据,从通勤活动和生活活动两个方面测度了上海五个新城的“独立性”及其发展趋势。研究发现,虽然五个新城职住规模较为均衡,但实际“独立性”存在弱化趋势,部分新城向中心城通勤和生活出行的比例高达20%以上,“卧城”特征十分明显;五个新城对周边地区就业和活动的吸引力正在不断增强,但对中心城的“反磁力作用”始终较弱。轨道交通可能大大强化了新城的“卧城”作用,但并没有促进新城的“反磁力”作用。上海五个新城仍处在由依赖中心城区的半独立卫星城向自我平衡的独立新城转变的阶段,其“独立性”仍有较大优化空间。

社区公园游乐设施儿童友好性评价体系研究

目的“儿童友好型”城市及社区的建设能促进对儿童权益的关注,社区公园则是与儿童活动最贴近的公共空间。以上海松江新城儿童友好社区示范点为例,从儿童友好视角审视社区公园的儿童游乐设施设计。方法采用文献高频词分析、质性分析、专家评价等方法进行综合研判,筛选出5个准则层因子和24个指标层因子,建立社区公园游乐设施儿童友好性评价体系。结果通过模糊综合评价法测算出各项因子权重,排序为安全性>可达性>舒适性>多功能性>趣味性。结论研究发现设施安全性是儿童游乐的前提和保障;场地可达性对儿童游玩的频率和评价产生重要影响;场地舒适性可提升儿童户外活动时间、促进身心健康;设施功能从单一走向多功能性,满足不同阶段的儿童感官体验;趣味性能够激发儿童的探索精神。

垃圾分类情景下生活垃圾处理的碳排放评估及预测——以上海市临港新城为例

本文以上海市临港新城为例,在垃圾分类情景下对不同类型的生活垃圾处理手段进行碳排放评估。结果表明,临港新城生活垃圾处理过程的碳排放随着垃圾产生量迅速增长而增加,但是随着垃圾分类的实施,湿垃圾处理方式从简单的好氧堆肥逐渐演变为更加绿色低碳的厌氧发电制肥,与现状单位碳排放量相比,远期单位碳排放量下降约38.51%。现状单位碳排放量约为410 kg CO_(2)-eq,规划近期单位碳排放量约为390 kg CO_(2)-eq,规划远期单位碳排放量约为363 kg CO_(2)-eq,单位生活垃圾处理碳排放量不断下降。

城乡建设碳达峰碳中和区域探索与实践——以锡东新城“双碳”先导区为例

本文以锡东新城城乡建设碳达峰碳中和先导区为例,探讨该类片区实现城乡建设碳达峰碳中和发展模式。从介绍国家、省、市碳达峰战略入手,以锡东新城城乡建设碳达峰碳中和先导区2028年碳达峰、2049年碳中和为实施目标,针对其建设发展模式进行论述,探索总结城乡建设碳达峰碳中和先导区发展经验,并指出现存问题及挑战。